Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Pain and Headache Reports 6/2012

01-12-2012 | Pain Aspects of Arthritis (DA Walsh and S Kelly, Section Editors)

Neurophysiology of Arthritis Pain

Authors: Jason J. McDougall, Patrick Linton

Published in: Current Pain and Headache Reports | Issue 6/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Arthritis pain is a complex phenomenon involving intricate neurophysiological processing at all levels of the pain pathway. The treatment options available to alleviate joint pain are fairly limited and most arthritis patients report only modest pain relief with current treatments. A better understanding of the neural mechanisms responsible for musculoskeletal pain and the identification of new targets will help in the development of future pharmacological therapies. This article reviews some of the latest research into factors which contribute to joint pain and covers areas such as cannabinoids, proteinase activated receptors, sodium channels, cytokines and transient receptor potential channels. The emerging hypothesis that osteoarthritis may have a neuropathic component is also discussed.
Literature
1.
go back to reference World Health Organization. The burden of musculoskeletal conditions at the start of the new millennium. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2003;919:1–218. World Health Organization. The burden of musculoskeletal conditions at the start of the new millennium. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2003;919:1–218.
2.
go back to reference McDougall JJ. Arthritis and pain. Neurogenic origin of joint pain. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8:220–9.PubMedCrossRef McDougall JJ. Arthritis and pain. Neurogenic origin of joint pain. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8:220–9.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Hannan MT, Felson DT, Pincus T. Analysis of the discordance between radiographic changes and knee pain in osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1513–17.PubMed Hannan MT, Felson DT, Pincus T. Analysis of the discordance between radiographic changes and knee pain in osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1513–17.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott Jr WW, Reichle R, Ettinger WH, Zonderman A, Costa P, Plato CC, Tobin JD, Hochberg MC. Association of radiographic features of osteoarthritis of the knee with knee pain: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Arthritis Care Res. 1995;8:182–8.PubMedCrossRef Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott Jr WW, Reichle R, Ettinger WH, Zonderman A, Costa P, Plato CC, Tobin JD, Hochberg MC. Association of radiographic features of osteoarthritis of the knee with knee pain: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Arthritis Care Res. 1995;8:182–8.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference •• McDougall JJ, Andruski B, Schuelert N, Hallgrimsson B, Matyas JR. Unravelling the relationship between age, nociception and joint destruction in naturally occurring osteoarthritis of Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs. Pain. 2009;141:222–32. This study showed for the first time a lack of correlation between joint degeneration and nociception in an animal model of spontaneous OA.PubMedCrossRef •• McDougall JJ, Andruski B, Schuelert N, Hallgrimsson B, Matyas JR. Unravelling the relationship between age, nociception and joint destruction in naturally occurring osteoarthritis of Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs. Pain. 2009;141:222–32. This study showed for the first time a lack of correlation between joint degeneration and nociception in an animal model of spontaneous OA.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Schuelert N, McDougall JJ. Cannabinoid-mediated antinociception is enhanced in rat osteoarthritic knees. Arthritis and Rheum. 2008;58:145–53.CrossRef Schuelert N, McDougall JJ. Cannabinoid-mediated antinociception is enhanced in rat osteoarthritic knees. Arthritis and Rheum. 2008;58:145–53.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Devane WA, Dysarz 3rd FA, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Howlett AC. Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol. 1988;34:605–13.PubMed Devane WA, Dysarz 3rd FA, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Howlett AC. Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol. 1988;34:605–13.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC, Bonner TI. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature. 1990;346:561–4.PubMedCrossRef Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC, Bonner TI. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature. 1990;346:561–4.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature. 1993;365:61–5.PubMedCrossRef Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature. 1993;365:61–5.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Baker CL, McDougall JJ. The cannabinomimetic arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA) acts on capsaicin-sensitive TRPV1 receptors but not cannabinoid receptors in rat joints. Br J Pharmacol. 2004;142:1361–7.PubMedCrossRef Baker CL, McDougall JJ. The cannabinomimetic arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA) acts on capsaicin-sensitive TRPV1 receptors but not cannabinoid receptors in rat joints. Br J Pharmacol. 2004;142:1361–7.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference McDougall JJ, Yu V, Thomson J. In vivo effects of CB2 receptor-selective cannabinoids on the vasculature of normal and arthritic rat knee joints. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;153:358–66.PubMedCrossRef McDougall JJ, Yu V, Thomson J. In vivo effects of CB2 receptor-selective cannabinoids on the vasculature of normal and arthritic rat knee joints. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;153:358–66.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Schuelert N, Zhang C, Mogg AJ, Broad LM, Hepburn DL, Nisenbaum ES, Johnson MP, McDougall JJ. Paradoxical effects of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist GW405833 on rat osteoarthritic knee joint pain. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18:1536–43.PubMedCrossRef Schuelert N, Zhang C, Mogg AJ, Broad LM, Hepburn DL, Nisenbaum ES, Johnson MP, McDougall JJ. Paradoxical effects of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist GW405833 on rat osteoarthritic knee joint pain. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18:1536–43.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Carlini EA. The good and the bad effects of (-) trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta 9-THC) on humans. Toxicon. 2004;44:461–7.PubMedCrossRef Carlini EA. The good and the bad effects of (-) trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta 9-THC) on humans. Toxicon. 2004;44:461–7.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Degenhardt L, Hall WD. The adverse effects of cannabinoids: implications for use of medical marijuana. CMAJ. 2008;178:1685–6.PubMedCrossRef Degenhardt L, Hall WD. The adverse effects of cannabinoids: implications for use of medical marijuana. CMAJ. 2008;178:1685–6.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Leweke FM, Koethe D. Cannabis and psychiatric disorders: it is not only addiction. Addict Biol. 2008;13:264–75.PubMedCrossRef Leweke FM, Koethe D. Cannabis and psychiatric disorders: it is not only addiction. Addict Biol. 2008;13:264–75.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Wang T, Collet JP, Shapiro S, Ware MA. Adverse effects of medical cannabinoids: a systematic review. CMAJ. 2008;178:1669–78.PubMedCrossRef Wang T, Collet JP, Shapiro S, Ware MA. Adverse effects of medical cannabinoids: a systematic review. CMAJ. 2008;178:1669–78.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoids: synthesis and degradation. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 2008;160:1–24.PubMed Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoids: synthesis and degradation. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 2008;160:1–24.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Deutsch DG, Ueda N, Yamamoto S. The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002;66:201–10.PubMedCrossRef Deutsch DG, Ueda N, Yamamoto S. The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002;66:201–10.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference • Schuelert N, Johnson MP, Oskins JL, Jassal K, Chambers MG, McDougall JJ. Local application of the endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibitor URB597 reduces nociception in spontaneous and chemically induced models of osteoarthritis. Pain. 2011;152:975–81. This study gave the first indication that endocannabinoids could be promoted in osteoarthritic joints leading to analgesia.PubMedCrossRef • Schuelert N, Johnson MP, Oskins JL, Jassal K, Chambers MG, McDougall JJ. Local application of the endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibitor URB597 reduces nociception in spontaneous and chemically induced models of osteoarthritis. Pain. 2011;152:975–81. This study gave the first indication that endocannabinoids could be promoted in osteoarthritic joints leading to analgesia.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Pertwee RG. GPR55: a new member of the cannabinoid receptor clan? Br J Pharmacol. 2007;152:984–6.PubMedCrossRef Pertwee RG. GPR55: a new member of the cannabinoid receptor clan? Br J Pharmacol. 2007;152:984–6.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Lauckner JE, Jensen JB, Chen HY, Lu HC, Hille B, Mackie K. GPR55 is a cannabinoid receptor that increases intracellular calcium and inhibits M current. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:2699–704.PubMedCrossRef Lauckner JE, Jensen JB, Chen HY, Lu HC, Hille B, Mackie K. GPR55 is a cannabinoid receptor that increases intracellular calcium and inhibits M current. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:2699–704.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Staton PC, Hatcher JP, Walker DJ, Morrison AD, Shapland EM, Hughes JP, Chong E, Mander PK, Green PJ, Billinton A, Fulleylove M, Lancaster HC, Smith JC, Bailey LT, Wise A, Brown AJ, Richardson JC, Chessell IP. The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 plays a role in mechanical hyperalgesia associated with inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pain. 2008;139:225–36.PubMedCrossRef Staton PC, Hatcher JP, Walker DJ, Morrison AD, Shapland EM, Hughes JP, Chong E, Mander PK, Green PJ, Billinton A, Fulleylove M, Lancaster HC, Smith JC, Bailey LT, Wise A, Brown AJ, Richardson JC, Chessell IP. The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 plays a role in mechanical hyperalgesia associated with inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pain. 2008;139:225–36.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Ryberg E, Larsson N, Sjogren S, Hjorth S, Hermansson NO, Leonova J, Elebring T, Nilsson K, Drmota T, Greasley PJ. The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;152:1092–101.PubMedCrossRef Ryberg E, Larsson N, Sjogren S, Hjorth S, Hermansson NO, Leonova J, Elebring T, Nilsson K, Drmota T, Greasley PJ. The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;152:1092–101.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Schuelert N, McDougall JJ. The abnormal cannabidiol analogue O-1602 reduces nociception in a rat model of acute arthritis via the putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55. Neurosci Lett. 2011;500:72–6.PubMedCrossRef Schuelert N, McDougall JJ. The abnormal cannabidiol analogue O-1602 reduces nociception in a rat model of acute arthritis via the putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55. Neurosci Lett. 2011;500:72–6.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Jones SA, Richards PJ, Scheller J, Rose-John S. IL-6 transsignaling: the in vivo consequences. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2005;25:241–53.PubMedCrossRef Jones SA, Richards PJ, Scheller J, Rose-John S. IL-6 transsignaling: the in vivo consequences. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2005;25:241–53.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Scheller J, Chalaris A, Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S. The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1813:878–88.PubMedCrossRef Scheller J, Chalaris A, Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S. The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1813:878–88.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Arvidson NG, Gudbjornsson B, Elfman L, Ryden AC, Totterman TH, Hallgren R. Circadian rhythm of serum interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994;53:521–4.PubMedCrossRef Arvidson NG, Gudbjornsson B, Elfman L, Ryden AC, Totterman TH, Hallgren R. Circadian rhythm of serum interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994;53:521–4.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference De Benedetti F, Massa M, Pignatti P, Albani S, Novick D, Martini A. Serum soluble interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor and IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor complex in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:2114–19.PubMedCrossRef De Benedetti F, Massa M, Pignatti P, Albani S, Novick D, Martini A. Serum soluble interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor and IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor complex in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:2114–19.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Desgeorges A, Gabay C, Silacci P, Novick D, Roux-Lombard P, Grau G, Dayer JM, Vischer T, Guerne PA. Concentrations and origins of soluble interleukin 6 receptor-alpha in serum and synovial fluid. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1510–16.PubMed Desgeorges A, Gabay C, Silacci P, Novick D, Roux-Lombard P, Grau G, Dayer JM, Vischer T, Guerne PA. Concentrations and origins of soluble interleukin 6 receptor-alpha in serum and synovial fluid. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1510–16.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Vazquez E, Kahlenbach J, von Segond Banchet G, Konig C, Schaible HG, Ebersberger A. Spinal interleukin-6 is an amplifier of arthritic pain in the rat. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:2233–42.PubMedCrossRef Vazquez E, Kahlenbach J, von Segond Banchet G, Konig C, Schaible HG, Ebersberger A. Spinal interleukin-6 is an amplifier of arthritic pain in the rat. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:2233–42.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Keeble J, Russell F, Curtis B, Starr A, Pinter E, Brain SD. Involvement of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in the vascular and hyperalgesic components of joint inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:3248–56.PubMedCrossRef Keeble J, Russell F, Curtis B, Starr A, Pinter E, Brain SD. Involvement of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in the vascular and hyperalgesic components of joint inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:3248–56.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Eid SR, Crown ED, Moore EL, Liang HA, Choong KC, Dima S, Henze DA, Kane SA, Urban MO. HC-030031, a TRPA1 selective antagonist, attenuates inflammatory- and neuropathy-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Mol Pain. 2008;4:48.PubMedCrossRef Eid SR, Crown ED, Moore EL, Liang HA, Choong KC, Dima S, Henze DA, Kane SA, Urban MO. HC-030031, a TRPA1 selective antagonist, attenuates inflammatory- and neuropathy-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Mol Pain. 2008;4:48.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Petrus M, Peier AM, Bandell M, Hwang SW, Huynh T, Olney N, Jegla T, Patapoutian A. A role of TRPA1 in mechanical hyperalgesia is revealed by pharmacological inhibition. Mol Pain. 2007;3:40.PubMedCrossRef Petrus M, Peier AM, Bandell M, Hwang SW, Huynh T, Olney N, Jegla T, Patapoutian A. A role of TRPA1 in mechanical hyperalgesia is revealed by pharmacological inhibition. Mol Pain. 2007;3:40.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Fernihough J, Gentry C, Bevan S, Winter J. Regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide and TRPV1 in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Neurosci Lett. 2005;388:75–80.PubMedCrossRef Fernihough J, Gentry C, Bevan S, Winter J. Regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide and TRPV1 in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Neurosci Lett. 2005;388:75–80.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Chu KL, Chandran P, Joshi SK, Jarvis MF, Kym PR, McGaraughty S. TRPV1-related modulation of spinal neuronal activity and behavior in a rat model of osteoarthritic pain. Brain Res. 2011;1369:158–66.PubMedCrossRef Chu KL, Chandran P, Joshi SK, Jarvis MF, Kym PR, McGaraughty S. TRPV1-related modulation of spinal neuronal activity and behavior in a rat model of osteoarthritic pain. Brain Res. 2011;1369:158–66.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Kim H, Neubert JK, San Miguel A, Xu K, Krishnaraju RK, Iadarola MJ, Goldman D, Dionne RA. Genetic influence on variability in human acute experimental pain sensitivity associated with gender, ethnicity and psychological temperament. Pain. 2004;109:488–96.PubMedCrossRef Kim H, Neubert JK, San Miguel A, Xu K, Krishnaraju RK, Iadarola MJ, Goldman D, Dionne RA. Genetic influence on variability in human acute experimental pain sensitivity associated with gender, ethnicity and psychological temperament. Pain. 2004;109:488–96.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Valdes AM, De Wilde G, Doherty SA, Lories RJ, Vaughn FL, Laslett LL, Maciewicz RA, Soni A, Hart DJ, Zhang W, Muir KR, Dennison EM, Wheeler M, Leaverton P, Cooper C, Spector TD, Cicuttini FM, Chapman V, Jones G, Arden NK, Doherty M. The Ile585Val TRPV1 variant is involved in risk of painful knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:1556–61.PubMedCrossRef Valdes AM, De Wilde G, Doherty SA, Lories RJ, Vaughn FL, Laslett LL, Maciewicz RA, Soni A, Hart DJ, Zhang W, Muir KR, Dennison EM, Wheeler M, Leaverton P, Cooper C, Spector TD, Cicuttini FM, Chapman V, Jones G, Arden NK, Doherty M. The Ile585Val TRPV1 variant is involved in risk of painful knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:1556–61.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Fernandes ES, Russell FA, Spina D, McDougall JJ, Graepel R, Gentry C, Staniland AA, Mountford DM, Keeble JE, Malcangio M, Bevan S, Brain SD. A distinct role for transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, in addition to transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia and Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced monarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:819–29.PubMedCrossRef Fernandes ES, Russell FA, Spina D, McDougall JJ, Graepel R, Gentry C, Staniland AA, Mountford DM, Keeble JE, Malcangio M, Bevan S, Brain SD. A distinct role for transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, in addition to transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia and Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced monarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:819–29.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Russell FA, McDougall JJ. Proteinase activated receptor (PAR) involvement in mediating arthritis pain and inflammation. Inflamm Res. 2009;58(3):119–26.PubMedCrossRef Russell FA, McDougall JJ. Proteinase activated receptor (PAR) involvement in mediating arthritis pain and inflammation. Inflamm Res. 2009;58(3):119–26.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Russell FA, Schuelert N, Veldhoen VE, Hollenberg MD, McDougall JJ. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2) ) activation sensitises primary afferents and causes leukocyte rolling and adherence in the rat knee joint. Br J Pharmacol. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02120.x. Russell FA, Schuelert N, Veldhoen VE, Hollenberg MD, McDougall JJ. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2) ) activation sensitises primary afferents and causes leukocyte rolling and adherence in the rat knee joint. Br J Pharmacol. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1476-5381.​2012.​02120.​x.
41.
go back to reference Russell FA, Veldhoen VE, Tchitchkan D, McDougall JJ. Proteinase-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) activation leads to sensitization of rat joint primary afferents via a bradykinin B2 receptor-dependent mechanism. J Neurophysiol. 2010;103:155–63.PubMedCrossRef Russell FA, Veldhoen VE, Tchitchkan D, McDougall JJ. Proteinase-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) activation leads to sensitization of rat joint primary afferents via a bradykinin B2 receptor-dependent mechanism. J Neurophysiol. 2010;103:155–63.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Nakano S, Ikata T, Kinoshita I, Kanematsu J, Yasuoka S. Characteristics of the protease activity in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999;17:161–70.PubMed Nakano S, Ikata T, Kinoshita I, Kanematsu J, Yasuoka S. Characteristics of the protease activity in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999;17:161–70.PubMed
43.
go back to reference McDougall JJ, Schuelert N, Bowyer J. Cathepsin K inhibition reduces CTXII levels and joint pain in the guinea pig model of spontaneous osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18:1355–7.PubMedCrossRef McDougall JJ, Schuelert N, Bowyer J. Cathepsin K inhibition reduces CTXII levels and joint pain in the guinea pig model of spontaneous osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18:1355–7.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Helyes Z, Sandor K, Borbely E, Tekus V, Pinter E, Elekes K, Toth DM, Szolcsanyi J, McDougall JJ. Involvement of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptors in protease-activated receptor-2-induced joint inflammation and nociception. Eur J Pain. 2010;14:351–8.PubMedCrossRef Helyes Z, Sandor K, Borbely E, Tekus V, Pinter E, Elekes K, Toth DM, Szolcsanyi J, McDougall JJ. Involvement of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptors in protease-activated receptor-2-induced joint inflammation and nociception. Eur J Pain. 2010;14:351–8.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference McDougall JJ, Zhang C, Cellars L, Joubert E, Dixon CM, Vergnolle N. Triggering of proteinase-activated receptor 4 leads to joint pain and inflammation in mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:728–37.PubMedCrossRef McDougall JJ, Zhang C, Cellars L, Joubert E, Dixon CM, Vergnolle N. Triggering of proteinase-activated receptor 4 leads to joint pain and inflammation in mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:728–37.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Russell FA, Zhan S, Dumas A, Lagarde S, Pouliot M, McDougall JJ. The pronociceptive effect of proteinase-activated receptor-4 stimulation in rat knee joints is dependent on mast cell activation. Pain. 2011;152:354–60.PubMedCrossRef Russell FA, Zhan S, Dumas A, Lagarde S, Pouliot M, McDougall JJ. The pronociceptive effect of proteinase-activated receptor-4 stimulation in rat knee joints is dependent on mast cell activation. Pain. 2011;152:354–60.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Amir R, Argoff CE, Bennett GJ, Cummins TR, Durieux ME, Gerner P, Gold MS, Porreca F, Strichartz GR. The role of sodium channels in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J Pain. 2006;7(5 Suppl 3):S1–29.PubMed Amir R, Argoff CE, Bennett GJ, Cummins TR, Durieux ME, Gerner P, Gold MS, Porreca F, Strichartz GR. The role of sodium channels in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J Pain. 2006;7(5 Suppl 3):S1–29.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Akopian AN, Sivilotti L, Wood JN. A tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel expressed by sensory neurons. Nature. 1996;379:257–62.PubMedCrossRef Akopian AN, Sivilotti L, Wood JN. A tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel expressed by sensory neurons. Nature. 1996;379:257–62.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Akopian AN, Souslova V, England S, Okuse K, Ogata N, Ure J, Smith A, Kerr BJ, McMahon SB, Boyce S, Hill R, Stanfa LC, Dickenson AH, Wood JN. The tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel SNS has a specialized function in pain pathways. Nat Neurosci. 1999;2:541–8.PubMedCrossRef Akopian AN, Souslova V, England S, Okuse K, Ogata N, Ure J, Smith A, Kerr BJ, McMahon SB, Boyce S, Hill R, Stanfa LC, Dickenson AH, Wood JN. The tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel SNS has a specialized function in pain pathways. Nat Neurosci. 1999;2:541–8.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Strickland IT, Martindale JC, Woodhams PL, Reeve AJ, Chessell IP, McQueen DS. Changes in the expression of NaV1.7, NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 in a distinct population of dorsal root ganglia innervating the rat knee joint in a model of chronic inflammatory joint pain. Eur J Pain. 2008;12:564–72.PubMedCrossRef Strickland IT, Martindale JC, Woodhams PL, Reeve AJ, Chessell IP, McQueen DS. Changes in the expression of NaV1.7, NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 in a distinct population of dorsal root ganglia innervating the rat knee joint in a model of chronic inflammatory joint pain. Eur J Pain. 2008;12:564–72.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Karaman Y, Kayali C, Ozturk H, Kaya A, Bor C. A comparison of analgesic effect of intra-articular levobupivacaine with bupivacaine following knee arthroscopy. Saudi Med J. 2009;30:629–32.PubMed Karaman Y, Kayali C, Ozturk H, Kaya A, Bor C. A comparison of analgesic effect of intra-articular levobupivacaine with bupivacaine following knee arthroscopy. Saudi Med J. 2009;30:629–32.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Araujo MC, Sinnott CJ, Strichartz GR. Multiple phases of relief from experimental mechanical allodynia by systemic lidocaine: responses to early and late infusions. Pain. 2003;103:21–9.PubMedCrossRef Araujo MC, Sinnott CJ, Strichartz GR. Multiple phases of relief from experimental mechanical allodynia by systemic lidocaine: responses to early and late infusions. Pain. 2003;103:21–9.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Kastrup J, Petersen P, Dejgard A, Angelo HR, Hilsted J. Intravenous lidocaine infusion—a new treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy? Pain. 1987;28:69–75.PubMedCrossRef Kastrup J, Petersen P, Dejgard A, Angelo HR, Hilsted J. Intravenous lidocaine infusion—a new treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy? Pain. 1987;28:69–75.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Kinloch RA, Cox PJ. New targets for neuropathic pain therapeutics. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2005;9:685–98.PubMedCrossRef Kinloch RA, Cox PJ. New targets for neuropathic pain therapeutics. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2005;9:685–98.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Schuelert N, McDougall JJ. Involvement of Nav 1.8 sodium ion channels in the transduction of mechanical pain in a rodent model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14:R5.PubMedCrossRef Schuelert N, McDougall JJ. Involvement of Nav 1.8 sodium ion channels in the transduction of mechanical pain in a rodent model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14:R5.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Jarvis MF, Honore P, Shieh CC, Chapman M, Joshi S, Zhang XF, Kort M, Carroll W, Marron B, Atkinson R, Thomas J, Liu D, Krambis M, Liu Y, McGaraughty S, Chu K, Roeloffs R, Zhong C, Mikusa JP, Hernandez G, Gauvin D, Wade C, Zhu C, Pai M, Scanio M, Shi L, Drizin I, Gregg R, Matulenko M, Hakeem A, Gross M, Johnson M, Marsh K, Wagoner PK, Sullivan JP, Faltynek CR, Krafte DS. A-803467, a potent and selective Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker, attenuates neuropathic and inflammatory pain in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:8520–5.PubMedCrossRef Jarvis MF, Honore P, Shieh CC, Chapman M, Joshi S, Zhang XF, Kort M, Carroll W, Marron B, Atkinson R, Thomas J, Liu D, Krambis M, Liu Y, McGaraughty S, Chu K, Roeloffs R, Zhong C, Mikusa JP, Hernandez G, Gauvin D, Wade C, Zhu C, Pai M, Scanio M, Shi L, Drizin I, Gregg R, Matulenko M, Hakeem A, Gross M, Johnson M, Marsh K, Wagoner PK, Sullivan JP, Faltynek CR, Krafte DS. A-803467, a potent and selective Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker, attenuates neuropathic and inflammatory pain in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:8520–5.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Coggeshall RE, Tate S, Carlton SM. Differential expression of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 in normal and inflamed rats. Neurosci Lett. 2004;355:45–8.PubMedCrossRef Coggeshall RE, Tate S, Carlton SM. Differential expression of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 in normal and inflamed rats. Neurosci Lett. 2004;355:45–8.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference McDougall JJ, Bray RC, Sharkey KA. A morphological and immunohistochemical examination of nerves in normal and injured collateral ligaments of rat, rabbit and human knee joints. Anat Rec. 1997;248:29–39.PubMedCrossRef McDougall JJ, Bray RC, Sharkey KA. A morphological and immunohistochemical examination of nerves in normal and injured collateral ligaments of rat, rabbit and human knee joints. Anat Rec. 1997;248:29–39.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference McDougall JJ, Yeung G, Leonard CA, Bray RC. A rôle for calcitonin gene-related peptide in rabbit knee joint ligament healing. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2000;78:535–40.PubMedCrossRef McDougall JJ, Yeung G, Leonard CA, Bray RC. A rôle for calcitonin gene-related peptide in rabbit knee joint ligament healing. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2000;78:535–40.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Grönblad M, Konntinen YT, Korkala O, Liesi P, Hukkanen M, Polak JM. Neuropeptides in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol. 1988;15:1807–10.PubMed Grönblad M, Konntinen YT, Korkala O, Liesi P, Hukkanen M, Polak JM. Neuropeptides in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol. 1988;15:1807–10.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Hanesch U, McDougall JJ, Pawlak M. Inhibitory effects of gabapentin on rat articular afferent mechanosensitivity. Regul Pept. 2000;89:63. Hanesch U, McDougall JJ, Pawlak M. Inhibitory effects of gabapentin on rat articular afferent mechanosensitivity. Regul Pept. 2000;89:63.
62.
go back to reference Orita S, Ishikawa T, Miyagi M, Ochiai N, Inoue G, Eguchi Y, Kamoda H, Arai G, Toyone T, Aoki Y, Kubo T, Takahashi K, Ohtori S. Pain-related sensory innervation in monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rat knees that gradually develops neuronal injury in addition to inflammatory pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:134.PubMedCrossRef Orita S, Ishikawa T, Miyagi M, Ochiai N, Inoue G, Eguchi Y, Kamoda H, Arai G, Toyone T, Aoki Y, Kubo T, Takahashi K, Ohtori S. Pain-related sensory innervation in monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rat knees that gradually develops neuronal injury in addition to inflammatory pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:134.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Neurophysiology of Arthritis Pain
Authors
Jason J. McDougall
Patrick Linton
Publication date
01-12-2012
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Pain and Headache Reports / Issue 6/2012
Print ISSN: 1531-3433
Electronic ISSN: 1534-3081
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-012-0300-0

Other articles of this Issue 6/2012

Current Pain and Headache Reports 6/2012 Go to the issue

Pain Aspects of Arthritis (DA Walsh and S Kelly, Section Editors)

Neuromuscular Function in Painful Knee Osteoarthritis

Tension-Type Headache (KA Henry, Section Editor)

Epidemiology and Cultural Differences in Tension-Type Headache

Pain Aspects of Arthritis (DA Walsh and S Kelly, Section Editors)

The Context of Pain in Arthritis: Self-efficacy for Managing Pain and Other Symptoms

Tension-Type Headache (KA Henry, Section Editor)

Combat-Related Headache and Traumatic Brain Injury