Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Neurology 1/2024

Open Access 07-09-2023 | Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disease | Review

Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) – revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part II: Attack therapy and long-term management

Authors: Tania Kümpfel, Katrin Giglhuber, Orhan Aktas, Ilya Ayzenberg, Judith Bellmann-Strobl, Vivien Häußler, Joachim Havla, Kerstin Hellwig, Martin W. Hümmert, Sven Jarius, Ingo Kleiter, Luisa Klotz, Markus Krumbholz, Friedemann Paul, Marius Ringelstein, Klemens Ruprecht, Makbule Senel, Jan-Patrick Stellmann, Florian Then Bergh, Corinna Trebst, Hayrettin Tumani, Clemens Warnke, Brigitte Wildemann, Achim Berthele, The Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS)

Published in: Journal of Neurology | Issue 1/2024

Login to get access

Abstract

This manuscript presents practical recommendations for managing acute attacks and implementing preventive immunotherapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), a rare autoimmune disease that causes severe inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), primarily affecting the optic nerves, spinal cord, and brainstem. The pillars of NMOSD therapy are attack treatment and attack prevention to minimize the accrual of neurological disability. Aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G antibodies (AQP4-IgG) are a diagnostic marker of the disease and play a significant role in its pathogenicity. Recent advances in understanding NMOSD have led to the development of new therapies and the completion of randomized controlled trials. Four preventive immunotherapies have now been approved for AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD in many regions of the world: eculizumab, ravulizumab - most recently-, inebilizumab, and satralizumab. These new drugs may potentially substitute rituximab and classical immunosuppressive therapies, which were as yet the mainstay of treatment for both, AQP4-IgG-positive and -negative NMOSD. Here, the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS) provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on NMOSD treatments and offers statements and practical recommendations on the therapy management and use of all available immunotherapies for this disease. Unmet needs and AQP4-IgG-negative NMOSD are also discussed. The recommendations were developed using a Delphi-based consensus method among the core author group and at expert discussions at NEMOS meetings.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Abbadessa G, Miele G, Maida E, Minervini G, Lavorgna L, Bonavita S (2022) Optimal retreatment schedule of rituximab for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 63:103926PubMedCrossRef Abbadessa G, Miele G, Maida E, Minervini G, Lavorgna L, Bonavita S (2022) Optimal retreatment schedule of rituximab for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 63:103926PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Agius MA, Klodowska-Duda G, Maciejowski M, Potemkowski A, Li J, Patra K, Wesley J, Madani S, Barron G, Katz E, Flor A (2019) Safety and tolerability of inebilizumab (MEDI- 551), an anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis: results from a phase 1 randomised, placebo-controlled, escalating intravenous and subcutaneous dose study. Mult Scler J 25:235–245CrossRef Agius MA, Klodowska-Duda G, Maciejowski M, Potemkowski A, Li J, Patra K, Wesley J, Madani S, Barron G, Katz E, Flor A (2019) Safety and tolerability of inebilizumab (MEDI- 551), an anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis: results from a phase 1 randomised, placebo-controlled, escalating intravenous and subcutaneous dose study. Mult Scler J 25:235–245CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Akaishi T, Nakashima I, Takahashi T, Abe M, Ishii T, Aoki M (2020) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with unevenly clustered attack occurrence. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7:e640PubMedCrossRef Akaishi T, Nakashima I, Takahashi T, Abe M, Ishii T, Aoki M (2020) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with unevenly clustered attack occurrence. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7:e640PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Akaishi T, Takeshita T, Himori N, Takahashi T, Misu T, Ogawa R, Kaneko K, Fujimori J, Abe M, Ishii T, Fujihara K, Aoki M, Nakazawa T, Nakashima I (2020) Rapid administration of high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone improves visual outcomes after optic neuritis in patients with AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD. Front Neurol 11:932PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Akaishi T, Takeshita T, Himori N, Takahashi T, Misu T, Ogawa R, Kaneko K, Fujimori J, Abe M, Ishii T, Fujihara K, Aoki M, Nakazawa T, Nakashima I (2020) Rapid administration of high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone improves visual outcomes after optic neuritis in patients with AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD. Front Neurol 11:932PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Aktas O, Hartung HP, Smith MA, Rees WA, Fujihara K, Paul F, Marignier R, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, Weinshenker BG, Pittock SJ, Wingerchuk DM, Cutter G, She D, Gunsior M, Cimbora D, Katz E, Cree BA, Investigators NMs (2023) Serum neurofilament light chain levels at attack predict post-attack disability worsening and are mitigated by inebilizumab: analysis of four potential biomarkers in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-330412CrossRefPubMed Aktas O, Hartung HP, Smith MA, Rees WA, Fujihara K, Paul F, Marignier R, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, Weinshenker BG, Pittock SJ, Wingerchuk DM, Cutter G, She D, Gunsior M, Cimbora D, Katz E, Cree BA, Investigators NMs (2023) Serum neurofilament light chain levels at attack predict post-attack disability worsening and are mitigated by inebilizumab: analysis of four potential biomarkers in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1136/​jnnp-2022-330412CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Aktas O, Smith MA, Rees WA, Bennett JL, She D, Katz E, Cree BAC, Group NMs, the NMsi (2021) Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein: a neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder biomarker. Ann Neurol 89:895–910PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Aktas O, Smith MA, Rees WA, Bennett JL, She D, Katz E, Cree BAC, Group NMs, the NMsi (2021) Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein: a neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder biomarker. Ann Neurol 89:895–910PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Allen K, Pittock S, Levy M, Palace J, Oreja-Guevara C, Nakashima I, Berthele A, Bennett J, de Seze J, Barnett M, Paul F, Pozzilli C, Mashhoon Y, Yountz M (2022) Kim H (2022) Sensitivity analysis using propensity score methods for primary efficacy outcome in the CHAMPION-NMOSD trial. ECTRIMS 28:138–140 Allen K, Pittock S, Levy M, Palace J, Oreja-Guevara C, Nakashima I, Berthele A, Bennett J, de Seze J, Barnett M, Paul F, Pozzilli C, Mashhoon Y, Yountz M (2022) Kim H (2022) Sensitivity analysis using propensity score methods for primary efficacy outcome in the CHAMPION-NMOSD trial. ECTRIMS 28:138–140
9.
go back to reference Altintas A, Dargvainiene J, Schneider-Gold C, Asgari N, Ayzenberg I, Ciplea AI, Junker R, Leypoldt F, Wandinger KP, Hellwig K (2020) Gender issues of antibody-mediated diseases in neurology: (NMOSD/autoimmune encephalitis/MG). Ther Adv Neurol Disord 13:1756286420949808PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Altintas A, Dargvainiene J, Schneider-Gold C, Asgari N, Ayzenberg I, Ciplea AI, Junker R, Leypoldt F, Wandinger KP, Hellwig K (2020) Gender issues of antibody-mediated diseases in neurology: (NMOSD/autoimmune encephalitis/MG). Ther Adv Neurol Disord 13:1756286420949808PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Aouad P, Li J, Arthur C, Burt R, Fernando S, Parratt J (2015) Resolution of aquaporin-4 antibodies in a woman with neuromyelitis optica treated with human autologous stem cell transplant. J Clin Neurosci 22:1215–1217PubMedCrossRef Aouad P, Li J, Arthur C, Burt R, Fernando S, Parratt J (2015) Resolution of aquaporin-4 antibodies in a woman with neuromyelitis optica treated with human autologous stem cell transplant. J Clin Neurosci 22:1215–1217PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Apostolidis SA, Kakara M, Painter MM, Goel RR, Mathew D, Lenzi K, Rezk A, Patterson KR, Espinoza DA, Kadri JC, Markowitz DM, Mexhitaj I, Jacobs D, Babb A, Betts MR, Prak ETL, Weiskopf D, Grifoni A, Lundgreen KA, Gouma S, Sette A, Bates P, Hensley SE, Greenplate AR, Wherry EJ, Li R, Bar-Or A (2021) Cellular and humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 therapy. Nat Med 27:1990–2001PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Apostolidis SA, Kakara M, Painter MM, Goel RR, Mathew D, Lenzi K, Rezk A, Patterson KR, Espinoza DA, Kadri JC, Markowitz DM, Mexhitaj I, Jacobs D, Babb A, Betts MR, Prak ETL, Weiskopf D, Grifoni A, Lundgreen KA, Gouma S, Sette A, Bates P, Hensley SE, Greenplate AR, Wherry EJ, Li R, Bar-Or A (2021) Cellular and humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 therapy. Nat Med 27:1990–2001PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Araki M, Matsuoka T, Miyamoto K, Kusunoki S, Okamoto T, Murata M, Miyake S, Aranami T, Yamamura T (2014) Efficacy of the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 82:1302–1306PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Araki M, Matsuoka T, Miyamoto K, Kusunoki S, Okamoto T, Murata M, Miyake S, Aranami T, Yamamura T (2014) Efficacy of the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 82:1302–1306PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Araujo-Neto JM, Guimarães GS, Fernandes FF, Soares MA (2022) Hepatitis B surface antibody (Anti-HBs) kinetics during rituximab chemotherapy and performance of hepatitis B vaccine before immunosuppression: two prospective studies. Viruses 14:1780PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Araujo-Neto JM, Guimarães GS, Fernandes FF, Soares MA (2022) Hepatitis B surface antibody (Anti-HBs) kinetics during rituximab chemotherapy and performance of hepatitis B vaccine before immunosuppression: two prospective studies. Viruses 14:1780PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Asavapanumas N, Tradtrantip L, Verkman AS (2021) Targeting the complement system in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Expert Opin Biol Ther 21:1073–1086PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Asavapanumas N, Tradtrantip L, Verkman AS (2021) Targeting the complement system in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Expert Opin Biol Ther 21:1073–1086PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Avouac A, Maarouf A, Stellmann JP, Rico A, Boutiere C, Demortiere S, Marignier R, Pelletier J, Audoin B (2021) Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and infections in AQP4 and MOG antibody-associated diseases. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e977PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Avouac A, Maarouf A, Stellmann JP, Rico A, Boutiere C, Demortiere S, Marignier R, Pelletier J, Audoin B (2021) Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and infections in AQP4 and MOG antibody-associated diseases. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e977PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Ayzenberg I, Kleiter I, Schroder A, Hellwig K, Chan A, Yamamura T, Gold R (2013) Interleukin 6 receptor blockade in patients with neuromyelitis optica nonresponsive to anti-CD20 therapy. JAMA Neurol 70:394–397PubMedCrossRef Ayzenberg I, Kleiter I, Schroder A, Hellwig K, Chan A, Yamamura T, Gold R (2013) Interleukin 6 receptor blockade in patients with neuromyelitis optica nonresponsive to anti-CD20 therapy. JAMA Neurol 70:394–397PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Ayzenberg I, Schollhammer J, Hoepner R, Hellwig K, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Kumpfel T, Krumbholz M, Trebst C, Paul F, Pache F, Obermann M, Zeltner L, Schwab M, Berthele A, Jarius S, Kleiter I, Neuromyelitis Optica Study G (2016) Efficacy of glatiramer acetate in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a multicenter retrospective study. J Neurol 263:575–582PubMedCrossRef Ayzenberg I, Schollhammer J, Hoepner R, Hellwig K, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Kumpfel T, Krumbholz M, Trebst C, Paul F, Pache F, Obermann M, Zeltner L, Schwab M, Berthele A, Jarius S, Kleiter I, Neuromyelitis Optica Study G (2016) Efficacy of glatiramer acetate in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a multicenter retrospective study. J Neurol 263:575–582PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Azzopardi L, Cox AL, McCarthy CL, Jones JL, Coles AJ (2016) Alemtuzumab use in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a brief case series. J Neurol 263:25–29PubMedCrossRef Azzopardi L, Cox AL, McCarthy CL, Jones JL, Coles AJ (2016) Alemtuzumab use in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a brief case series. J Neurol 263:25–29PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Banerjee A, Ng J, Coleman J, Ospina JP, Mealy M, Levy M (2019) Outcomes from acute attacks of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder correlate with severity of attack, age and delay to treatment. Mult Scler Relat Disord 28:60–63PubMedCrossRef Banerjee A, Ng J, Coleman J, Ospina JP, Mealy M, Levy M (2019) Outcomes from acute attacks of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder correlate with severity of attack, age and delay to treatment. Mult Scler Relat Disord 28:60–63PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R, Kim HJ, Brilot F, Flanagan EP, Ramanathan S, Waters P, Tenembaum S, Graves JS, Chitnis T, Brandt AU, Hemingway C, Neuteboom R, Pandit L, Reindl M, Saiz A, Sato DK, Rostasy K, Paul F, Pittock SJ, Fujihara K, Palace J (2023) Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: international MOGAD panel proposed criteria. Lancet Neurol 22:268–282PubMedCrossRef Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R, Kim HJ, Brilot F, Flanagan EP, Ramanathan S, Waters P, Tenembaum S, Graves JS, Chitnis T, Brandt AU, Hemingway C, Neuteboom R, Pandit L, Reindl M, Saiz A, Sato DK, Rostasy K, Paul F, Pittock SJ, Fujihara K, Palace J (2023) Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: international MOGAD panel proposed criteria. Lancet Neurol 22:268–282PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Bar-Or A, Steinman L, Behne JM, Benitez-Ribas D, Chin PS, Clare-Salzler M, Healey D, Kim JI, Kranz DM, Lutterotti A, Martin R, Schippling S, Villoslada P, Wei CH, Weiner HL, Zamvil SS, Smith TJ, Yeaman MR (2016) Restoring immune tolerance in neuromyelitis optica: part II. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3:e277PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bar-Or A, Steinman L, Behne JM, Benitez-Ribas D, Chin PS, Clare-Salzler M, Healey D, Kim JI, Kranz DM, Lutterotti A, Martin R, Schippling S, Villoslada P, Wei CH, Weiner HL, Zamvil SS, Smith TJ, Yeaman MR (2016) Restoring immune tolerance in neuromyelitis optica: part II. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3:e277PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Barreras P, Vasileiou ES, Filippatou AG, Fitzgerald KC, Levy M, Pardo CA, Newsome SD, Mowry EM, Calabresi PA, Sotirchos ES (2022) Long-term effectiveness and safety of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and MOG antibody disease. Neurology 99:e2504–e2516PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Barreras P, Vasileiou ES, Filippatou AG, Fitzgerald KC, Levy M, Pardo CA, Newsome SD, Mowry EM, Calabresi PA, Sotirchos ES (2022) Long-term effectiveness and safety of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and MOG antibody disease. Neurology 99:e2504–e2516PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Bennett CL, Focosi D, Socal MP, Bian JC, Nabhan C, Hrushesky WJ, Bennett AC, Schoen MW, Berger JR, Armitage JO (2021) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab: a 20-year review from the Southern Network on Adverse Reactions. Lancet Haematol 8:e593–e604PubMedCrossRef Bennett CL, Focosi D, Socal MP, Bian JC, Nabhan C, Hrushesky WJ, Bennett AC, Schoen MW, Berger JR, Armitage JO (2021) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab: a 20-year review from the Southern Network on Adverse Reactions. Lancet Haematol 8:e593–e604PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Bennett JL, Aktas O, Rees WA, Smith MA, Gunsior M, Yan L, She D, Cimbora D, Pittock SJ, Weinshenker BG, Paul F, Marignier R, Wingerchuk D, Cutter G, Green A, Hartung H-P, Kim HJ, Fujihara K, Levy M, Katz E, Cree BAC (2022) Association between B-cell depletion and attack risk in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: An exploratory analysis from N-MOmentum, a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre phase 2/3 trial. EBioMedicine 86:104321PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bennett JL, Aktas O, Rees WA, Smith MA, Gunsior M, Yan L, She D, Cimbora D, Pittock SJ, Weinshenker BG, Paul F, Marignier R, Wingerchuk D, Cutter G, Green A, Hartung H-P, Kim HJ, Fujihara K, Levy M, Katz E, Cree BAC (2022) Association between B-cell depletion and attack risk in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: An exploratory analysis from N-MOmentum, a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre phase 2/3 trial. EBioMedicine 86:104321PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Berthele A, Levy M, Wingerchuk DM, Pittock SJ, Shang S, Kielhorn A, Royston M, Sabatella G, Palace J (2023) A single relapse induces worsening of disability and health-related quality of life in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Front Neurol 14:1099376PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Berthele A, Levy M, Wingerchuk DM, Pittock SJ, Shang S, Kielhorn A, Royston M, Sabatella G, Palace J (2023) A single relapse induces worsening of disability and health-related quality of life in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Front Neurol 14:1099376PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Bichuetti DB, Oliveira EML, Boulos FdC, Gabbai AA (2012) Lack of response to pulse cyclophosphamide in neuromyelitis optica: evaluation of 7 patients. Arch Neurol 69:938–939PubMedCrossRef Bichuetti DB, Oliveira EML, Boulos FdC, Gabbai AA (2012) Lack of response to pulse cyclophosphamide in neuromyelitis optica: evaluation of 7 patients. Arch Neurol 69:938–939PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Bichuetti DB, Perin MMM, Souza NA, Oliveira EML (2019) Treating neuromyelitis optica with azathioprine: 20-year clinical practice. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 25:1150–1161CrossRef Bichuetti DB, Perin MMM, Souza NA, Oliveira EML (2019) Treating neuromyelitis optica with azathioprine: 20-year clinical practice. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 25:1150–1161CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Boedecker SC, Luessi F, Engel S, Kraus D, Klimpke P, Holtz S, Meinek M, Marczynski P, Weinmann A, Weinmann-Menke J (2022) Immunoadsorption and plasma exchange-efficient treatment options for neurological autoimmune diseases. J Clin Apher 37:70–81PubMedCrossRef Boedecker SC, Luessi F, Engel S, Kraus D, Klimpke P, Holtz S, Meinek M, Marczynski P, Weinmann A, Weinmann-Menke J (2022) Immunoadsorption and plasma exchange-efficient treatment options for neurological autoimmune diseases. J Clin Apher 37:70–81PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Bonnan M, Valentino R, Debeugny S, Merle H, Ferge JL, Mehdaoui H, Cabre P (2018) Short delay to initiate plasma exchange is the strongest predictor of outcome in severe attacks of NMO spectrum disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 89:346–351PubMedCrossRef Bonnan M, Valentino R, Debeugny S, Merle H, Ferge JL, Mehdaoui H, Cabre P (2018) Short delay to initiate plasma exchange is the strongest predictor of outcome in severe attacks of NMO spectrum disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 89:346–351PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Bonnan M, Valentino R, Olindo S, Mehdaoui H, Smadja D, Cabre P (2009) Plasma exchange in severe spinal attacks associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 15:487–492CrossRef Bonnan M, Valentino R, Olindo S, Mehdaoui H, Smadja D, Cabre P (2009) Plasma exchange in severe spinal attacks associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 15:487–492CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Borisow N, Hellwig K, Paul F (2018) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and pregnancy: relapse-preventive measures and personalized treatment strategies. EPMA J 9:249–256PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Borisow N, Hellwig K, Paul F (2018) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and pregnancy: relapse-preventive measures and personalized treatment strategies. EPMA J 9:249–256PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Boz C, Terzi M, Karahan SZ, Sen S, Sarac Y, Mavis ME (2018) Safety of IV pulse methylprednisolone therapy during breastfeeding in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J 24:1205–1211CrossRef Boz C, Terzi M, Karahan SZ, Sen S, Sarac Y, Mavis ME (2018) Safety of IV pulse methylprednisolone therapy during breastfeeding in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J 24:1205–1211CrossRef
33.
34.
go back to reference Burt RK, Balabanov R, Han X, Burns C, Gastala J, Jovanovic B, Helenowski I, Jitprapaikulsan J, Fryer JP, Pittock SJ (2019) Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 93:e1732–e1741PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Burt RK, Balabanov R, Han X, Burns C, Gastala J, Jovanovic B, Helenowski I, Jitprapaikulsan J, Fryer JP, Pittock SJ (2019) Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 93:e1732–e1741PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Burton JM, Duggan P, Costello F, Metz L, Storek J (2021) A pilot trial of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant in neuromyelitis optic spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord 53:102990PubMedCrossRef Burton JM, Duggan P, Costello F, Metz L, Storek J (2021) A pilot trial of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant in neuromyelitis optic spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord 53:102990PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Cacciaguerra L, Valsasina P, Mesaros S, Martinelli V, Drulovic J, Filippi M, Rocca MA (2020) Spinal cord atrophy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders is spatially related to cord lesions and disability. Radiology 297:154–163PubMedCrossRef Cacciaguerra L, Valsasina P, Mesaros S, Martinelli V, Drulovic J, Filippi M, Rocca MA (2020) Spinal cord atrophy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders is spatially related to cord lesions and disability. Radiology 297:154–163PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Capobianco M, Malucchi S, di Sapio A, Gilli F, Sala A, Bottero R, Marnetto F, Doriguzzi Bozzo C, Bertolotto A (2007) Variable responses to rituximab treatment in neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s disease). Neurol Sci 28:209–211PubMedCrossRef Capobianco M, Malucchi S, di Sapio A, Gilli F, Sala A, Bottero R, Marnetto F, Doriguzzi Bozzo C, Bertolotto A (2007) Variable responses to rituximab treatment in neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s disease). Neurol Sci 28:209–211PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Chen H, Qiu W, Zhang Q, Wang J, Shi Z, Liu J, Lian Z, Feng H, Miao X, Zhou H (2017) Comparisons of the efficacy and tolerability of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine as treatments for neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Eur J Neurol 24:219–226PubMedCrossRef Chen H, Qiu W, Zhang Q, Wang J, Shi Z, Liu J, Lian Z, Feng H, Miao X, Zhou H (2017) Comparisons of the efficacy and tolerability of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine as treatments for neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Eur J Neurol 24:219–226PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Chien C, Brandt AU, Schmidt F, Bellmann-Strobl J, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Scheel M (2018) MRI-based methods for spinal cord atrophy evaluation: a comparison of cervical cord cross-sectional area, cervical cord volume, and full spinal cord volume in patients with aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 39:1362–1368PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chien C, Brandt AU, Schmidt F, Bellmann-Strobl J, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Scheel M (2018) MRI-based methods for spinal cord atrophy evaluation: a comparison of cervical cord cross-sectional area, cervical cord volume, and full spinal cord volume in patients with aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 39:1362–1368PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Chihara N, Aranami T, Sato W, Miyazaki Y, Miyake S, Okamoto T, Ogawa M, Toda T, Yamamura T (2011) Interleukin 6 signaling promotes anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody production from plasmablasts in neuromyelitis optica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:3701–3706PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chihara N, Aranami T, Sato W, Miyazaki Y, Miyake S, Okamoto T, Ogawa M, Toda T, Yamamura T (2011) Interleukin 6 signaling promotes anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody production from plasmablasts in neuromyelitis optica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:3701–3706PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Ciplea AI, Langer-Gould A, de Vries A, Schaap T, Thiel S, Ringelstein M, Gold R, Hellwig K (2020) Monoclonal antibody treatment during pregnancy and/or lactation in women with MS or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7:e723PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ciplea AI, Langer-Gould A, de Vries A, Schaap T, Thiel S, Ringelstein M, Gold R, Hellwig K (2020) Monoclonal antibody treatment during pregnancy and/or lactation in women with MS or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7:e723PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Cofiell R, Kukreja A, Bedard K, Yan Y, Mickle AP, Ogawa M, Bedrosian CL, Faas SJ (2015) Eculizumab reduces complement activation, inflammation, endothelial damage, thrombosis, and renal injury markers in aHUS. Blood 125:3253–3262PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cofiell R, Kukreja A, Bedard K, Yan Y, Mickle AP, Ogawa M, Bedrosian CL, Faas SJ (2015) Eculizumab reduces complement activation, inflammation, endothelial damage, thrombosis, and renal injury markers in aHUS. Blood 125:3253–3262PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Collongues N, Alves Do Rego C, Bourre B, Biotti D, Marignier R, da Silva AM, Santos E, Maillart E, Papeix C, Palace J, Leite MIS, De Seze J (2021) Pregnancy in patients With AQP4-Ab, MOG-Ab, or double-negative neuromyelitis optica disorder. Neurology 96:e2006–e2015PubMedCrossRef Collongues N, Alves Do Rego C, Bourre B, Biotti D, Marignier R, da Silva AM, Santos E, Maillart E, Papeix C, Palace J, Leite MIS, De Seze J (2021) Pregnancy in patients With AQP4-Ab, MOG-Ab, or double-negative neuromyelitis optica disorder. Neurology 96:e2006–e2015PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Confavreux C, Saddier P, Grimaud J, Moreau T, Adeleine P, Aimard G (1996) Risk of cancer from azathioprine therapy in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Neurology 46:1607–1612PubMedCrossRef Confavreux C, Saddier P, Grimaud J, Moreau T, Adeleine P, Aimard G (1996) Risk of cancer from azathioprine therapy in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Neurology 46:1607–1612PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Contentti EC, Lopez PA, Pettinicchi JP, Criniti J, Pappolla A, Miguez J, Patrucco L, Carnero Contentti E, Liwacki S, Tkachuk V, Balbuena ME, Vrech C, Deri N, Correale J, Marrodan M, Ysrraelit MC, Leguizamon F, Luetic G, Menichini ML, Tavolini D, Mainella C, Zanga G, Burgos M, Hryb J, Barboza A, Lazaro L, Alonso R, Liguori NF, Nadur D, Chercoff A, Alonso Serena M, Caride A, Paul F, Rojas JI (2021) Assessing attacks and treatment response rates among adult patients with NMOSD and MOGAD: Data from a nationwide registry in Argentina. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 7:20552173211032336PubMedPubMedCentral Contentti EC, Lopez PA, Pettinicchi JP, Criniti J, Pappolla A, Miguez J, Patrucco L, Carnero Contentti E, Liwacki S, Tkachuk V, Balbuena ME, Vrech C, Deri N, Correale J, Marrodan M, Ysrraelit MC, Leguizamon F, Luetic G, Menichini ML, Tavolini D, Mainella C, Zanga G, Burgos M, Hryb J, Barboza A, Lazaro L, Alonso R, Liguori NF, Nadur D, Chercoff A, Alonso Serena M, Caride A, Paul F, Rojas JI (2021) Assessing attacks and treatment response rates among adult patients with NMOSD and MOGAD: Data from a nationwide registry in Argentina. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 7:20552173211032336PubMedPubMedCentral
47.
go back to reference Costanzi C, Matiello M, Lucchinetti CF, Weinshenker BG, Pittock SJ, Mandrekar J, Thapa P, McKeon A (2011) Azathioprine: tolerability, efficacy, and predictors of benefit in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 77:659–666PubMedCrossRef Costanzi C, Matiello M, Lucchinetti CF, Weinshenker BG, Pittock SJ, Mandrekar J, Thapa P, McKeon A (2011) Azathioprine: tolerability, efficacy, and predictors of benefit in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 77:659–666PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Cotzomi E, Stathopoulos P, Lee CS, Ritchie AM, Soltys JN, Delmotte FR, Oe T, Sng J, Jiang R, Ma AK, Vander Heiden JA, Kleinstein SH, Levy M, Bennett JL, Meffre E, O’Connor KC (2019) Early B cell tolerance defects in neuromyelitis optica favour anti-AQP4 autoantibody production. Brain 142:1598–1615PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cotzomi E, Stathopoulos P, Lee CS, Ritchie AM, Soltys JN, Delmotte FR, Oe T, Sng J, Jiang R, Ma AK, Vander Heiden JA, Kleinstein SH, Levy M, Bennett JL, Meffre E, O’Connor KC (2019) Early B cell tolerance defects in neuromyelitis optica favour anti-AQP4 autoantibody production. Brain 142:1598–1615PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Cree BA, Bennett JL, Sheehan M, Cohen J, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Kim HJ, Paul F, Pittock S, Weinshenker B, Wingerchuk D, Fujihara K, Cutter G, Patra K, Flor A, Barron G, Madani S, Ratchford JN, Katz E (2016) Placebo-controlled study in neuromyelitis optica-ethical and design considerations. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 22:862–872CrossRef Cree BA, Bennett JL, Sheehan M, Cohen J, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Kim HJ, Paul F, Pittock S, Weinshenker B, Wingerchuk D, Fujihara K, Cutter G, Patra K, Flor A, Barron G, Madani S, Ratchford JN, Katz E (2016) Placebo-controlled study in neuromyelitis optica-ethical and design considerations. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 22:862–872CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Cree BA, Lamb S, Morgan K, Chen A, Waubant E, Genain C (2005) An open label study of the effects of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 64:1270–1272PubMedCrossRef Cree BA, Lamb S, Morgan K, Chen A, Waubant E, Genain C (2005) An open label study of the effects of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 64:1270–1272PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Cree BAC, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, Weinshenker BG, Pittock SJ, Wingerchuk DM, Fujihara K, Paul F, Cutter GR, Marignier R, Green AJ, Aktas O, Hartung H-P, Lublin FD, Drappa J, Barron G, Madani S, Ratchford JN, She D, Cimbora D, Katz E (2019) Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (N-MOmentum): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial. The Lancet 394:1352–1363CrossRef Cree BAC, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, Weinshenker BG, Pittock SJ, Wingerchuk DM, Fujihara K, Paul F, Cutter GR, Marignier R, Green AJ, Aktas O, Hartung H-P, Lublin FD, Drappa J, Barron G, Madani S, Ratchford JN, She D, Cimbora D, Katz E (2019) Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (N-MOmentum): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial. The Lancet 394:1352–1363CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Dale RC, Brilot F, Duffy LV, Twilt M, Waldman AT, Narula S, Muscal E, Deiva K, Andersen E, Eyre MR, Eleftheriou D, Brogan PA, Kneen R, Alper G, Anlar B, Wassmer E, Heineman K, Hemingway C, Riney CJ, Kornberg A, Tardieu M, Stocco A, Banwell B, Gorman MP, Benseler SM, Lim M (2014) Utility and safety of rituximab in pediatric autoimmune and inflammatory CNS disease. Neurology 83:142–150PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dale RC, Brilot F, Duffy LV, Twilt M, Waldman AT, Narula S, Muscal E, Deiva K, Andersen E, Eyre MR, Eleftheriou D, Brogan PA, Kneen R, Alper G, Anlar B, Wassmer E, Heineman K, Hemingway C, Riney CJ, Kornberg A, Tardieu M, Stocco A, Banwell B, Gorman MP, Benseler SM, Lim M (2014) Utility and safety of rituximab in pediatric autoimmune and inflammatory CNS disease. Neurology 83:142–150PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Damato V, Evoli A, Iorio R (2016) Efficacy and safety of rituximab therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 73:1342–1348PubMedCrossRef Damato V, Evoli A, Iorio R (2016) Efficacy and safety of rituximab therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 73:1342–1348PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Damato V, Theorell J, Al-Diwani A, Kienzler AK, Makuch M, Sun B, Handel A, Akdeniz D, Berretta A, Ramanathan S, Fower A, Whittam D, Gibbons E, McGlashan N, Green E, Huda S, Woodhall M, Palace J, Sheerin F, Waters P, Leite MI, Jacob A, Irani SR (2022) Rituximab abrogates aquaporin-4-specific germinal center activity in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 119:e2121804119PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Damato V, Theorell J, Al-Diwani A, Kienzler AK, Makuch M, Sun B, Handel A, Akdeniz D, Berretta A, Ramanathan S, Fower A, Whittam D, Gibbons E, McGlashan N, Green E, Huda S, Woodhall M, Palace J, Sheerin F, Waters P, Leite MI, Jacob A, Irani SR (2022) Rituximab abrogates aquaporin-4-specific germinal center activity in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 119:e2121804119PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Demuth S, Guillaume M, Bourre B, Ciron J, Zephir H, Sirejacob Y, Kerbrat A, Lebrun-Frenay C, Papeix C, Michel L, Laplaud D, Vukusic S, Maillart E, Cohen M, Audoin B, Marignier R, Collongues N, Group NS (2022) Treatment regimens for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder attacks: a retrospective cohort study. J Neuroinflamm 19:62CrossRef Demuth S, Guillaume M, Bourre B, Ciron J, Zephir H, Sirejacob Y, Kerbrat A, Lebrun-Frenay C, Papeix C, Michel L, Laplaud D, Vukusic S, Maillart E, Cohen M, Audoin B, Marignier R, Collongues N, Group NS (2022) Treatment regimens for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder attacks: a retrospective cohort study. J Neuroinflamm 19:62CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Deng S, Lei Q, Lu W (2022) Pregnancy-related attack in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with AQP4-IgG: a single-center study and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 12:800666PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Deng S, Lei Q, Lu W (2022) Pregnancy-related attack in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with AQP4-IgG: a single-center study and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 12:800666PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Di Gaetano N, Cittera E, Nota R, Vecchi A, Grieco V, Scanziani E, Botto M, Introna M, Golay J (2003) Complement activation determines the therapeutic activity of rituximab in vivo. J Immunol 171:1581–1587PubMedCrossRef Di Gaetano N, Cittera E, Nota R, Vecchi A, Grieco V, Scanziani E, Botto M, Introna M, Golay J (2003) Complement activation determines the therapeutic activity of rituximab in vivo. J Immunol 171:1581–1587PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Ding J, Jiang X, Cai Y, Pan S, Deng Y, Gao M, Lin Y, Zhao N, Wang Z, Yu H, Qiu H, Jin Y, Xue J, Guo Q, Ni L, Zhang Y, Hao Y, Guan Y (2022) Telitacicept following plasma exchange in the treatment of subjects with recurrent neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a single-center, single-arm, open-label study. CNS Neurosci Ther 28:1613–1623PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ding J, Jiang X, Cai Y, Pan S, Deng Y, Gao M, Lin Y, Zhao N, Wang Z, Yu H, Qiu H, Jin Y, Xue J, Guo Q, Ni L, Zhang Y, Hao Y, Guan Y (2022) Telitacicept following plasma exchange in the treatment of subjects with recurrent neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a single-center, single-arm, open-label study. CNS Neurosci Ther 28:1613–1623PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Dinoto A, Sechi E, Ferrari S, Gajofatto A, Orlandi R, Solla P, Maccabeo A, Maniscalco GT, Andreone V, Sartori A, Manganotti P, Rasia S, Capra R, Mancinelli CR, Mariotto S (2022) Risk of disease relapse following COVID-19 vaccination in patients with AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD and MOGAD. Mult Scler Relat Disord 58:103424PubMedCrossRef Dinoto A, Sechi E, Ferrari S, Gajofatto A, Orlandi R, Solla P, Maccabeo A, Maniscalco GT, Andreone V, Sartori A, Manganotti P, Rasia S, Capra R, Mancinelli CR, Mariotto S (2022) Risk of disease relapse following COVID-19 vaccination in patients with AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD and MOGAD. Mult Scler Relat Disord 58:103424PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Dong GY, Meng YH, Xiao XJ (2022) A meta-analysis on efficacy and safety of rituximab for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Medicine (Baltimore) 101:e30347PubMedCrossRef Dong GY, Meng YH, Xiao XJ (2022) A meta-analysis on efficacy and safety of rituximab for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Medicine (Baltimore) 101:e30347PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Dörner T, Schulze-Koops H, Burmester G-R, Iking-Konert C, Schmalzing M, Engel A, Kästner P, Kellner H, Kurthen R, Krüger K, Rubbert-Roth A, Schwenke H, Peters MA, Tony H-P (2019) Early and late responses in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug inadequate responders and were treated with tocilizumab or switched to rituximab: an open-label phase 3 trial (MIRAI). Clin Exp Rheumatol 37:937–945PubMed Dörner T, Schulze-Koops H, Burmester G-R, Iking-Konert C, Schmalzing M, Engel A, Kästner P, Kellner H, Kurthen R, Krüger K, Rubbert-Roth A, Schwenke H, Peters MA, Tony H-P (2019) Early and late responses in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug inadequate responders and were treated with tocilizumab or switched to rituximab: an open-label phase 3 trial (MIRAI). Clin Exp Rheumatol 37:937–945PubMed
63.
go back to reference Du C, Zeng P, Han JR, Zhang TX, Jia D, Shi FD, Zhang C (2021) Early initiation of tocilizumab treatment against moderate-to-severe myelitis in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Front Immunol 12:660230PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Du C, Zeng P, Han JR, Zhang TX, Jia D, Shi FD, Zhang C (2021) Early initiation of tocilizumab treatment against moderate-to-severe myelitis in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Front Immunol 12:660230PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Duan T, Tradtrantip L, Phuan PW, Bennett JL, Verkman AS (2020) Affinity-matured “aquaporumab” anti-aquaporin-4 antibody for therapy of seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neuropharmacology 162:107827PubMedCrossRef Duan T, Tradtrantip L, Phuan PW, Bennett JL, Verkman AS (2020) Affinity-matured “aquaporumab” anti-aquaporin-4 antibody for therapy of seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neuropharmacology 162:107827PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Elsone L, Kitley J, Luppe S, Lythgoe D, Mutch K, Jacob S, Brown R, Moss K, McNeillis B, Goh YY, Leite MI, Robertson N, Palace J, Jacob A (2014) Long-term efficacy, tolerability and retention rate of azathioprine in 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients: a multicentre retrospective observational study from the UK. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 20:1533–1540CrossRef Elsone L, Kitley J, Luppe S, Lythgoe D, Mutch K, Jacob S, Brown R, Moss K, McNeillis B, Goh YY, Leite MI, Robertson N, Palace J, Jacob A (2014) Long-term efficacy, tolerability and retention rate of azathioprine in 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients: a multicentre retrospective observational study from the UK. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 20:1533–1540CrossRef
66.
go back to reference Fang B, McKeon A, Hinson SR, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Aksamit AJ, Lennon VA (2016) Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: a novel meningoencephalomyelitis. JAMA Neurol 73:1297–1307PubMedCrossRef Fang B, McKeon A, Hinson SR, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Aksamit AJ, Lennon VA (2016) Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: a novel meningoencephalomyelitis. JAMA Neurol 73:1297–1307PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Flanagan EP, Aksamit AJ, Kumar N, Morparia NP, Keegan BM, Weinshenker BG (2013) Simultaneous PML-IRIS and myelitis in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Clin Pract 3:448–451PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Flanagan EP, Aksamit AJ, Kumar N, Morparia NP, Keegan BM, Weinshenker BG (2013) Simultaneous PML-IRIS and myelitis in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Clin Pract 3:448–451PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Flanagan EP, Levy M, Katz E, Cimbora D, Drappa J, Mealy MA, She D, Cree BAC (2022) Inebilizumab for treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in patients with prior rituximab use from the N-MOmentum Study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 57:103352PubMedCrossRef Flanagan EP, Levy M, Katz E, Cimbora D, Drappa J, Mealy MA, She D, Cree BAC (2022) Inebilizumab for treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in patients with prior rituximab use from the N-MOmentum Study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 57:103352PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Fujihara K, Bennett JL, de Seze J, Haramura M, Kleiter I, Weinshenker BG, Kang D, Mughal T, Yamamura T (2020) Interleukin-6 in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder pathophysiology. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7:e841PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fujihara K, Bennett JL, de Seze J, Haramura M, Kleiter I, Weinshenker BG, Kang D, Mughal T, Yamamura T (2020) Interleukin-6 in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder pathophysiology. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7:e841PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Gable KL, Guptill JT (2019) Antagonism of the neonatal fc receptor as an emerging treatment for myasthenia gravis. Front Immunol 10:3052PubMedCrossRef Gable KL, Guptill JT (2019) Antagonism of the neonatal fc receptor as an emerging treatment for myasthenia gravis. Front Immunol 10:3052PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Galati A, McElrath T, Bove R (2022) Use of B cell-depleting therapy in women of childbearing potential with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Clin Pract 12:154–163PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Galati A, McElrath T, Bove R (2022) Use of B cell-depleting therapy in women of childbearing potential with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Clin Pract 12:154–163PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Giovannelli J, Ciron J, Cohen M, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Stellmann JP, Kleiter I, McCreary M, Greenberg BM, Deschamps R, Audoin B, Maillart E, Papeix C, Collongues N, Bourre B, Laplaud D, Ayrignac X, Durand-Dubief F, Ruet A, Vukusic S, Marignier R, Dauchet L, Zephir H, Nemos NOi (2021) A meta-analysis comparing first-line immunosuppressants in neuromyelitis optica. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 8:2025–2037PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Giovannelli J, Ciron J, Cohen M, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Stellmann JP, Kleiter I, McCreary M, Greenberg BM, Deschamps R, Audoin B, Maillart E, Papeix C, Collongues N, Bourre B, Laplaud D, Ayrignac X, Durand-Dubief F, Ruet A, Vukusic S, Marignier R, Dauchet L, Zephir H, Nemos NOi (2021) A meta-analysis comparing first-line immunosuppressants in neuromyelitis optica. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 8:2025–2037PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Greco R, Bondanza A, Oliveira MC, Badoglio M, Burman J, Piehl F, Hagglund H, Krasulova E, Simoes BP, Carlson K, Pohlreich D, Labopin M, Saccardi R, Comi G, Mancardi GL, Bacigalupo A, Ciceri F, Farge D (2015) Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in neuromyelitis optica: a registry study of the EBMT Autoimmune Diseases Working Party. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 21:189–197CrossRef Greco R, Bondanza A, Oliveira MC, Badoglio M, Burman J, Piehl F, Hagglund H, Krasulova E, Simoes BP, Carlson K, Pohlreich D, Labopin M, Saccardi R, Comi G, Mancardi GL, Bacigalupo A, Ciceri F, Farge D (2015) Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in neuromyelitis optica: a registry study of the EBMT Autoimmune Diseases Working Party. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 21:189–197CrossRef
76.
go back to reference Greenberg BM, Graves D, Remington G, Hardeman P, Mann M, Karandikar N, Stuve O, Monson N, Frohman E (2012) Rituximab dosing and monitoring strategies in neuromyelitis optica patients: creating strategies for therapeutic success. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 18:1022–1026CrossRef Greenberg BM, Graves D, Remington G, Hardeman P, Mann M, Karandikar N, Stuve O, Monson N, Frohman E (2012) Rituximab dosing and monitoring strategies in neuromyelitis optica patients: creating strategies for therapeutic success. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 18:1022–1026CrossRef
77.
go back to reference Hamid SHM, Whittam D, Mutch K, Linaker S, Solomon T, Das K, Bhojak M, Jacob A (2017) What proportion of AQP4-IgG-negative NMO spectrum disorder patients are MOG-IgG positive? A cross sectional study of 132 patients. J Neurol 264:2088–2094PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hamid SHM, Whittam D, Mutch K, Linaker S, Solomon T, Das K, Bhojak M, Jacob A (2017) What proportion of AQP4-IgG-negative NMO spectrum disorder patients are MOG-IgG positive? A cross sectional study of 132 patients. J Neurol 264:2088–2094PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Hatayama Y, Hashimoto Y, Motokura T (2020) Frequent co-reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus in patients with cytomegalovirus viremia under immunosuppressive therapy and/or chemotherapy. J Int Med Res 48:300060520972880PubMedCrossRef Hatayama Y, Hashimoto Y, Motokura T (2020) Frequent co-reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus in patients with cytomegalovirus viremia under immunosuppressive therapy and/or chemotherapy. J Int Med Res 48:300060520972880PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Heigl F, Hettich R, Fassbender C, Klingel R, Mauch E, Durner J, Kern R, Kleiter I (2023) Immunoadsorption as maintenance therapy for refractory neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 16:17562864221150314PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Heigl F, Hettich R, Fassbender C, Klingel R, Mauch E, Durner J, Kern R, Kleiter I (2023) Immunoadsorption as maintenance therapy for refractory neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 16:17562864221150314PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Hoeltzenbein M, Beck E, Rajwanshi R, Gøtestam Skorpen C, Berber E, Schaefer C, Østensen M (2016) Tocilizumab use in pregnancy: analysis of a global safety database including data from clinical trials and post-marketing data. Semin Arthritis Rheum 46:238–245PubMedCrossRef Hoeltzenbein M, Beck E, Rajwanshi R, Gøtestam Skorpen C, Berber E, Schaefer C, Østensen M (2016) Tocilizumab use in pregnancy: analysis of a global safety database including data from clinical trials and post-marketing data. Semin Arthritis Rheum 46:238–245PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Howard JF Jr, Bril V, Vu T, Karam C, Peric S, Margania T, Murai H, Bilinska M, Shakarishvili R, Smilowski M, Guglietta A, Ulrichts P, Vangeneugden T, Utsugisawa K, Verschuuren J, Mantegazza R (2021) Safety, efficacy, and tolerability of efgartigimod in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (ADAPT): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 20:526–536PubMedCrossRef Howard JF Jr, Bril V, Vu T, Karam C, Peric S, Margania T, Murai H, Bilinska M, Shakarishvili R, Smilowski M, Guglietta A, Ulrichts P, Vangeneugden T, Utsugisawa K, Verschuuren J, Mantegazza R (2021) Safety, efficacy, and tolerability of efgartigimod in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (ADAPT): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 20:526–536PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Howard JF, Utsugisawa K, Benatar M, Murai H, Barohn RJ, Illa I, Jacob S, Vissing J, Burns TM, Kissel JT, Muppidi S, Nowak RJ, O'Brien F, Wang J-J, Mantegazza R, Mazia CG, Wilken M, Ortea C, Saba J, Rugiero M, Bettini M, Vidal G, Garcia AD, Lamont P, Leong W-K, Boterhoven H, Fyfe B, Roberts L, Jasinarachchi M, Willlems N, Wanschitz J, Löscher W, De Bleecker J, Van den Abeele G, de Koning K, De Mey K, Mercelis R, Wagemaekers L, Mahieu D, Van Damme P, Smetcoren C, Stevens O, Verjans S, D'Hondt A, Tilkin P, Alves de Siqueira Carvalho A, Hasan R, Dias Brockhausen I, Feder D, Ambrosio D, Melo AP, Rocha R, Rosa B, Veiga T, Augusto da Silva L, Gonçalves Geraldo J, da Penha Morita Ananias M, Nogueira Coelho E, Paiva G, Pozo M, Prando N, Dada Martineli Torres D, Fernanda Butinhao C, Coelho E, Renata Cubas Volpe L, Duran G, Gomes da Silva TC, Otavio Maia Gonçalves L, Pazetto LE, Souza Duca L, Suriane Fialho TA, Gheller Friedrich MA, Guerreiro A, Mohr H, Pereira Martins M, da Cruz Pacheco D, Macagnan AP, de Cassia Santos A, Bulle Oliveira AS, Amaral de Andrade AC, Annes M, Cavalcante Lino V, Pinto W, Miranda C, Carrara F, Souza I, Genge A, Massie R, Campbell N, Bril V, Katzberg H, Soltani M, Ng E, Siddiqi Z, Phan C, Blackmore D, Vohanka S, Bednarik J, Chmelikova M, Cierny M, Toncrova S, Junkerova J, Kurkova B, Reguliova K, Zapletalova O, Pitha J, Novakova I, Tyblova M, Wolfova M, Jurajdova I, Andersen H, Harbo T, Vinge L, Mogensen A, Højgaard J, Witting N, Autzen AM, Pedersen J, Färkkilä M, Atula S, Nyrhinen A, Erälinna J-P, Laaksonen M, Oksaranta O, Eriksson J, Harrison T, Desnuelle C, Sacconi S, Soriani M-H, Decressac S, Moutarde J, Lahaut P, Solé G, Le Masson G, Wielanek-Bachelet A-C, Gaboreau M, Moreau C, Wilson A, Vial C, Bouhour F, Gervais-Bernard H, Merle H, Hourquin C, Lacour A, Outteryck O, Vermersch P, Zephir H, Millois E, Deneve M, Deruelle F, Schoser B, Wenninger S, Stangel M, Alvermann S, Gingele S, Skripuletz T, Suehs K-W, Trebst C, Fricke K, Papagiannopoulos S, Bostantzopoulou S, Vlaikidis N, Zampaki M, Papadopoulou N, Mitsikostas D-D, Kasioti E, Mitropoulou E, Charalambous D, Rozsa C, Horvath M, Lovas G, Matolcsi J, Szabo G, Szabadosne B, Vecsei L, Dezsi L, Varga E, Konyane M, Gross B, Azrilin O, Greenbereg N, Bali Kuperman H, Antonini G, Garibaldi M, Morino S, Troili F, Di Pasquale A, Filla A, Costabile T, Marano E, Sacca F, Marsil A, Puorro G, Maestri Tassoni M, De Rosa A, Bonanno S, Antozzi C, Maggi L, Campanella A, Angelini C, Cudia P, Pegoraro V, Pinzan E, Bevilacqua F, Orrico D, Bonifati DM, Evoli A, Alboini PE, D'Amato V, Iorio R, Inghilleri M, Fionda L, Frasca V, Giacomelli E, Gori M, Lopergolo D, Onesti E, Gabriele M, Patti F, Salvatore Caramma A, Messina S, Reggio E, Caserta C, Uzawa A, Kanai T, Mori M, Kaneko Y, Kanzaki A, Kobayashi E, Masaki K, Matsuse D, Matsushita T, Uehara T, Shimpo M, Jingu M, Kikutake K, Nakamura Y, Sano Y, Nagane Y, Kamegamori I, Fujii Y, Futono K, Tsuda T, Saito Y, Suzuki H, Morikawa M, Samukawa M, Kamakura S, Shiraishi H, Mitazaki T, Motomura M, Mukaino A, Yoshimura S, Asada S, Kobashikawa T, Koga M, Maeda Y, Takada K, Takada MT, Yamashita Y, Yoshida S, Suzuki Y, Akiyama T, Narikawa K, Tsukita K, Meguro F, Fukuda Y, Sato M, Matsuo H, Fukudome T, Gondo Y, Maeda Y, Nagaishi A, Nakane S, Okubo Y, Okumura M, Funaka S, Kawamura T, Makamori M, Takahashi M, Hasuike T, Higuchi E, Kobayashi H, Osakada K, Taichi N, Tsuda E, Hayashi T, Hisahara S, Imai T, Kawamata J, Murahara T, Saitoh M, Shimohama S, Suzuki S, Yamamoto D, Konno S, Imamura T, Inoue M, Murata M, Nakazora H, Nakayama R, Ikeda Y, Ogawa M, Shirane M, Kanda T, Kawai M, Koga M, Ogasawara J, Omoto M, Sano Y, Arima H, Fukui S, Shimose S, Shinozaki H, Watanabe M, Yoshikawa C, van der Kooi A, de Visser M, Gibson T, Maessen J, de Baets M, Faber C, Keijzers MJ, Miesen M, Kostera-Pruszczyk A, Kaminska A, Kim B-J, Lee CN, Koo YS, Seok HY, Kang HN, Ra H, Kim BJ, Cho EB, Lee H, Min J-H, Seok J, Koh DY, Kwon J, Lee J, Park S, Hong Y-H, Lim J-S, Kim M, Kim SM, Kim Y-H, Lee HS, Shin HY, Hwang EB, Shin M, Sazonov D, Yarmoschuk A, Babenko L, Malkova N, Melnikova A, Korobko D, Kosykh E, Pokhabov D, Nesterova Y, Abramov V, Balyazin V, Casasnovas Pons C, Alberti Aguilo M, Homedes-Pedret C, Palacios NJ, Lazaro A, Diez Tejedor E, Fernandez-Fournier M, Lopez Ruiz P, Rodriguez de Rivera FJ, Salvado Figueras M, Gamez J, Salvado M, Cortes Vicente E, Diaz-Manera J, Querol Gutierrez L, Rojas Garcia R, Vidal N, Arribas-Ibar E, Piehl F, Hietala A, Bjarbo L, Lindberg C, Jons D, Andersson B, Sengun I, Ozcelik P, Tuga C, Ugur M, Boz C, Altiparmak D, Gazioglu S, Ozen Aydin C, Erdem-Ozdamar S, Bekircan-Kurt CE, Yilmaz E, Acar NP, Caliskan Y, Efendi H, Aydinlik S, Cavus H, Semiz C, Tun O, Terzi M, Dogan B, Onar MK, Sen S, Cavdar TK, Norwood F, Dimitriou A, Gollogly J, Mahdi-Rogers M, Seddigh A, Maier G, Sohail F, Sathasivam S, Arndt H, Davies D, Watling D, Rivner M, Hartmann JE, Quarles B, Smalley N, Amato A, Cochrane T, Salajegheh M, Roe K, Amato K, Toska S, Wolfe G, Silvestri N, Patrick K, Zakalik K, Katz J, Miller R, Engel M, Bravver E, Brooks B, Plevka S, Burdette M, Sanjak M, Kramer M, Nemeth J, Schommer C, Juel V, Guptill J, Hobson-Webb L, Beck K, Carnes D, Loor J, Anderson A, Lange D, Agopian E, Goldstein J, Manning E, Kaplan L, Holzberg S, Kassebaum N, Pascuzzi R, Bodkin C, Kincaid J, Snook R, Guinrich S, Micheels A, Chaudhry V, Corse A, Mosmiller B, Ho D, Srinivasan J, Vytopil M, Ventura N, Scala S, Carter C, Donahue C, Herbert C, Weiner E, McKinnon J, Haar L, McKinnon N, Alcon K, Daniels K, Sattar N, Jeffery D, McKenna K, Guidon A, David W, Dheel C, Levine-Weinberg M, Nigro C, Simpson E, Appel SH, Lai E, Lay JL, Pleitez M, Halton S, Faigle C, Thompson L, Sivak M, Shin S, Bratton J, Jacobs D, Brown G, Bandukwala I, Brown M, Kane J, Blount I, Freimer M, Hoyle JC, Agriesti J, Khoury J, Marburger T, Kaur H, Dimitrova D, Mellion M, Sachs G, Crabtree B, Keo R, Perez EK, Taber S, Gilchrist J, Andoin A, Darnell T, Goyal N, Sakamuri S, So YT, Welsh LW, Bhavaraju-Sanka R, Tobon Gonzalez A, Jones F, Saklad A, Nations S, Trivedi J, Hopkins S, Kazamel M, Alsharabati M, Lu L, Mumfrey-Thomas S, Woodall A, Richman D, Butters J, Lindsay M, Mozaffar T, Cash T, Goyal N, Roy G, Mathew V, Maqsood F, Minton B, Jones HJ, Rosenfeld J, Garcia R, Garcia S, Echevarria L, Pulley M, Aranke S, Berger AR, Shah J, Shabbir Y, Smith L, Varghese M, Gutmann L, Gutmann L, Swenson A, Olalde H, Hafer-Macko C, Kwan J, Zilliox L, Callison K, DiSanzo B, Naunton K, Bilsker M, Sharma K, Reyes E, Cooley A, Michon S-C, Steele J, Karam CK, Chopra M, Bird S, Kaufman J, Gallatti N, Vu T, Katzin L, McClain T, Harvey B, Hart A, Huynh K, Beydoun S, Chilingaryan A, Droker B, Lin F, Shah A, Tran A, Akhter S, Malekniazi A, Tandan R, Hehir M, Waheed W, Lucy S, Weiss M, Distad J, Downing S, Strom S, Lisak R, Bernitsas E, Khan O, Kumar Sriwastava S, Tselis A, Jia K, Bertorini T, Arnold T, Henderson K, Pillai R, Liu Y, Wheeler L, Hewlett J, Vanderhook M, Dicapua D, Keung B, Kumar A, Patwa H, Robeson K, Nye J, Vu H (2017) Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. The Lancet Neurology 16:976–986 Howard JF, Utsugisawa K, Benatar M, Murai H, Barohn RJ, Illa I, Jacob S, Vissing J, Burns TM, Kissel JT, Muppidi S, Nowak RJ, O'Brien F, Wang J-J, Mantegazza R, Mazia CG, Wilken M, Ortea C, Saba J, Rugiero M, Bettini M, Vidal G, Garcia AD, Lamont P, Leong W-K, Boterhoven H, Fyfe B, Roberts L, Jasinarachchi M, Willlems N, Wanschitz J, Löscher W, De Bleecker J, Van den Abeele G, de Koning K, De Mey K, Mercelis R, Wagemaekers L, Mahieu D, Van Damme P, Smetcoren C, Stevens O, Verjans S, D'Hondt A, Tilkin P, Alves de Siqueira Carvalho A, Hasan R, Dias Brockhausen I, Feder D, Ambrosio D, Melo AP, Rocha R, Rosa B, Veiga T, Augusto da Silva L, Gonçalves Geraldo J, da Penha Morita Ananias M, Nogueira Coelho E, Paiva G, Pozo M, Prando N, Dada Martineli Torres D, Fernanda Butinhao C, Coelho E, Renata Cubas Volpe L, Duran G, Gomes da Silva TC, Otavio Maia Gonçalves L, Pazetto LE, Souza Duca L, Suriane Fialho TA, Gheller Friedrich MA, Guerreiro A, Mohr H, Pereira Martins M, da Cruz Pacheco D, Macagnan AP, de Cassia Santos A, Bulle Oliveira AS, Amaral de Andrade AC, Annes M, Cavalcante Lino V, Pinto W, Miranda C, Carrara F, Souza I, Genge A, Massie R, Campbell N, Bril V, Katzberg H, Soltani M, Ng E, Siddiqi Z, Phan C, Blackmore D, Vohanka S, Bednarik J, Chmelikova M, Cierny M, Toncrova S, Junkerova J, Kurkova B, Reguliova K, Zapletalova O, Pitha J, Novakova I, Tyblova M, Wolfova M, Jurajdova I, Andersen H, Harbo T, Vinge L, Mogensen A, Højgaard J, Witting N, Autzen AM, Pedersen J, Färkkilä M, Atula S, Nyrhinen A, Erälinna J-P, Laaksonen M, Oksaranta O, Eriksson J, Harrison T, Desnuelle C, Sacconi S, Soriani M-H, Decressac S, Moutarde J, Lahaut P, Solé G, Le Masson G, Wielanek-Bachelet A-C, Gaboreau M, Moreau C, Wilson A, Vial C, Bouhour F, Gervais-Bernard H, Merle H, Hourquin C, Lacour A, Outteryck O, Vermersch P, Zephir H, Millois E, Deneve M, Deruelle F, Schoser B, Wenninger S, Stangel M, Alvermann S, Gingele S, Skripuletz T, Suehs K-W, Trebst C, Fricke K, Papagiannopoulos S, Bostantzopoulou S, Vlaikidis N, Zampaki M, Papadopoulou N, Mitsikostas D-D, Kasioti E, Mitropoulou E, Charalambous D, Rozsa C, Horvath M, Lovas G, Matolcsi J, Szabo G, Szabadosne B, Vecsei L, Dezsi L, Varga E, Konyane M, Gross B, Azrilin O, Greenbereg N, Bali Kuperman H, Antonini G, Garibaldi M, Morino S, Troili F, Di Pasquale A, Filla A, Costabile T, Marano E, Sacca F, Marsil A, Puorro G, Maestri Tassoni M, De Rosa A, Bonanno S, Antozzi C, Maggi L, Campanella A, Angelini C, Cudia P, Pegoraro V, Pinzan E, Bevilacqua F, Orrico D, Bonifati DM, Evoli A, Alboini PE, D'Amato V, Iorio R, Inghilleri M, Fionda L, Frasca V, Giacomelli E, Gori M, Lopergolo D, Onesti E, Gabriele M, Patti F, Salvatore Caramma A, Messina S, Reggio E, Caserta C, Uzawa A, Kanai T, Mori M, Kaneko Y, Kanzaki A, Kobayashi E, Masaki K, Matsuse D, Matsushita T, Uehara T, Shimpo M, Jingu M, Kikutake K, Nakamura Y, Sano Y, Nagane Y, Kamegamori I, Fujii Y, Futono K, Tsuda T, Saito Y, Suzuki H, Morikawa M, Samukawa M, Kamakura S, Shiraishi H, Mitazaki T, Motomura M, Mukaino A, Yoshimura S, Asada S, Kobashikawa T, Koga M, Maeda Y, Takada K, Takada MT, Yamashita Y, Yoshida S, Suzuki Y, Akiyama T, Narikawa K, Tsukita K, Meguro F, Fukuda Y, Sato M, Matsuo H, Fukudome T, Gondo Y, Maeda Y, Nagaishi A, Nakane S, Okubo Y, Okumura M, Funaka S, Kawamura T, Makamori M, Takahashi M, Hasuike T, Higuchi E, Kobayashi H, Osakada K, Taichi N, Tsuda E, Hayashi T, Hisahara S, Imai T, Kawamata J, Murahara T, Saitoh M, Shimohama S, Suzuki S, Yamamoto D, Konno S, Imamura T, Inoue M, Murata M, Nakazora H, Nakayama R, Ikeda Y, Ogawa M, Shirane M, Kanda T, Kawai M, Koga M, Ogasawara J, Omoto M, Sano Y, Arima H, Fukui S, Shimose S, Shinozaki H, Watanabe M, Yoshikawa C, van der Kooi A, de Visser M, Gibson T, Maessen J, de Baets M, Faber C, Keijzers MJ, Miesen M, Kostera-Pruszczyk A, Kaminska A, Kim B-J, Lee CN, Koo YS, Seok HY, Kang HN, Ra H, Kim BJ, Cho EB, Lee H, Min J-H, Seok J, Koh DY, Kwon J, Lee J, Park S, Hong Y-H, Lim J-S, Kim M, Kim SM, Kim Y-H, Lee HS, Shin HY, Hwang EB, Shin M, Sazonov D, Yarmoschuk A, Babenko L, Malkova N, Melnikova A, Korobko D, Kosykh E, Pokhabov D, Nesterova Y, Abramov V, Balyazin V, Casasnovas Pons C, Alberti Aguilo M, Homedes-Pedret C, Palacios NJ, Lazaro A, Diez Tejedor E, Fernandez-Fournier M, Lopez Ruiz P, Rodriguez de Rivera FJ, Salvado Figueras M, Gamez J, Salvado M, Cortes Vicente E, Diaz-Manera J, Querol Gutierrez L, Rojas Garcia R, Vidal N, Arribas-Ibar E, Piehl F, Hietala A, Bjarbo L, Lindberg C, Jons D, Andersson B, Sengun I, Ozcelik P, Tuga C, Ugur M, Boz C, Altiparmak D, Gazioglu S, Ozen Aydin C, Erdem-Ozdamar S, Bekircan-Kurt CE, Yilmaz E, Acar NP, Caliskan Y, Efendi H, Aydinlik S, Cavus H, Semiz C, Tun O, Terzi M, Dogan B, Onar MK, Sen S, Cavdar TK, Norwood F, Dimitriou A, Gollogly J, Mahdi-Rogers M, Seddigh A, Maier G, Sohail F, Sathasivam S, Arndt H, Davies D, Watling D, Rivner M, Hartmann JE, Quarles B, Smalley N, Amato A, Cochrane T, Salajegheh M, Roe K, Amato K, Toska S, Wolfe G, Silvestri N, Patrick K, Zakalik K, Katz J, Miller R, Engel M, Bravver E, Brooks B, Plevka S, Burdette M, Sanjak M, Kramer M, Nemeth J, Schommer C, Juel V, Guptill J, Hobson-Webb L, Beck K, Carnes D, Loor J, Anderson A, Lange D, Agopian E, Goldstein J, Manning E, Kaplan L, Holzberg S, Kassebaum N, Pascuzzi R, Bodkin C, Kincaid J, Snook R, Guinrich S, Micheels A, Chaudhry V, Corse A, Mosmiller B, Ho D, Srinivasan J, Vytopil M, Ventura N, Scala S, Carter C, Donahue C, Herbert C, Weiner E, McKinnon J, Haar L, McKinnon N, Alcon K, Daniels K, Sattar N, Jeffery D, McKenna K, Guidon A, David W, Dheel C, Levine-Weinberg M, Nigro C, Simpson E, Appel SH, Lai E, Lay JL, Pleitez M, Halton S, Faigle C, Thompson L, Sivak M, Shin S, Bratton J, Jacobs D, Brown G, Bandukwala I, Brown M, Kane J, Blount I, Freimer M, Hoyle JC, Agriesti J, Khoury J, Marburger T, Kaur H, Dimitrova D, Mellion M, Sachs G, Crabtree B, Keo R, Perez EK, Taber S, Gilchrist J, Andoin A, Darnell T, Goyal N, Sakamuri S, So YT, Welsh LW, Bhavaraju-Sanka R, Tobon Gonzalez A, Jones F, Saklad A, Nations S, Trivedi J, Hopkins S, Kazamel M, Alsharabati M, Lu L, Mumfrey-Thomas S, Woodall A, Richman D, Butters J, Lindsay M, Mozaffar T, Cash T, Goyal N, Roy G, Mathew V, Maqsood F, Minton B, Jones HJ, Rosenfeld J, Garcia R, Garcia S, Echevarria L, Pulley M, Aranke S, Berger AR, Shah J, Shabbir Y, Smith L, Varghese M, Gutmann L, Gutmann L, Swenson A, Olalde H, Hafer-Macko C, Kwan J, Zilliox L, Callison K, DiSanzo B, Naunton K, Bilsker M, Sharma K, Reyes E, Cooley A, Michon S-C, Steele J, Karam CK, Chopra M, Bird S, Kaufman J, Gallatti N, Vu T, Katzin L, McClain T, Harvey B, Hart A, Huynh K, Beydoun S, Chilingaryan A, Droker B, Lin F, Shah A, Tran A, Akhter S, Malekniazi A, Tandan R, Hehir M, Waheed W, Lucy S, Weiss M, Distad J, Downing S, Strom S, Lisak R, Bernitsas E, Khan O, Kumar Sriwastava S, Tselis A, Jia K, Bertorini T, Arnold T, Henderson K, Pillai R, Liu Y, Wheeler L, Hewlett J, Vanderhook M, Dicapua D, Keung B, Kumar A, Patwa H, Robeson K, Nye J, Vu H (2017) Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. The Lancet Neurology 16:976–986
83.
go back to reference Huang W, Wang L, Zhang B, Zhou L, Zhang T, Quan C (2019) Effectiveness and tolerability of immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies in preventive treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 35:246–252PubMedCrossRef Huang W, Wang L, Zhang B, Zhou L, Zhang T, Quan C (2019) Effectiveness and tolerability of immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies in preventive treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 35:246–252PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Huang X, Wu J, Xiao Y, Zhang Y (2021) Timing of plasma exchange for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 48:102709PubMedCrossRef Huang X, Wu J, Xiao Y, Zhang Y (2021) Timing of plasma exchange for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 48:102709PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Hümmert MW, Butow F, Tkachenko D, Ayzenberg I, Pakeerathan T, Hellwig K, Klotz L, Haussler V, Stellmann JP, Warnke C, Goereci Y, Etgen T, Luessi F, Bronzlik P, Gingele S, Lauenstein AS, Kleiter I, Rommer PS, Paul F, Bellmann-Strobl J, Duchow A, Then Bergh F, Pul R, Walter A, Pellkofer H, Kumpfel T, Pompsch M, Kraemer M, Albrecht P, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Senel M, Giglhuber K, Berthele A, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Trebst C, Neuromyelitis Optica Study G (2023) Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with NMO spectrum disorders and MOG-antibody-associated diseases: COPANMO(G)-study. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 10:e200082PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hümmert MW, Butow F, Tkachenko D, Ayzenberg I, Pakeerathan T, Hellwig K, Klotz L, Haussler V, Stellmann JP, Warnke C, Goereci Y, Etgen T, Luessi F, Bronzlik P, Gingele S, Lauenstein AS, Kleiter I, Rommer PS, Paul F, Bellmann-Strobl J, Duchow A, Then Bergh F, Pul R, Walter A, Pellkofer H, Kumpfel T, Pompsch M, Kraemer M, Albrecht P, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Senel M, Giglhuber K, Berthele A, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Trebst C, Neuromyelitis Optica Study G (2023) Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with NMO spectrum disorders and MOG-antibody-associated diseases: COPANMO(G)-study. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 10:e200082PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Ismail II, Salama S (2022) A systematic review of cases of CNS demyelination following COVID-19 vaccination. J Neuroimmunol 362:577765PubMedCrossRef Ismail II, Salama S (2022) A systematic review of cases of CNS demyelination following COVID-19 vaccination. J Neuroimmunol 362:577765PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Jarius S, Aboul-Enein F, Waters P, Kuenz B, Hauser A, Berger T, Lang W, Reindl M, Vincent A, Kristoferitsch W (2008) Antibody to aquaporin-4 in the long-term course of neuromyelitis optica. Brain 131:3072–3080PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jarius S, Aboul-Enein F, Waters P, Kuenz B, Hauser A, Berger T, Lang W, Reindl M, Vincent A, Kristoferitsch W (2008) Antibody to aquaporin-4 in the long-term course of neuromyelitis optica. Brain 131:3072–3080PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Jarius S, Aktas O, Ayzenberg I, Bellmann-Strobl J, Berthele A, Giglhuber K, Haussler V, Havla J, Hellwig K, Hummert MW, Kleiter I, Klotz L, Krumbholz M, Kumpfel T, Paul F, Ringelstein M, Ruprecht K, Senel M, Stellmann JP, Bergh FT, Tumani H, Wildemann B, Trebst C, Neuromyelitis Optica Study G (2023) Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelits optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part I: diagnosis and differential diagnosis. J Neurol 270:3341–3368PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jarius S, Aktas O, Ayzenberg I, Bellmann-Strobl J, Berthele A, Giglhuber K, Haussler V, Havla J, Hellwig K, Hummert MW, Kleiter I, Klotz L, Krumbholz M, Kumpfel T, Paul F, Ringelstein M, Ruprecht K, Senel M, Stellmann JP, Bergh FT, Tumani H, Wildemann B, Trebst C, Neuromyelitis Optica Study G (2023) Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelits optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part I: diagnosis and differential diagnosis. J Neurol 270:3341–3368PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Jarius S, Paul F, Aktas O, Asgari N, Dale RC, de Seze J, Franciotta D, Fujihara K, Jacob A, Kim HJ, Kleiter I, Kumpfel T, Levy M, Palace J, Ruprecht K, Saiz A, Trebst C, Weinshenker BG, Wildemann B (2018) MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing. J Neuroinflamm 15:134CrossRef Jarius S, Paul F, Aktas O, Asgari N, Dale RC, de Seze J, Franciotta D, Fujihara K, Jacob A, Kim HJ, Kleiter I, Kumpfel T, Levy M, Palace J, Ruprecht K, Saiz A, Trebst C, Weinshenker BG, Wildemann B (2018) MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing. J Neuroinflamm 15:134CrossRef
90.
go back to reference Jarius S, Paul F, Weinshenker BG, Levy M, Kim HJ, Wildemann B (2020) Neuromyelitis optica. Nat Rev Dis Primers 6:85PubMedCrossRef Jarius S, Paul F, Weinshenker BG, Levy M, Kim HJ, Wildemann B (2020) Neuromyelitis optica. Nat Rev Dis Primers 6:85PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I, Borisow N, Asgari N, Pitarokoili K, Pache F, Stich O, Beume LA, Hummert MW, Trebst C, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Winkelmann A, Buttmann M, Schwarz A, Zimmermann H, Brandt AU, Franciotta D, Capobianco M, Kuchling J, Haas J, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Lillevang ST, Fechner K, Schanda K, Paul F, Wildemann B, Reindl M, in cooperation with the Neuromyelitis Optica Study G (2016) MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 1: frequency, syndrome specificity, influence of disease activity, long-term course, association with AQP4-IgG, and origin. J Neuroinflamm 13:279CrossRef Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I, Borisow N, Asgari N, Pitarokoili K, Pache F, Stich O, Beume LA, Hummert MW, Trebst C, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Winkelmann A, Buttmann M, Schwarz A, Zimmermann H, Brandt AU, Franciotta D, Capobianco M, Kuchling J, Haas J, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Lillevang ST, Fechner K, Schanda K, Paul F, Wildemann B, Reindl M, in cooperation with the Neuromyelitis Optica Study G (2016) MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 1: frequency, syndrome specificity, influence of disease activity, long-term course, association with AQP4-IgG, and origin. J Neuroinflamm 13:279CrossRef
92.
go back to reference Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Wildemann B, Kuempfel T, Ringelstein M, Geis C, Kleiter I, Kleinschnitz C, Berthele A, Brettschneider J, Hellwig K, Hemmer B, Linker RA, Lauda F, Mayer CA, Tumani H, Melms A, Trebst C, Stangel M, Marziniak M, Hoffmann F, Schippling S, Faiss JH, Neuhaus O, Ettrich B, Zentner C, Guthke K, Hofstadt-van Oy U, Reuss R, Pellkofer H, Ziemann U, Kern P, Wandinger KP, Bergh FT, Boettcher T, Langel S, Liebetrau M, Rommer PS, Niehaus S, Munch C, Winkelmann A, Zettl UU, Metz I, Veauthier C, Sieb JP, Wilke C, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Paul F (2012) Contrasting disease patterns in seropositive and seronegative neuromyelitis optica: a multicentre study of 175 patients. J Neuroinflamm 9:14CrossRef Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Wildemann B, Kuempfel T, Ringelstein M, Geis C, Kleiter I, Kleinschnitz C, Berthele A, Brettschneider J, Hellwig K, Hemmer B, Linker RA, Lauda F, Mayer CA, Tumani H, Melms A, Trebst C, Stangel M, Marziniak M, Hoffmann F, Schippling S, Faiss JH, Neuhaus O, Ettrich B, Zentner C, Guthke K, Hofstadt-van Oy U, Reuss R, Pellkofer H, Ziemann U, Kern P, Wandinger KP, Bergh FT, Boettcher T, Langel S, Liebetrau M, Rommer PS, Niehaus S, Munch C, Winkelmann A, Zettl UU, Metz I, Veauthier C, Sieb JP, Wilke C, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Paul F (2012) Contrasting disease patterns in seropositive and seronegative neuromyelitis optica: a multicentre study of 175 patients. J Neuroinflamm 9:14CrossRef
93.
go back to reference Jarius S, Wandinger KP, Borowski K, Stoecker W, Wildemann B (2012) Antibodies to CV2/CRMP5 in neuromyelitis optica-like disease: case report and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 114:331–335PubMedCrossRef Jarius S, Wandinger KP, Borowski K, Stoecker W, Wildemann B (2012) Antibodies to CV2/CRMP5 in neuromyelitis optica-like disease: case report and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 114:331–335PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Jarius S, Wildemann B (2013) Aquaporin-4 antibodies (NMO-IgG) as a serological marker of neuromyelitis optica: a critical review of the literature. Brain Pathol 23:661–683PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jarius S, Wildemann B (2013) Aquaporin-4 antibodies (NMO-IgG) as a serological marker of neuromyelitis optica: a critical review of the literature. Brain Pathol 23:661–683PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Javadian N, Magrouni H, Ghaffarpour M, Ranji-Burachaloo S (2021) Severe relapses of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder during treatment with dimethyl fumarate. Clin Neuropharmacol 44:21–22PubMedCrossRef Javadian N, Magrouni H, Ghaffarpour M, Ranji-Burachaloo S (2021) Severe relapses of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder during treatment with dimethyl fumarate. Clin Neuropharmacol 44:21–22PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Jiao Y, Fryer JP, Lennon VA, Jenkins SM, Quek AM, Smith CY, McKeon A, Costanzi C, Iorio R, Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM, Shuster EA, Lucchinetti CF, Pittock SJ (2013) Updated estimate of AQP4-IgG serostatus and disability outcome in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 81:1197–1204PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jiao Y, Fryer JP, Lennon VA, Jenkins SM, Quek AM, Smith CY, McKeon A, Costanzi C, Iorio R, Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM, Shuster EA, Lucchinetti CF, Pittock SJ (2013) Updated estimate of AQP4-IgG serostatus and disability outcome in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 81:1197–1204PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Kastrati K, Aletaha D, Burmester GR, Chwala E, Dejaco C, Dougados M, McInnes IB, Ravelli A, Sattar N, Stamm TA, Takeuchi T, Trauner M, van der Heijde D, Voshaar MJH, Winthrop K, Smolen JS, Kerschbaumer A (2022) A systematic literature review informing the consensus statement on efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatment with interleukin-6 pathway inhibition with biological DMARDs in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. RMD Open 8:e002359PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kastrati K, Aletaha D, Burmester GR, Chwala E, Dejaco C, Dougados M, McInnes IB, Ravelli A, Sattar N, Stamm TA, Takeuchi T, Trauner M, van der Heijde D, Voshaar MJH, Winthrop K, Smolen JS, Kerschbaumer A (2022) A systematic literature review informing the consensus statement on efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatment with interleukin-6 pathway inhibition with biological DMARDs in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. RMD Open 8:e002359PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Katz Sand I, Fabian MT, Telford R, Kraus TA, Chehade M, Masilamani M, Moran T, Farrell C, Ebel S, Cook LJ, Rose J, Lublin FD (2018) Open-label, add-on trial of cetirizine for neuromyelitis optica. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 5:e441PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Katz Sand I, Fabian MT, Telford R, Kraus TA, Chehade M, Masilamani M, Moran T, Farrell C, Ebel S, Cook LJ, Rose J, Lublin FD (2018) Open-label, add-on trial of cetirizine for neuromyelitis optica. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 5:e441PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Kelly RJ, Hochsmann B, Szer J, Kulasekararaj A, de Guibert S, Roth A, Weitz IC, Armstrong E, Risitano AM, Patriquin CJ, Terriou L, Muus P, Hill A, Turner MP, Schrezenmeier H, Peffault de Latour R (2015) Eculizumab in pregnant patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med 373:1032–1039PubMedCrossRef Kelly RJ, Hochsmann B, Szer J, Kulasekararaj A, de Guibert S, Roth A, Weitz IC, Armstrong E, Risitano AM, Patriquin CJ, Terriou L, Muus P, Hill A, Turner MP, Schrezenmeier H, Peffault de Latour R (2015) Eculizumab in pregnant patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med 373:1032–1039PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Kessler RA, Mealy MA, Levy M (2016) Early indicators of relapses vs pseudorelapses in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3:e269PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kessler RA, Mealy MA, Levy M (2016) Early indicators of relapses vs pseudorelapses in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3:e269PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Kim H, Lee EJ, Kim S, Choi LK, Kim HJ, Kim HW, Chung K, Seo D, Moon S, Kim KK, Lim YM (2022) Longitudinal follow-up of serum biomarkers in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 28:512–521CrossRef Kim H, Lee EJ, Kim S, Choi LK, Kim HJ, Kim HW, Chung K, Seo D, Moon S, Kim KK, Lim YM (2022) Longitudinal follow-up of serum biomarkers in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 28:512–521CrossRef
102.
go back to reference Kim SH, Huh SY, Jang H, Park NY, Kim Y, Jung JY, Lee MY, Hyun JW, Kim HJ (2020) Outcome of pregnancies after onset of the neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Eur J Neurol 27:1546–1555PubMedCrossRef Kim SH, Huh SY, Jang H, Park NY, Kim Y, Jung JY, Lee MY, Hyun JW, Kim HJ (2020) Outcome of pregnancies after onset of the neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Eur J Neurol 27:1546–1555PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Kim SH, Hyun JW, Kim HJ (2019) Individualized B cell-targeting therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurochem Int 130:104347PubMedCrossRef Kim SH, Hyun JW, Kim HJ (2019) Individualized B cell-targeting therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurochem Int 130:104347PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Kim SH, Jang H, Park NY, Kim Y, Kim SY, Lee MY, Hyun JW, Kim HJ (2021) Discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with aquaporin-4 antibodies. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e947PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim SH, Jang H, Park NY, Kim Y, Kim SY, Lee MY, Hyun JW, Kim HJ (2021) Discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with aquaporin-4 antibodies. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e947PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Kim SH, Jeong IH, Hyun JW, Joung A, Jo HJ, Hwang SH, Yun S, Joo J, Kim HJ (2015) Treatment outcomes with rituximab in 100 patients with neuromyelitis optica: influence of FCGR3A polymorphisms on the therapeutic response to rituximab. JAMA Neurol 72:989–995PubMedCrossRef Kim SH, Jeong IH, Hyun JW, Joung A, Jo HJ, Hwang SH, Yun S, Joo J, Kim HJ (2015) Treatment outcomes with rituximab in 100 patients with neuromyelitis optica: influence of FCGR3A polymorphisms on the therapeutic response to rituximab. JAMA Neurol 72:989–995PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Kim SH, Kim W, Park MS, Sohn EH, Li XF, Kim HJ (2011) Efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone in patients with highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 68:473–479PubMedCrossRef Kim SH, Kim W, Park MS, Sohn EH, Li XF, Kim HJ (2011) Efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone in patients with highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 68:473–479PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Kim SH, Park NY, Kim KH, Hyun JW, Kim HJ (2022) Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and risk of infection in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a 14-year real-life experience. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 9:e1179PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim SH, Park NY, Kim KH, Hyun JW, Kim HJ (2022) Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and risk of infection in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a 14-year real-life experience. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 9:e1179PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Kitley J, Leite MI, Nakashima I, Waters P, McNeillis B, Brown R, Takai Y, Takahashi T, Misu T, Elsone L, Woodhall M, George J, Boggild M, Vincent A, Jacob A, Fujihara K, Palace J (2012) Prognostic factors and disease course in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from the United Kingdom and Japan. Brain 135:1834–1849PubMedCrossRef Kitley J, Leite MI, Nakashima I, Waters P, McNeillis B, Brown R, Takai Y, Takahashi T, Misu T, Elsone L, Woodhall M, George J, Boggild M, Vincent A, Jacob A, Fujihara K, Palace J (2012) Prognostic factors and disease course in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from the United Kingdom and Japan. Brain 135:1834–1849PubMedCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Kitley J, Woodhall M, Waters P, Leite MI, Devenney E, Craig J, Palace J, Vincent A (2012) Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. Neurology 79:1273–1277PubMedCrossRef Kitley J, Woodhall M, Waters P, Leite MI, Devenney E, Craig J, Palace J, Vincent A (2012) Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. Neurology 79:1273–1277PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Kleiter I, Gahlen A, Borisow N, Fischer K, Wernecke KD, Hellwig K, Pache F, Ruprecht K, Havla J, Kumpfel T, Aktas O, Hartung HP, Ringelstein M, Geis C, Kleinschnitz C, Berthele A, Hemmer B, Angstwurm K, Stellmann JP, Schuster S, Stangel M, Lauda F, Tumani H, Mayer C, Krumbholz M, Zeltner L, Ziemann U, Linker R, Schwab M, Marziniak M, Then Bergh F, Hofstadt-van Oy U, Neuhaus O, Zettl UK, Faiss J, Wildemann B, Paul F, Jarius S, Trebst C, Nemos (2018) Apheresis therapies for NMOSD attacks: a retrospective study of 207 therapeutic interventions. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 5:e504PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kleiter I, Gahlen A, Borisow N, Fischer K, Wernecke KD, Hellwig K, Pache F, Ruprecht K, Havla J, Kumpfel T, Aktas O, Hartung HP, Ringelstein M, Geis C, Kleinschnitz C, Berthele A, Hemmer B, Angstwurm K, Stellmann JP, Schuster S, Stangel M, Lauda F, Tumani H, Mayer C, Krumbholz M, Zeltner L, Ziemann U, Linker R, Schwab M, Marziniak M, Then Bergh F, Hofstadt-van Oy U, Neuhaus O, Zettl UK, Faiss J, Wildemann B, Paul F, Jarius S, Trebst C, Nemos (2018) Apheresis therapies for NMOSD attacks: a retrospective study of 207 therapeutic interventions. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 5:e504PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Kleiter I, Gahlen A, Borisow N, Fischer K, Wernecke KD, Wegner B, Hellwig K, Pache F, Ruprecht K, Havla J, Krumbholz M, Kumpfel T, Aktas O, Hartung HP, Ringelstein M, Geis C, Kleinschnitz C, Berthele A, Hemmer B, Angstwurm K, Stellmann JP, Schuster S, Stangel M, Lauda F, Tumani H, Mayer C, Zeltner L, Ziemann U, Linker R, Schwab M, Marziniak M, Then Bergh F, Hofstadt-van Oy U, Neuhaus O, Winkelmann A, Marouf W, Faiss J, Wildemann B, Paul F, Jarius S, Trebst C (2016) Neuromyelitis optica: evaluation of 871 attacks and 1153 treatment courses. Ann Neurol 79:206–216PubMedCrossRef Kleiter I, Gahlen A, Borisow N, Fischer K, Wernecke KD, Wegner B, Hellwig K, Pache F, Ruprecht K, Havla J, Krumbholz M, Kumpfel T, Aktas O, Hartung HP, Ringelstein M, Geis C, Kleinschnitz C, Berthele A, Hemmer B, Angstwurm K, Stellmann JP, Schuster S, Stangel M, Lauda F, Tumani H, Mayer C, Zeltner L, Ziemann U, Linker R, Schwab M, Marziniak M, Then Bergh F, Hofstadt-van Oy U, Neuhaus O, Winkelmann A, Marouf W, Faiss J, Wildemann B, Paul F, Jarius S, Trebst C (2016) Neuromyelitis optica: evaluation of 871 attacks and 1153 treatment courses. Ann Neurol 79:206–216PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Kleiter I, Hellwig K, Berthele A, Kümpfel T, Linker RA, Hartung HP, Paul F, Aktas O (2012) Failure of natalizumab to prevent relapses in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 69:239–245PubMedCrossRef Kleiter I, Hellwig K, Berthele A, Kümpfel T, Linker RA, Hartung HP, Paul F, Aktas O (2012) Failure of natalizumab to prevent relapses in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 69:239–245PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Kleiter I, Traboulsee A, Palace J, Yamamura T, Fujihara K, Saiz A, Javed A, Mayes D, Büdingen HCV, Klingelschmitt G, Stokmaier D, Bennett JL (2022) Long-term efficacy of satralizumab in AQP4-IgG–seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from SAkuraSky and SAkuraStar. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 10:e200071PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kleiter I, Traboulsee A, Palace J, Yamamura T, Fujihara K, Saiz A, Javed A, Mayes D, Büdingen HCV, Klingelschmitt G, Stokmaier D, Bennett JL (2022) Long-term efficacy of satralizumab in AQP4-IgG–seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from SAkuraSky and SAkuraStar. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 10:e200071PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Kojima M, Oji S, Tanaka S, Izaki S, Hashimoto B, Fukaura H, Nomura K (2019) Tacrolimus is effective for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with or without anti-AQP4 antibody. Mult Scler Relat Disord 39:101907PubMedCrossRef Kojima M, Oji S, Tanaka S, Izaki S, Hashimoto B, Fukaura H, Nomura K (2019) Tacrolimus is effective for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with or without anti-AQP4 antibody. Mult Scler Relat Disord 39:101907PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Konen FF, Schwenkenbecher P, Jendretzky KF, Gingele S, Grote-Levi L, Mohn N, Suhs KW, Eiz-Vesper B, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Trebst C, Skripuletz T, Hummert MW (2022) Stem cell therapy in neuroimmunological diseases and its potential neuroimmunological complications. Cells 11:2165PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Konen FF, Schwenkenbecher P, Jendretzky KF, Gingele S, Grote-Levi L, Mohn N, Suhs KW, Eiz-Vesper B, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Trebst C, Skripuletz T, Hummert MW (2022) Stem cell therapy in neuroimmunological diseases and its potential neuroimmunological complications. Cells 11:2165PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Kowarik MC, Hoshi M, Hemmer B, Berthele A (2016) Failure of alemtuzumab as a rescue in a NMOSD patient treated with rituximab. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3:e208PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kowarik MC, Hoshi M, Hemmer B, Berthele A (2016) Failure of alemtuzumab as a rescue in a NMOSD patient treated with rituximab. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3:e208PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Kremer S, Renard F, Achard S, Lana-Peixoto MA, Palace J, Asgari N, Klawiter EC, Tenembaum SN, Banwell B, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, Levy M, Villoslada P, Saiz A, Fujihara K, Chan KH, Schippling S, Paul F, Kim HJ, de Seze J, Wuerfel JT, Cabre P, Marignier R, Tedder T, van Pelt D, Broadley S, Chitnis T, Wingerchuk D, Pandit L, Leite MI, Apiwattanakul M, Kleiter I, Prayoonwiwat N, Han M, Hellwig K, van Herle K, John G, Hooper DC, Nakashima I, Sato D, Yeaman MR, Waubant E, Zamvil S, Stüve O, Aktas O, Smith TJ, Jacob A, O’Connor K (2015) Use of advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. JAMA Neurol 72:815–822PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kremer S, Renard F, Achard S, Lana-Peixoto MA, Palace J, Asgari N, Klawiter EC, Tenembaum SN, Banwell B, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, Levy M, Villoslada P, Saiz A, Fujihara K, Chan KH, Schippling S, Paul F, Kim HJ, de Seze J, Wuerfel JT, Cabre P, Marignier R, Tedder T, van Pelt D, Broadley S, Chitnis T, Wingerchuk D, Pandit L, Leite MI, Apiwattanakul M, Kleiter I, Prayoonwiwat N, Han M, Hellwig K, van Herle K, John G, Hooper DC, Nakashima I, Sato D, Yeaman MR, Waubant E, Zamvil S, Stüve O, Aktas O, Smith TJ, Jacob A, O’Connor K (2015) Use of advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. JAMA Neurol 72:815–822PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Krysko KM, Bove R, Dobson R, Jokubaitis V, Hellwig K (2021) Treatment of women with multiple sclerosis planning pregnancy. Curr Treat Options Neurol 23:11PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Krysko KM, Bove R, Dobson R, Jokubaitis V, Hellwig K (2021) Treatment of women with multiple sclerosis planning pregnancy. Curr Treat Options Neurol 23:11PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Krysko KM, LaHue SC, Anderson A, Rutatangwa A, Rowles W, Schubert RD, Marcus J, Riley CS, Bevan C, Hale TW, Bove R (2019) Minimal breast milk transfer of rituximab, a monoclonal antibody used in neurological conditions. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7:e637PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Krysko KM, LaHue SC, Anderson A, Rutatangwa A, Rowles W, Schubert RD, Marcus J, Riley CS, Bevan C, Hale TW, Bove R (2019) Minimal breast milk transfer of rituximab, a monoclonal antibody used in neurological conditions. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7:e637PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Kümpfel T, Thiel S, Meinl I, Ciplea AI, Bayas A, Hoffmann F, Hofstadt-van Oy U, Hoshi M, Kluge J, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Stoppe M, Walter A, Weber MS, Ayzenberg I, Hellwig K (2020) Anti-CD20 therapies and pregnancy in neuroimmunologic disorders: a cohort study from Germany. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e913PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kümpfel T, Thiel S, Meinl I, Ciplea AI, Bayas A, Hoffmann F, Hofstadt-van Oy U, Hoshi M, Kluge J, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Stoppe M, Walter A, Weber MS, Ayzenberg I, Hellwig K (2020) Anti-CD20 therapies and pregnancy in neuroimmunologic disorders: a cohort study from Germany. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e913PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
121.
go back to reference LaHue SC, Anderson A, Krysko KM, Rutatangwa A, Dorsey MJ, Hale T, Mahadevan U, Rogers EE, Rosenstein MG, Bove R (2020) Transfer of monoclonal antibodies into breastmilk in neurologic and non-neurologic diseases. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7:e769PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef LaHue SC, Anderson A, Krysko KM, Rutatangwa A, Dorsey MJ, Hale T, Mahadevan U, Rogers EE, Rosenstein MG, Bove R (2020) Transfer of monoclonal antibodies into breastmilk in neurologic and non-neurologic diseases. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7:e769PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
122.
go back to reference Lebrun C, Rocher F (2018) Cancer risk in patients with multiple sclerosis: potential impact of disease-modifying drugs. CNS Drugs 32:939–949PubMedCrossRef Lebrun C, Rocher F (2018) Cancer risk in patients with multiple sclerosis: potential impact of disease-modifying drugs. CNS Drugs 32:939–949PubMedCrossRef
123.
go back to reference Lee WJ, Lee ST, Moon J, Sunwoo JS, Byun JI, Lim JA, Kim TJ, Shin YW, Lee KJ, Jun JS, Lee HS, Kim S, Park KI, Jung KH, Jung KY, Kim M, Lee SK, Chu K (2016) Tocilizumab in autoimmune encephalitis refractory to rituximab: an institutional cohort study. Neurotherapeutics 13:824–832PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lee WJ, Lee ST, Moon J, Sunwoo JS, Byun JI, Lim JA, Kim TJ, Shin YW, Lee KJ, Jun JS, Lee HS, Kim S, Park KI, Jung KH, Jung KY, Kim M, Lee SK, Chu K (2016) Tocilizumab in autoimmune encephalitis refractory to rituximab: an institutional cohort study. Neurotherapeutics 13:824–832PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
124.
go back to reference Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Verkman AS, Hinson SR (2005) IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 202:473–477PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Verkman AS, Hinson SR (2005) IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 202:473–477PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
125.
go back to reference Lerch M, Schanda K, Lafon E, Wurzner R, Mariotto S, Dinoto A, Wendel EM, Lechner C, Hegen H, Rostasy K, Berger T, Wilflingseder D, Hoftberger R, Reindl M (2023) More efficient complement activation by anti-aquaporin-4 compared with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 10:e200059PubMedCrossRef Lerch M, Schanda K, Lafon E, Wurzner R, Mariotto S, Dinoto A, Wendel EM, Lechner C, Hegen H, Rostasy K, Berger T, Wilflingseder D, Hoftberger R, Reindl M (2023) More efficient complement activation by anti-aquaporin-4 compared with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 10:e200059PubMedCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Levy M, Haycox AR, Becker U, Costantino C, Damonte E, Klingelschmitt G, von Büdingen HC, Wallenstein G, Maio DD, Szczechowski L (2022) Quantifying the relationship between disability progression and quality of life in patients treated for NMOSD: insights from the SAkura studies. Mult Scler Relat Disord 57:103332PubMedCrossRef Levy M, Haycox AR, Becker U, Costantino C, Damonte E, Klingelschmitt G, von Büdingen HC, Wallenstein G, Maio DD, Szczechowski L (2022) Quantifying the relationship between disability progression and quality of life in patients treated for NMOSD: insights from the SAkura studies. Mult Scler Relat Disord 57:103332PubMedCrossRef
127.
128.
go back to reference Li J, Bazzi SA, Schmitz F, Tanno H, McDaniel JR, Lee CH, Joshi C, Kim JE, Monson N, Greenberg BM, Hedfalk K, Melamed E, Ippolito GC (2021) Molecular level characterization of circulating aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e1034PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Li J, Bazzi SA, Schmitz F, Tanno H, McDaniel JR, Lee CH, Joshi C, Kim JE, Monson N, Greenberg BM, Hedfalk K, Melamed E, Ippolito GC (2021) Molecular level characterization of circulating aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e1034PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
129.
go back to reference Li R, Li C, Huang Q, Liu Z, Chen J, Zhang B, Liu C, Shu Y, Wang Y, Kermode AG, Qiu W (2022) Immunosuppressant and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: optimal treatment duration and risk of discontinuation. Eur J Neurol 29:2792–2800PubMedCrossRef Li R, Li C, Huang Q, Liu Z, Chen J, Zhang B, Liu C, Shu Y, Wang Y, Kermode AG, Qiu W (2022) Immunosuppressant and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: optimal treatment duration and risk of discontinuation. Eur J Neurol 29:2792–2800PubMedCrossRef
130.
go back to reference Lim YM, Kim H, Lee EJ, Kim HW, Kim HJ, Kim KK (2020) Beneficial effects of intravenous immunoglobulin as an add-on therapy to azathioprine for NMO-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler Relat Disord 42:102109PubMedCrossRef Lim YM, Kim H, Lee EJ, Kim HW, Kim HJ, Kim KK (2020) Beneficial effects of intravenous immunoglobulin as an add-on therapy to azathioprine for NMO-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler Relat Disord 42:102109PubMedCrossRef
131.
go back to reference Lim YM, Pyun SY, Kang BH, Kim J, Kim KK (2013) Factors associated with the effectiveness of plasma exchange for the treatment of NMO-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 19:1216–1218CrossRef Lim YM, Pyun SY, Kang BH, Kim J, Kim KK (2013) Factors associated with the effectiveness of plasma exchange for the treatment of NMO-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 19:1216–1218CrossRef
132.
go back to reference Lin J, Xue B, Zhu R, Pan J, Li J, Lin Y, Li X, Xia J (2021) Intravenous immunoglobulin as the rescue treatment in NMOSD patients. Neurol Sci 42:3857–3863PubMedCrossRef Lin J, Xue B, Zhu R, Pan J, Li J, Lin Y, Li X, Xia J (2021) Intravenous immunoglobulin as the rescue treatment in NMOSD patients. Neurol Sci 42:3857–3863PubMedCrossRef
133.
go back to reference Liu J, Tan G, Li B, Zhang J, Gao Y, Cao Y, Jia Z, Sugimoto K (2021) Serum aquaporin 4-immunoglobulin G titer and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder activity and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 12:746959PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Liu J, Tan G, Li B, Zhang J, Gao Y, Cao Y, Jia Z, Sugimoto K (2021) Serum aquaporin 4-immunoglobulin G titer and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder activity and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 12:746959PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
134.
go back to reference Liu YP, Xu HQ, Li M, Yang X, Yu S, Fu WL, Huang Q (2015) Association between thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphisms and azathioprine-induced adverse drug reactions in patients with autoimmune diseases: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10:e0144234PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Liu YP, Xu HQ, Li M, Yang X, Yu S, Fu WL, Huang Q (2015) Association between thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphisms and azathioprine-induced adverse drug reactions in patients with autoimmune diseases: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10:e0144234PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
135.
go back to reference Longoni G, Banwell B, Filippi M, Yeh EA (2014) Rituximab as a first-line preventive treatment in pediatric NMOSDs: preliminary results in 5 children. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 1:e46PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Longoni G, Banwell B, Filippi M, Yeh EA (2014) Rituximab as a first-line preventive treatment in pediatric NMOSDs: preliminary results in 5 children. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 1:e46PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
136.
go back to reference Lotan I, Charlson RW, Ryerson LZ, Levy M, Kister I (2019) Effectiveness of subcutaneous tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler Relat Disord 39:101920PubMedCrossRef Lotan I, Charlson RW, Ryerson LZ, Levy M, Kister I (2019) Effectiveness of subcutaneous tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler Relat Disord 39:101920PubMedCrossRef
137.
go back to reference Lucchinetti CF, Mandler RN, McGavern D, Bruck W, Gleich G, Ransohoff RM, Trebst C, Weinshenker B, Wingerchuk D, Parisi JE, Lassmann H (2002) A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. Brain 125:1450–1461PubMedCrossRef Lucchinetti CF, Mandler RN, McGavern D, Bruck W, Gleich G, Ransohoff RM, Trebst C, Weinshenker B, Wingerchuk D, Parisi JE, Lassmann H (2002) A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. Brain 125:1450–1461PubMedCrossRef
138.
go back to reference Mader S, Kümpfel T, Meinl E (2020) Novel insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic possibilities reveal further differences between AQP4-IgG- and MOG-IgG-associated diseases. Curr Opin Neurol 33:362–371PubMedCrossRef Mader S, Kümpfel T, Meinl E (2020) Novel insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic possibilities reveal further differences between AQP4-IgG- and MOG-IgG-associated diseases. Curr Opin Neurol 33:362–371PubMedCrossRef
139.
go back to reference Majed M, Sanchez CV, Bennett JL, Fryer J, Mulligan MD, Redenbaugh V, McKeon A, Mills JR, Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Weinshenker B, Chen JJ, Flanagan EP, Pittock SJ, Kunchok A (2023) Alterations in aquaporin-4-IgG serostatus in 986 patients: a laboratory-based longitudinal analysis. Ann Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26722. (Online ahead of print)CrossRefPubMed Majed M, Sanchez CV, Bennett JL, Fryer J, Mulligan MD, Redenbaugh V, McKeon A, Mills JR, Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Weinshenker B, Chen JJ, Flanagan EP, Pittock SJ, Kunchok A (2023) Alterations in aquaporin-4-IgG serostatus in 986 patients: a laboratory-based longitudinal analysis. Ann Neurol. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​ana.​26722. (Online ahead of print)CrossRefPubMed
140.
go back to reference Mao-Draayer Y, Thiel S, Mills EA, Chitnis T, Fabian M, Katz Sand I, Leite MI, Jarius S, Hellwig K (2020) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and pregnancy: therapeutic considerations. Nat Rev Neurol 16:154–170PubMedCrossRef Mao-Draayer Y, Thiel S, Mills EA, Chitnis T, Fabian M, Katz Sand I, Leite MI, Jarius S, Hellwig K (2020) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and pregnancy: therapeutic considerations. Nat Rev Neurol 16:154–170PubMedCrossRef
141.
go back to reference Marcinno A, Marnetto F, Valentino P, Martire S, Balbo A, Drago A, Leto M, Capobianco M, Panzica G, Bertolotto A (2018) Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 5:e498PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Marcinno A, Marnetto F, Valentino P, Martire S, Balbo A, Drago A, Leto M, Capobianco M, Panzica G, Bertolotto A (2018) Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 5:e498PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
142.
go back to reference Marignier R, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, Weinshenker BG, Pittock SJ, Wingerchuk D, Fujihara K, Paul F, Cutter GR, Green AJ, Aktas O, Hartung HP, Lublin FD, Williams IM, Drappa J, She D, Cimbora D, Rees W, Smith M, Ratchford JN, Katz E, Cree BAC, Investigators NMS (2021) Disability outcomes in the N-MOmentum trial of inebilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e978PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Marignier R, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, Weinshenker BG, Pittock SJ, Wingerchuk D, Fujihara K, Paul F, Cutter GR, Green AJ, Aktas O, Hartung HP, Lublin FD, Williams IM, Drappa J, She D, Cimbora D, Rees W, Smith M, Ratchford JN, Katz E, Cree BAC, Investigators NMS (2021) Disability outcomes in the N-MOmentum trial of inebilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e978PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
143.
go back to reference Mbaeyi SA, Bozio CH, Duffy J, Rubin LG, Hariri S, Stephens DS, MacNeil JR (2020) Meningococcal vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 69:1–41PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mbaeyi SA, Bozio CH, Duffy J, Rubin LG, Hariri S, Stephens DS, MacNeil JR (2020) Meningococcal vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 69:1–41PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
144.
go back to reference McNamara LA, Topaz N, Wang X, Hariri S, Fox LA, MacNeil JR (2017) High risk for invasive meningococcal disease among patients receiving eculizumab (soliris) despite receipt of meningococcal vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 66(27):734–737PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef McNamara LA, Topaz N, Wang X, Hariri S, Fox LA, MacNeil JR (2017) High risk for invasive meningococcal disease among patients receiving eculizumab (soliris) despite receipt of meningococcal vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 66(27):734–737PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
145.
go back to reference Mealy MA, Cook LJ, Pache F, Velez DL, Borisow N, Becker D, Arango JAJ, Paul F, Levy M (2018) Vaccines and the association with relapses in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord 23:78–82PubMedCrossRef Mealy MA, Cook LJ, Pache F, Velez DL, Borisow N, Becker D, Arango JAJ, Paul F, Levy M (2018) Vaccines and the association with relapses in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord 23:78–82PubMedCrossRef
146.
go back to reference Mealy MA, Kim SH, Schmidt F, López R, Jimenez Arango JA, Paul F, Wingerchuk DM, Greenberg BM, Kim HJ, Levy M (2018) Aquaporin-4 serostatus does not predict response to immunotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 24:1737–1742CrossRef Mealy MA, Kim SH, Schmidt F, López R, Jimenez Arango JA, Paul F, Wingerchuk DM, Greenberg BM, Kim HJ, Levy M (2018) Aquaporin-4 serostatus does not predict response to immunotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 24:1737–1742CrossRef
147.
go back to reference Mealy MA, Levy M (2019) A pilot safety study of ublituximab, a monoclonal antibody against CD20, in acute relapses of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Medicine (Baltimore) 98:e15944PubMedCrossRef Mealy MA, Levy M (2019) A pilot safety study of ublituximab, a monoclonal antibody against CD20, in acute relapses of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Medicine (Baltimore) 98:e15944PubMedCrossRef
148.
go back to reference Mealy MA, Mossburg SE, Kim SH, Messina S, Borisow N, Lopez-Gonzalez R, Ospina JP, Scheel M, Yeshokumar AK, Awad A, Leite MI, Arango JJ, Paul F, Palace J, Kim HJ, Levy M (2019) Long-term disability in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with a history of myelitis is associated with age at onset, delay in diagnosis/preventive treatment, MRI lesion length and presence of symptomatic brain lesions. Mult Scler Relat Disord 28:64–68PubMedCrossRef Mealy MA, Mossburg SE, Kim SH, Messina S, Borisow N, Lopez-Gonzalez R, Ospina JP, Scheel M, Yeshokumar AK, Awad A, Leite MI, Arango JJ, Paul F, Palace J, Kim HJ, Levy M (2019) Long-term disability in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with a history of myelitis is associated with age at onset, delay in diagnosis/preventive treatment, MRI lesion length and presence of symptomatic brain lesions. Mult Scler Relat Disord 28:64–68PubMedCrossRef
149.
go back to reference Mealy MA, Wingerchuk DM, Palace J, Greenberg BM, Levy M (2014) Comparison of relapse and treatment failure rates among patients with neuromyelitis optica: multicenter study of treatment efficacy. JAMA Neurol 71:324–330PubMedCrossRef Mealy MA, Wingerchuk DM, Palace J, Greenberg BM, Levy M (2014) Comparison of relapse and treatment failure rates among patients with neuromyelitis optica: multicenter study of treatment efficacy. JAMA Neurol 71:324–330PubMedCrossRef
150.
go back to reference Meyer A, Drouin J, Weill A, Carbonnel F, Dray-Spira R (2021) Comparative study of pregnancy outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease treated with thiopurines and/or anti-TNF: a French nationwide study 2010–2018. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 54:302–311PubMedCrossRef Meyer A, Drouin J, Weill A, Carbonnel F, Dray-Spira R (2021) Comparative study of pregnancy outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease treated with thiopurines and/or anti-TNF: a French nationwide study 2010–2018. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 54:302–311PubMedCrossRef
151.
go back to reference Mills EA, Mao-Draayer Y (2018) Aging and lymphocyte changes by immunomodulatory therapies impact PML risk in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 24:1014–1022CrossRef Mills EA, Mao-Draayer Y (2018) Aging and lymphocyte changes by immunomodulatory therapies impact PML risk in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 24:1014–1022CrossRef
152.
go back to reference Min JH, Kim BJ, Lee KH (2012) Development of extensive brain lesions following fingolimod (FTY720) treatment in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 18:113–115CrossRef Min JH, Kim BJ, Lee KH (2012) Development of extensive brain lesions following fingolimod (FTY720) treatment in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 18:113–115CrossRef
153.
go back to reference Miyamoto K, Kusunoki S (2009) Intermittent plasmapheresis prevents recurrence in neuromyelitis optica. Ther Apher Dial 13:505–508PubMedCrossRef Miyamoto K, Kusunoki S (2009) Intermittent plasmapheresis prevents recurrence in neuromyelitis optica. Ther Apher Dial 13:505–508PubMedCrossRef
154.
go back to reference Molazadeh N, Filippatou AG, Vasileiou ES, Levy M, Sotirchos ES (2021) Evidence for and against subclinical disease activity and progressive disease in MOG antibody disease and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neuroimmunol 360:577702PubMedCrossRef Molazadeh N, Filippatou AG, Vasileiou ES, Levy M, Sotirchos ES (2021) Evidence for and against subclinical disease activity and progressive disease in MOG antibody disease and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neuroimmunol 360:577702PubMedCrossRef
155.
go back to reference Molloy ES, Calabrese LH (2009) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a national estimate of frequency in systemic lupus erythematosus and other rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 60:3761–3765PubMedCrossRef Molloy ES, Calabrese LH (2009) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a national estimate of frequency in systemic lupus erythematosus and other rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 60:3761–3765PubMedCrossRef
156.
go back to reference Montcuquet A, Collongues N, Papeix C, Zephir H, Audoin B, Laplaud D, Bourre B, Brochet B, Camdessanche JP, Labauge P, Moreau T, Brassat D, Stankoff B, de Seze J, Vukusic S, Marignier R, group Ns, the Observatoire Francais de la Sclerose en P (2017) Effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil as first-line therapy in AQP4-IgG, MOG-IgG, and seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 23:1377–1384CrossRef Montcuquet A, Collongues N, Papeix C, Zephir H, Audoin B, Laplaud D, Bourre B, Brochet B, Camdessanche JP, Labauge P, Moreau T, Brassat D, Stankoff B, de Seze J, Vukusic S, Marignier R, group Ns, the Observatoire Francais de la Sclerose en P (2017) Effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil as first-line therapy in AQP4-IgG, MOG-IgG, and seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 23:1377–1384CrossRef
157.
go back to reference Muller YD, Aubert JD, Vionnet J, Rotman S, Sadallah S, Aubert V, Pascual M (2018) Acute antibody-mediated rejection 1 week after lung transplantation successfully treated with eculizumab, intravenous immunoglobulins, and rituximab. Transplantation 102:e301–e303PubMedCrossRef Muller YD, Aubert JD, Vionnet J, Rotman S, Sadallah S, Aubert V, Pascual M (2018) Acute antibody-mediated rejection 1 week after lung transplantation successfully treated with eculizumab, intravenous immunoglobulins, and rituximab. Transplantation 102:e301–e303PubMedCrossRef
158.
go back to reference Nabizadeh F, Masrouri S, Sharifkazemi H, Azami M, Nikfarjam M, Moghadasi AN (2022) Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci 105:37–44PubMedCrossRef Nabizadeh F, Masrouri S, Sharifkazemi H, Azami M, Nikfarjam M, Moghadasi AN (2022) Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci 105:37–44PubMedCrossRef
160.
go back to reference Nikoo Z, Badihian S, Shaygannejad V, Asgari N, Ashtari F (2017) Comparison of the efficacy of azathioprine and rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurol 264:2003–2009PubMedCrossRef Nikoo Z, Badihian S, Shaygannejad V, Asgari N, Ashtari F (2017) Comparison of the efficacy of azathioprine and rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurol 264:2003–2009PubMedCrossRef
161.
go back to reference Nishimura J, Yamamoto M, Hayashi S, Ohyashiki K, Ando K, Brodsky AL, Noji H, Kitamura K, Eto T, Takahashi T, Masuko M, Matsumoto T, Wano Y, Shichishima T, Shibayama H, Hase M, Li L, Johnson K, Lazarowski A, Tamburini P, Inazawa J, Kinoshita T, Kanakura Y (2014) Genetic variants in C5 and poor response to eculizumab. N Engl J Med 370:632–639PubMedCrossRef Nishimura J, Yamamoto M, Hayashi S, Ohyashiki K, Ando K, Brodsky AL, Noji H, Kitamura K, Eto T, Takahashi T, Masuko M, Matsumoto T, Wano Y, Shichishima T, Shibayama H, Hase M, Li L, Johnson K, Lazarowski A, Tamburini P, Inazawa J, Kinoshita T, Kanakura Y (2014) Genetic variants in C5 and poor response to eculizumab. N Engl J Med 370:632–639PubMedCrossRef
162.
go back to reference Oertel FC, Havla J, Roca-Fernández A, Lizak N, Zimmermann H, Motamedi S, Borisow N, White OB, Bellmann-Strobl J, Albrecht P, Ruprecht K, Jarius S, Palace J, Leite MI, Kuempfel T, Paul F, Brandt AU (2018) Retinal ganglion cell loss in neuromyelitis optica: a longitudinal study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 89:1259–1265PubMedCrossRef Oertel FC, Havla J, Roca-Fernández A, Lizak N, Zimmermann H, Motamedi S, Borisow N, White OB, Bellmann-Strobl J, Albrecht P, Ruprecht K, Jarius S, Palace J, Leite MI, Kuempfel T, Paul F, Brandt AU (2018) Retinal ganglion cell loss in neuromyelitis optica: a longitudinal study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 89:1259–1265PubMedCrossRef
163.
go back to reference Oertel FC, Kuchling J, Zimmermann H, Chien C, Schmidt F, Knier B, Bellmann-Strobl J, Korn T, Scheel M, Klistorner A, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Brandt AU (2017) Microstructural visual system changes in AQP4-antibody-seropositive NMOSD. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 4:e334PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Oertel FC, Kuchling J, Zimmermann H, Chien C, Schmidt F, Knier B, Bellmann-Strobl J, Korn T, Scheel M, Klistorner A, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Brandt AU (2017) Microstructural visual system changes in AQP4-antibody-seropositive NMOSD. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 4:e334PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
164.
go back to reference Oertel FC, Specovius S, Zimmermann HG, Chien C, Motamedi S, Bereuter C, Cook L, Lana Peixoto MA, Fontanelle MA, Kim HJ, Hyun JW, Palace J, Roca-Fernandez A, Leite MI, Sharma S, Ashtari F, Kafieh R, Dehghani A, Pourazizi M, Pandit L, D’Cunha A, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Albrecht P, May E, Tongco C, Leocani L, Pisa M, Radaelli M, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Stiebel-Kalish H, Siritho S, de Seze J, Senger T, Havla J, Marignier R, Cobo-Calvo A, Bichuetti D, Tavares IM, Asgari N, Soelberg K, Altintas A, Yildirim R, Tanriverdi U, Jacob A, Huda S, Rimler Z, Reid A, Mao-Draayer Y, Soto de Castillo I, Petzold A, Green AJ, Yeaman MR, Smith T, Brandt AU, Paul F (2021) Retinal optical coherence tomography in neuromyelitis optica. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e1068PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Oertel FC, Specovius S, Zimmermann HG, Chien C, Motamedi S, Bereuter C, Cook L, Lana Peixoto MA, Fontanelle MA, Kim HJ, Hyun JW, Palace J, Roca-Fernandez A, Leite MI, Sharma S, Ashtari F, Kafieh R, Dehghani A, Pourazizi M, Pandit L, D’Cunha A, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Albrecht P, May E, Tongco C, Leocani L, Pisa M, Radaelli M, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Stiebel-Kalish H, Siritho S, de Seze J, Senger T, Havla J, Marignier R, Cobo-Calvo A, Bichuetti D, Tavares IM, Asgari N, Soelberg K, Altintas A, Yildirim R, Tanriverdi U, Jacob A, Huda S, Rimler Z, Reid A, Mao-Draayer Y, Soto de Castillo I, Petzold A, Green AJ, Yeaman MR, Smith T, Brandt AU, Paul F (2021) Retinal optical coherence tomography in neuromyelitis optica. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e1068PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
165.
go back to reference Oomen I, Nassar-Sheikh Rashid A, Bouts AHM, Gouw SC, Kuijpers TW, Rispens T, de Vries A, Wolbink G, van den Berg JM, Schonenberg-Meinema D (2022) Anti-rituximab antibodies affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rituximab in children with immune-mediated diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol 40:183–190PubMedCrossRef Oomen I, Nassar-Sheikh Rashid A, Bouts AHM, Gouw SC, Kuijpers TW, Rispens T, de Vries A, Wolbink G, van den Berg JM, Schonenberg-Meinema D (2022) Anti-rituximab antibodies affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rituximab in children with immune-mediated diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol 40:183–190PubMedCrossRef
166.
go back to reference Oray M, Abu Samra K, Ebrahimiadib N, Meese H, Foster CS (2016) Long-term side effects of glucocorticoids. Expert Opin Drug Saf 15:457–465PubMedCrossRef Oray M, Abu Samra K, Ebrahimiadib N, Meese H, Foster CS (2016) Long-term side effects of glucocorticoids. Expert Opin Drug Saf 15:457–465PubMedCrossRef
167.
go back to reference Oren S, Mandelboim M, Braun-Moscovici Y, Paran D, Ablin J, Litinsky I, Comaneshter D, Levartovsky D, Mendelson E, Azar R, Wigler I, Balbir-Gurman A, Caspi D, Elkayam O (2008) Vaccination against influenza in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of rituximab on the humoral response. Ann Rheum Dis 67:937–941PubMedCrossRef Oren S, Mandelboim M, Braun-Moscovici Y, Paran D, Ablin J, Litinsky I, Comaneshter D, Levartovsky D, Mendelson E, Azar R, Wigler I, Balbir-Gurman A, Caspi D, Elkayam O (2008) Vaccination against influenza in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of rituximab on the humoral response. Ann Rheum Dis 67:937–941PubMedCrossRef
168.
go back to reference Ortiz S, Pittock SJ, Berthele A, Levy M, Nakashima I, Oreja-Guevara C, Kim HJ (2023) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ravulizumab in adults with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder during the phase 3 CHAMPION-NMOSD trial. AAN Meeting S5:004 Ortiz S, Pittock SJ, Berthele A, Levy M, Nakashima I, Oreja-Guevara C, Kim HJ (2023) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ravulizumab in adults with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder during the phase 3 CHAMPION-NMOSD trial. AAN Meeting S5:004
169.
go back to reference Pache F, Zimmermann H, Finke C, Lacheta A, Papazoglou S, Kuchling J, Wuerfel J, Hamm B, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Brandt AU, Scheel M (2016) Brain parenchymal damage in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder—a multimodal MRI study. Eur Radiol 26:4413–4422PubMedCrossRef Pache F, Zimmermann H, Finke C, Lacheta A, Papazoglou S, Kuchling J, Wuerfel J, Hamm B, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Brandt AU, Scheel M (2016) Brain parenchymal damage in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder—a multimodal MRI study. Eur Radiol 26:4413–4422PubMedCrossRef
170.
go back to reference Padmanabhan A, Connelly-Smith L, Aqui N, Balogun RA, Klingel R, Meyer E, Pham HP, Schneiderman J, Witt V, Wu Y, Zantek ND, Dunbar NM, Schwartz GEJ (2019) Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice—evidence-based approach from the writing committee of the American Society for Apheresis: the eighth special issue. J Clin Apher 34:171–354PubMedCrossRef Padmanabhan A, Connelly-Smith L, Aqui N, Balogun RA, Klingel R, Meyer E, Pham HP, Schneiderman J, Witt V, Wu Y, Zantek ND, Dunbar NM, Schwartz GEJ (2019) Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice—evidence-based approach from the writing committee of the American Society for Apheresis: the eighth special issue. J Clin Apher 34:171–354PubMedCrossRef
171.
go back to reference Palace J, Lin DY, Zeng D, Majed M, Elsone L, Hamid S, Messina S, Misu T, Sagen J, Whittam D, Takai Y, Leite MI, Weinshenker B, Cabre P, Jacob A, Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Pittock SJ (2019) Outcome prediction models in AQP4-IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Brain 142:1310–1323PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Palace J, Lin DY, Zeng D, Majed M, Elsone L, Hamid S, Messina S, Misu T, Sagen J, Whittam D, Takai Y, Leite MI, Weinshenker B, Cabre P, Jacob A, Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Pittock SJ (2019) Outcome prediction models in AQP4-IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Brain 142:1310–1323PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
172.
go back to reference Palace J, Wingerchuk DM, Fujihara K, Berthele A, Oreja-Guevara C, Kim HJ, Nakashima I, Levy M, Terzi M, Totolyan N, Viswanathan S, Wang KC, Pace A, Yountz M, Miller L, Armstrong R, Pittock S, Group PS (2021) Benefits of eculizumab in AQP4+ neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: subgroup analyses of the randomized controlled phase 3 PREVENT trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord 47:102641PubMedCrossRef Palace J, Wingerchuk DM, Fujihara K, Berthele A, Oreja-Guevara C, Kim HJ, Nakashima I, Levy M, Terzi M, Totolyan N, Viswanathan S, Wang KC, Pace A, Yountz M, Miller L, Armstrong R, Pittock S, Group PS (2021) Benefits of eculizumab in AQP4+ neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: subgroup analyses of the randomized controlled phase 3 PREVENT trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord 47:102641PubMedCrossRef
173.
174.
go back to reference Papeix C, Vidal J-S, Seze Jd, Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Tourbah A, Stankoff B, Lebrun C, Moreau T, Vermersch P, Fontaine B, Lyon-Caen O, Gout O (2007) Immunosuppressive therapy is more effective than interferon in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 13:256–259CrossRef Papeix C, Vidal J-S, Seze Jd, Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Tourbah A, Stankoff B, Lebrun C, Moreau T, Vermersch P, Fontaine B, Lyon-Caen O, Gout O (2007) Immunosuppressive therapy is more effective than interferon in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 13:256–259CrossRef
175.
176.
go back to reference Paul F, Marignier R, Palace J, Arrambide G, Asgari N, Bennett JL, Cree BAC, De Seze J, Fujihara K, Kim HJ, Hornby R, Huda S, Kissani N, Kleiter I, Kuwabara S, Lana-Peixoto M, Law L, Leite MI, Pandit L, Pittock SJ, Quan C, Ramanathan S, Rotstein D, Saiz A, Sato DK, Vaknin-Dembinsky A (2023) International delphi consensus on the management of AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD: recommendations for eculizumab, inebilizumab, and satralizumab. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 10:e200124PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Paul F, Marignier R, Palace J, Arrambide G, Asgari N, Bennett JL, Cree BAC, De Seze J, Fujihara K, Kim HJ, Hornby R, Huda S, Kissani N, Kleiter I, Kuwabara S, Lana-Peixoto M, Law L, Leite MI, Pandit L, Pittock SJ, Quan C, Ramanathan S, Rotstein D, Saiz A, Sato DK, Vaknin-Dembinsky A (2023) International delphi consensus on the management of AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD: recommendations for eculizumab, inebilizumab, and satralizumab. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 10:e200124PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
177.
go back to reference Paul S, Dickstein A, Saxena A, Terrin N, Viveiros K, Balk EM, Wong JB (2017) Role of surface antibody in hepatitis B reactivation in patients with resolved infection and hematologic malignancy: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 66:379–388PubMedCrossRef Paul S, Dickstein A, Saxena A, Terrin N, Viveiros K, Balk EM, Wong JB (2017) Role of surface antibody in hepatitis B reactivation in patients with resolved infection and hematologic malignancy: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 66:379–388PubMedCrossRef
178.
go back to reference Pittock SJ, Barnett M, Bennett JL, Berthele A, de Seze J, Levy M, Nakashima I, Oreja-Guevara C, Palace J, Paul F, Pozzilli C, Yountz M, Allen K, Mashhoon Y, Kim HJ (2023) Ravulizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Ann Neurol 93:1053–1068PubMedCrossRef Pittock SJ, Barnett M, Bennett JL, Berthele A, de Seze J, Levy M, Nakashima I, Oreja-Guevara C, Palace J, Paul F, Pozzilli C, Yountz M, Allen K, Mashhoon Y, Kim HJ (2023) Ravulizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Ann Neurol 93:1053–1068PubMedCrossRef
179.
go back to reference Pittock SJ, Berthele A, Fujihara K, Kim HJ, Levy M, Palace J, Nakashima I, Terzi M, Totolyan N, Viswanathan S, Wang KC, Pace A, Fujita KP, Armstrong R, Wingerchuk DM (2019) Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med 381:614–625PubMedCrossRef Pittock SJ, Berthele A, Fujihara K, Kim HJ, Levy M, Palace J, Nakashima I, Terzi M, Totolyan N, Viswanathan S, Wang KC, Pace A, Fujita KP, Armstrong R, Wingerchuk DM (2019) Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med 381:614–625PubMedCrossRef
180.
go back to reference Pittock SJ, Fujihara K, Palace J, Berthele A, Kim HJ, Guevara CO, Nakashima I, Levy M, Shang S, Yountz M, Miller L, Armstrong R, Wingerchuk DM (2022) Eculizumab monotherapy for NMOSD: Data from PREVENT and its open-label extension. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 28:480–486CrossRef Pittock SJ, Fujihara K, Palace J, Berthele A, Kim HJ, Guevara CO, Nakashima I, Levy M, Shang S, Yountz M, Miller L, Armstrong R, Wingerchuk DM (2022) Eculizumab monotherapy for NMOSD: Data from PREVENT and its open-label extension. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 28:480–486CrossRef
181.
go back to reference Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, McKeon A, Mandrekar J, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF, O’Toole O, Wingerchuk DM (2013) Eculizumab in AQP4-IgG-positive relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: an open-label pilot study. Lancet Neurol 12:554–562PubMedCrossRef Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, McKeon A, Mandrekar J, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF, O’Toole O, Wingerchuk DM (2013) Eculizumab in AQP4-IgG-positive relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: an open-label pilot study. Lancet Neurol 12:554–562PubMedCrossRef
182.
go back to reference Plate A, Havla J, Kumpfel T (2014) Late-onset neutropenia during long-term rituximab therapy in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler Relat Disord 3:269–272PubMedCrossRef Plate A, Havla J, Kumpfel T (2014) Late-onset neutropenia during long-term rituximab therapy in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler Relat Disord 3:269–272PubMedCrossRef
183.
go back to reference Poupart J, Giovannelli J, Deschamps R, Audoin B, Ciron J, Maillart E, Papeix C, Collongues N, Bourre B, Cohen M, Wiertlewski S, Outteryck O, Laplaud D, Vukusic S, Marignier R, Zephir H, group Ns (2020) Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of first-line therapies in NMOSD. Neurology 94:e1645–e1656PubMedCrossRef Poupart J, Giovannelli J, Deschamps R, Audoin B, Ciron J, Maillart E, Papeix C, Collongues N, Bourre B, Cohen M, Wiertlewski S, Outteryck O, Laplaud D, Vukusic S, Marignier R, Zephir H, group Ns (2020) Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of first-line therapies in NMOSD. Neurology 94:e1645–e1656PubMedCrossRef
184.
go back to reference Qin C, Tian DS, Zhou LQ, Shang K, Huang L, Dong MH, You YF, Xiao J, Xiong Y, Wang W, Pang H, Guo JJ, Cai SB, Wang D, Li CR, Zhang M, Bu BT, Wang W (2023) Anti-BCMA CAR T cell therapy CT103A in relapsed or refractory AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: phase 1 trial interim results. Signal Transduct Target Ther 8:5PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Qin C, Tian DS, Zhou LQ, Shang K, Huang L, Dong MH, You YF, Xiao J, Xiong Y, Wang W, Pang H, Guo JJ, Cai SB, Wang D, Li CR, Zhang M, Bu BT, Wang W (2023) Anti-BCMA CAR T cell therapy CT103A in relapsed or refractory AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: phase 1 trial interim results. Signal Transduct Target Ther 8:5PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
185.
go back to reference Qiu W, Kermode AG, Li R, Dai Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhong X, Li C, Lu Z, Hu X (2015) Azathioprine plus corticosteroid treatment in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica. J Clin Neurosci 22:1178–1182PubMedCrossRef Qiu W, Kermode AG, Li R, Dai Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhong X, Li C, Lu Z, Hu X (2015) Azathioprine plus corticosteroid treatment in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica. J Clin Neurosci 22:1178–1182PubMedCrossRef
186.
go back to reference Ramanathan RS, Malhotra K, Scott T (2014) Treatment of neuromyelitis optica/neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with methotrexate. BMC Neurol 14:1–5CrossRef Ramanathan RS, Malhotra K, Scott T (2014) Treatment of neuromyelitis optica/neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with methotrexate. BMC Neurol 14:1–5CrossRef
187.
go back to reference Ramanathan S, Reddel SW, Henderson A, Parratt JD, Barnett M, Gatt PN, Merheb V, Kumaran RY, Pathmanandavel K, Sinmaz N, Ghadiri M, Yiannikas C, Vucic S, Stewart G, Bleasel AF, Booth D, Fung VS, Dale RC, Brilot F (2014) Antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in bilateral and recurrent optic neuritis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 1:e40PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ramanathan S, Reddel SW, Henderson A, Parratt JD, Barnett M, Gatt PN, Merheb V, Kumaran RY, Pathmanandavel K, Sinmaz N, Ghadiri M, Yiannikas C, Vucic S, Stewart G, Bleasel AF, Booth D, Fung VS, Dale RC, Brilot F (2014) Antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in bilateral and recurrent optic neuritis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 1:e40PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
188.
go back to reference Rensel M, Zabeti A, Mealy MA, Cimbora D, She D, Drappa J, Katz E (2022) Long-term efficacy and safety of inebilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: analysis of aquaporin-4–immunoglobulin G–seropositive participants taking inebilizumab for ⩾4 years in the N-MOmentum trial. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 28:925–932CrossRef Rensel M, Zabeti A, Mealy MA, Cimbora D, She D, Drappa J, Katz E (2022) Long-term efficacy and safety of inebilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: analysis of aquaporin-4–immunoglobulin G–seropositive participants taking inebilizumab for ⩾4 years in the N-MOmentum trial. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 28:925–932CrossRef
190.
go back to reference Reuss R, Rommer PS, Brück W, Paul F, Bolz M, Jarius S, Boettcher T, Grossmann A, Bock A, Zipp F, Benecke R, Zettl UK (2009) A woman with acute myelopathy in pregnancy: case outcome. BMJ 339:b4026PubMedCrossRef Reuss R, Rommer PS, Brück W, Paul F, Bolz M, Jarius S, Boettcher T, Grossmann A, Bock A, Zipp F, Benecke R, Zettl UK (2009) A woman with acute myelopathy in pregnancy: case outcome. BMJ 339:b4026PubMedCrossRef
191.
go back to reference Ribes D, Belliere J, Piedrafita A, Faguer S (2019) Glucocorticoid-free induction regimen in severe ANCA-associated vasculitis using a combination of rituximab and eculizumab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 58:2335–2337PubMedCrossRef Ribes D, Belliere J, Piedrafita A, Faguer S (2019) Glucocorticoid-free induction regimen in severe ANCA-associated vasculitis using a combination of rituximab and eculizumab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 58:2335–2337PubMedCrossRef
192.
go back to reference Rigal J, Ciron J, Lépine Z, Biotti D (2020) Late-onset neutropenia after RITUXIMAB therapy for multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and MOG-antibody-associated diseases. Mult Scler Relat Disord 41:102019PubMedCrossRef Rigal J, Ciron J, Lépine Z, Biotti D (2020) Late-onset neutropenia after RITUXIMAB therapy for multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and MOG-antibody-associated diseases. Mult Scler Relat Disord 41:102019PubMedCrossRef
193.
194.
go back to reference Ringelstein M, Ayzenberg I, Harmel J, Lauenstein AS, Lensch E, Stogbauer F, Hellwig K, Ellrichmann G, Stettner M, Chan A, Hartung HP, Kieseier B, Gold R, Aktas O, Kleiter I (2015) Long-term therapy with interleukin 6 receptor blockade in highly active neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. JAMA Neurol 72:756–763PubMedCrossRef Ringelstein M, Ayzenberg I, Harmel J, Lauenstein AS, Lensch E, Stogbauer F, Hellwig K, Ellrichmann G, Stettner M, Chan A, Hartung HP, Kieseier B, Gold R, Aktas O, Kleiter I (2015) Long-term therapy with interleukin 6 receptor blockade in highly active neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. JAMA Neurol 72:756–763PubMedCrossRef
195.
go back to reference Ringelstein M, Ayzenberg I, Lindenblatt G, Fischer K, Gahlen A, Novi G, Hayward-Konnecke H, Schippling S, Rommer PS, Kornek B, Zrzavy T, Biotti D, Ciron J, Audoin B, Berthele A, Giglhuber K, Zephir H, Kumpfel T, Berger R, Rother J, Haussler V, Stellmann JP, Whittam D, Jacob A, Kraemer M, Gueguen A, Deschamps R, Bayas A, Hummert MW, Trebst C, Haarmann A, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Grothe M, Siebert N, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Collongues N, Marignier R, Levy M, Karenfort M, Deppe M, Albrecht P, Hellwig K, Gold R, Hartung HP, Meuth SG, Kleiter I, Aktas O, Neuromyelitis Optica Study G (2022) Interleukin-6 receptor blockade in treatment-refractory MOG-IgG-associated disease and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 9:e1100PubMedCrossRef Ringelstein M, Ayzenberg I, Lindenblatt G, Fischer K, Gahlen A, Novi G, Hayward-Konnecke H, Schippling S, Rommer PS, Kornek B, Zrzavy T, Biotti D, Ciron J, Audoin B, Berthele A, Giglhuber K, Zephir H, Kumpfel T, Berger R, Rother J, Haussler V, Stellmann JP, Whittam D, Jacob A, Kraemer M, Gueguen A, Deschamps R, Bayas A, Hummert MW, Trebst C, Haarmann A, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Grothe M, Siebert N, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Collongues N, Marignier R, Levy M, Karenfort M, Deppe M, Albrecht P, Hellwig K, Gold R, Hartung HP, Meuth SG, Kleiter I, Aktas O, Neuromyelitis Optica Study G (2022) Interleukin-6 receptor blockade in treatment-refractory MOG-IgG-associated disease and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 9:e1100PubMedCrossRef
196.
go back to reference Ringelstein M, Harmel J, Distelmaier F, Ingwersen J, Menge T, Hellwig K, Kieseier B, Mayatepek E, Hartung HP, Kuempfel T, Aktas O (2013) Neuromyelitis optica and pregnancy during therapeutic B cell depletion: infant exposure to anti-AQP4 antibody and prevention of rebound relapses with low-dose rituximab postpartum. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 19:1544–1547CrossRef Ringelstein M, Harmel J, Distelmaier F, Ingwersen J, Menge T, Hellwig K, Kieseier B, Mayatepek E, Hartung HP, Kuempfel T, Aktas O (2013) Neuromyelitis optica and pregnancy during therapeutic B cell depletion: infant exposure to anti-AQP4 antibody and prevention of rebound relapses with low-dose rituximab postpartum. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 19:1544–1547CrossRef
197.
go back to reference Ringelstein M, Harmel J, Zimmermann H, Brandt AU, Paul F, Haarmann A, Buttmann M, Hümmert MW, Trebst C, Schroeder C, Ayzenberg I, Kleiter I, Hellwig K, Havla J, Kümpfel T, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Rommer P, Weber MS, Pellkofer H, Röpke L, Geis C, Retzlaff N, Zettl U, Deppe M, Klotz L, Young K, Stellmann JP, Kaste M, Kermer P, Marouf W, Lauda F, Tumani H, Graf J, Klistorner A, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Albrecht P (2020) Longitudinal optic neuritis-unrelated visual evoked potential changes in NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology 94:e407–e418PubMedCrossRef Ringelstein M, Harmel J, Zimmermann H, Brandt AU, Paul F, Haarmann A, Buttmann M, Hümmert MW, Trebst C, Schroeder C, Ayzenberg I, Kleiter I, Hellwig K, Havla J, Kümpfel T, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Rommer P, Weber MS, Pellkofer H, Röpke L, Geis C, Retzlaff N, Zettl U, Deppe M, Klotz L, Young K, Stellmann JP, Kaste M, Kermer P, Marouf W, Lauda F, Tumani H, Graf J, Klistorner A, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Albrecht P (2020) Longitudinal optic neuritis-unrelated visual evoked potential changes in NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology 94:e407–e418PubMedCrossRef
198.
go back to reference Roberts DM, Jones RB, Smith RM, Alberici F, Kumaratne DS, Burns S, Jayne DR (2015) Rituximab-associated hypogammaglobulinemia: incidence, predictors and outcomes in patients with multi-system autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 57:60–65PubMedCrossRef Roberts DM, Jones RB, Smith RM, Alberici F, Kumaratne DS, Burns S, Jayne DR (2015) Rituximab-associated hypogammaglobulinemia: incidence, predictors and outcomes in patients with multi-system autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 57:60–65PubMedCrossRef
199.
go back to reference Rojas JI, Pappolla A, Patrucco L, Cristiano E, Miguez J, Liwacki S, Tkachuk V, Balbuena ME, Vrech C, Deri N, Correale J, Marrodan M, Ysrraelit MC, Fiol M, Leguizamon F, Luetic G, Menichini ML, Lopez PA, Pettinicchi JP, Criniti J, Caride A, Tavolini D, Mainella C, Zanga G, Burgos M, Hryb J, Barboza A, Lazaro L, Alonso R, Silva B, Fernández Liguori N, Nadur D, Chercoff A, Martinez A, Steinberg J, Garcea O, Carrá A, Alonso Serena M, Carnero Contentti E (2022) Disability outcomes in NMOSD and MOGAD patients: data from a nationwide registry in Argentina. Neurol Sci 44:281–286PubMedCrossRef Rojas JI, Pappolla A, Patrucco L, Cristiano E, Miguez J, Liwacki S, Tkachuk V, Balbuena ME, Vrech C, Deri N, Correale J, Marrodan M, Ysrraelit MC, Fiol M, Leguizamon F, Luetic G, Menichini ML, Lopez PA, Pettinicchi JP, Criniti J, Caride A, Tavolini D, Mainella C, Zanga G, Burgos M, Hryb J, Barboza A, Lazaro L, Alonso R, Silva B, Fernández Liguori N, Nadur D, Chercoff A, Martinez A, Steinberg J, Garcea O, Carrá A, Alonso Serena M, Carnero Contentti E (2022) Disability outcomes in NMOSD and MOGAD patients: data from a nationwide registry in Argentina. Neurol Sci 44:281–286PubMedCrossRef
200.
go back to reference Rondeau E, Ardissino G, Caby-Tosi MP, Al-Dakkak I, Fakhouri F, Miller B, Scully M (2022) Pregnancy in women with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Nephron 146:1–10PubMedCrossRef Rondeau E, Ardissino G, Caby-Tosi MP, Al-Dakkak I, Fakhouri F, Miller B, Scully M (2022) Pregnancy in women with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Nephron 146:1–10PubMedCrossRef
201.
go back to reference Saadoun S, Waters P, Leite MI, Bennett JL, Vincent A, Papadopoulos MC (2013) Neuromyelitis optica IgG causes placental inflammation and fetal death. J Immunol 191:2999–3005PubMedCrossRef Saadoun S, Waters P, Leite MI, Bennett JL, Vincent A, Papadopoulos MC (2013) Neuromyelitis optica IgG causes placental inflammation and fetal death. J Immunol 191:2999–3005PubMedCrossRef
202.
go back to reference Schindler P, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Paul F, Ruprecht K (2023) Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a current review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 19:71–91PubMedCrossRef Schindler P, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Paul F, Ruprecht K (2023) Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a current review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 19:71–91PubMedCrossRef
203.
go back to reference Schmetzer O, Lakin E, Roediger B, Duchow A, Asseyer S, Paul F, Siebert N (2021) Anti-aquaporin 4 IgG is not associated with any clinical disease characteristics in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Front Neurol 12:635419PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schmetzer O, Lakin E, Roediger B, Duchow A, Asseyer S, Paul F, Siebert N (2021) Anti-aquaporin 4 IgG is not associated with any clinical disease characteristics in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Front Neurol 12:635419PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
204.
go back to reference Schweitzer F, Laurent S, Fink GR, Barnett MH, Reddel S, Hartung HP, Warnke C (2019) Age and the risks of high-efficacy disease modifying drugs in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 32:305–312PubMedCrossRef Schweitzer F, Laurent S, Fink GR, Barnett MH, Reddel S, Hartung HP, Warnke C (2019) Age and the risks of high-efficacy disease modifying drugs in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 32:305–312PubMedCrossRef
205.
go back to reference Sechi E, Zarbo R, Biancu MA, Chessa P, Idda ML, Orrù V, Lai S, Leoni S, Solla P (2021) Prolonged B cell depletion after rituximab in AQP4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neuroimmunol 358:577666PubMedCrossRef Sechi E, Zarbo R, Biancu MA, Chessa P, Idda ML, Orrù V, Lai S, Leoni S, Solla P (2021) Prolonged B cell depletion after rituximab in AQP4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neuroimmunol 358:577666PubMedCrossRef
206.
go back to reference Sepúlveda M, Armangué T, Sola-Valls N, Arrambide G, Meca-Lallana JE, Oreja-Guevara C, Mendibe M, Alvarez de Arcaya A, Aladro Y, Casanova B, Olascoaga J, Jiménez-Huete A, Fernández-Fournier M, Ramió-Torrentà L, Cobo-Calvo A, Viñals M, de Andrés C, Meca-Lallana V, Cervelló A, Calles C, Rubio MB, Ramo-Tello C, Caminero A, Munteis E, Antigüedad AR, Blanco Y, Villoslada P, Montalban X, Graus F, Saiz A (2016) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: comparison according to the phenotype and serostatus. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3:e225PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sepúlveda M, Armangué T, Sola-Valls N, Arrambide G, Meca-Lallana JE, Oreja-Guevara C, Mendibe M, Alvarez de Arcaya A, Aladro Y, Casanova B, Olascoaga J, Jiménez-Huete A, Fernández-Fournier M, Ramió-Torrentà L, Cobo-Calvo A, Viñals M, de Andrés C, Meca-Lallana V, Cervelló A, Calles C, Rubio MB, Ramo-Tello C, Caminero A, Munteis E, Antigüedad AR, Blanco Y, Villoslada P, Montalban X, Graus F, Saiz A (2016) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: comparison according to the phenotype and serostatus. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3:e225PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
207.
go back to reference Shi B, Zhao M, Qiao L, Huang F, Zhou S, Wei Y, Wang J, Wang N (2021) Relapses shortly after rituximab treatment in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord 54:103143PubMedCrossRef Shi B, Zhao M, Qiao L, Huang F, Zhou S, Wei Y, Wang J, Wang N (2021) Relapses shortly after rituximab treatment in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord 54:103143PubMedCrossRef
208.
go back to reference Shosha E, Pittock SJ, Flanagan E, Weinshenker BG (2017) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and pregnancy: interactions and management. MSJ 23:1808–1817 Shosha E, Pittock SJ, Flanagan E, Weinshenker BG (2017) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and pregnancy: interactions and management. MSJ 23:1808–1817
209.
go back to reference Siebert N, Duchow A, Paul F, Infante-Duarte C, Bellmann-Strobl J (2021) Inebilizumab in AQP4-Ab-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Drugs Today (Barc) 57:321–336PubMedCrossRef Siebert N, Duchow A, Paul F, Infante-Duarte C, Bellmann-Strobl J (2021) Inebilizumab in AQP4-Ab-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Drugs Today (Barc) 57:321–336PubMedCrossRef
210.
go back to reference Siritho S, Nopsopon T, Pongpirul K (2021) Therapeutic plasma exchange vs conventional treatment with intravenous high dose steroid for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 268:4549–4562PubMedCrossRef Siritho S, Nopsopon T, Pongpirul K (2021) Therapeutic plasma exchange vs conventional treatment with intravenous high dose steroid for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 268:4549–4562PubMedCrossRef
211.
go back to reference Stastna D, Menkyova I, Drahota J, Hrnciarova T, Kubala Havrdova E, Vachova M, Andelova M, Kleinova P, Kovarova I, Krasulova E, Preiningerova JL, Novakova I, Novotna K, Novotna M, Nytrova P, Pavlickova J, Srpova B, Storey K, Ticha V, Tyblova M, Uher T, Vodehnalova K, Horakova D (2022) To be or not to be vaccinated: the risk of MS or NMOSD relapse after COVID-19 vaccination and infection. Mult Scler Relat Disord 65:104014PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Stastna D, Menkyova I, Drahota J, Hrnciarova T, Kubala Havrdova E, Vachova M, Andelova M, Kleinova P, Kovarova I, Krasulova E, Preiningerova JL, Novakova I, Novotna K, Novotna M, Nytrova P, Pavlickova J, Srpova B, Storey K, Ticha V, Tyblova M, Uher T, Vodehnalova K, Horakova D (2022) To be or not to be vaccinated: the risk of MS or NMOSD relapse after COVID-19 vaccination and infection. Mult Scler Relat Disord 65:104014PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
212.
go back to reference Steinman L, Bar-Or A, Behne JM, Benitez-Ribas D, Chin PS, Clare-Salzler M, Healey D, Kim JI, Kranz DM, Lutterotti A, Martin R, Schippling S, Villoslada P, Wei CH, Weiner HL, Zamvil SS, Yeaman MR, Smith TJ (2016) Restoring immune tolerance in neuromyelitis optica: part I. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3:e276PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Steinman L, Bar-Or A, Behne JM, Benitez-Ribas D, Chin PS, Clare-Salzler M, Healey D, Kim JI, Kranz DM, Lutterotti A, Martin R, Schippling S, Villoslada P, Wei CH, Weiner HL, Zamvil SS, Yeaman MR, Smith TJ (2016) Restoring immune tolerance in neuromyelitis optica: part I. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3:e276PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
213.
go back to reference Stellmann JP, Krumbholz M, Friede T, Gahlen A, Borisow N, Fischer K, Hellwig K, Pache F, Ruprecht K, Havla J, Kumpfel T, Aktas O, Hartung HP, Ringelstein M, Geis C, Kleinschnitz C, Berthele A, Hemmer B, Angstwurm K, Young KL, Schuster S, Stangel M, Lauda F, Tumani H, Mayer C, Zeltner L, Ziemann U, Linker RA, Schwab M, Marziniak M, Then Bergh F, Hofstadt-van Oy U, Neuhaus O, Zettl U, Faiss J, Wildemann B, Paul F, Jarius S, Trebst C, Kleiter I (2017) Immunotherapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: efficacy and predictors of response. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 88:639–647PubMedCrossRef Stellmann JP, Krumbholz M, Friede T, Gahlen A, Borisow N, Fischer K, Hellwig K, Pache F, Ruprecht K, Havla J, Kumpfel T, Aktas O, Hartung HP, Ringelstein M, Geis C, Kleinschnitz C, Berthele A, Hemmer B, Angstwurm K, Young KL, Schuster S, Stangel M, Lauda F, Tumani H, Mayer C, Zeltner L, Ziemann U, Linker RA, Schwab M, Marziniak M, Then Bergh F, Hofstadt-van Oy U, Neuhaus O, Zettl U, Faiss J, Wildemann B, Paul F, Jarius S, Trebst C, Kleiter I (2017) Immunotherapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: efficacy and predictors of response. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 88:639–647PubMedCrossRef
214.
go back to reference Stiebel-Kalish H, Hellmann MA, Mimouni M, Paul F, Bialer O, Bach M, Lotan I (2019) Does time equal vision in the acute treatment of a cohort of AQP4 and MOG optic neuritis? Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 6:e572PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Stiebel-Kalish H, Hellmann MA, Mimouni M, Paul F, Bialer O, Bach M, Lotan I (2019) Does time equal vision in the acute treatment of a cohort of AQP4 and MOG optic neuritis? Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 6:e572PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
215.
go back to reference Szepanowski F, Warnke C, Meyer-Zu-Hörste G, Mausberg AK, Hartung HP, Kleinschnitz C, Stettner M (2021) Secondary immunodeficiency and risk of infection following immune therapies in neurology. CNS Drugs 35:1173–1188PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Szepanowski F, Warnke C, Meyer-Zu-Hörste G, Mausberg AK, Hartung HP, Kleinschnitz C, Stettner M (2021) Secondary immunodeficiency and risk of infection following immune therapies in neurology. CNS Drugs 35:1173–1188PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
216.
go back to reference Tahara M, Oeda T, Okada K, Kiriyama T, Ochi K, Maruyama H, Fukaura H, Nomura K, Shimizu Y, Mori M, Nakashima I, Misu T, Umemura A, Yamamoto K, Sawada H (2020) Safety and efficacy of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (RIN-1 study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 19:298–306PubMedCrossRef Tahara M, Oeda T, Okada K, Kiriyama T, Ochi K, Maruyama H, Fukaura H, Nomura K, Shimizu Y, Mori M, Nakashima I, Misu T, Umemura A, Yamamoto K, Sawada H (2020) Safety and efficacy of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (RIN-1 study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 19:298–306PubMedCrossRef
217.
go back to reference Tahara M, Oeda T, Okada K, Ochi K, Maruyama H, Fukaura H, Nomura K, Shimizu Y, Nakashima I, Misu T, Umemura A, Yamamoto K, Sawada H (2022) Compassionate open-label use of rituximab following a randomised clinical trial against neuromyelitis optica (RIN-2 study): B cell monitoring-based administration. Mult Scler Relat Disord 60:103730PubMedCrossRef Tahara M, Oeda T, Okada K, Ochi K, Maruyama H, Fukaura H, Nomura K, Shimizu Y, Nakashima I, Misu T, Umemura A, Yamamoto K, Sawada H (2022) Compassionate open-label use of rituximab following a randomised clinical trial against neuromyelitis optica (RIN-2 study): B cell monitoring-based administration. Mult Scler Relat Disord 60:103730PubMedCrossRef
218.
go back to reference Takai Y, Kuroda H, Misu T, Akaishi T, Nakashima I, Takahashi T, Nishiyama S, Fujihara K, Aoki M (2021) Optimal management of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with aquaporin-4 antibody by oral prednisolone maintenance therapy. Mult Scler Relat Disord 49:102750PubMedCrossRef Takai Y, Kuroda H, Misu T, Akaishi T, Nakashima I, Takahashi T, Nishiyama S, Fujihara K, Aoki M (2021) Optimal management of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with aquaporin-4 antibody by oral prednisolone maintenance therapy. Mult Scler Relat Disord 49:102750PubMedCrossRef
219.
go back to reference Takeshita Y, Fujikawa S, Serizawa K, Fujisawa M, Matsuo K, Nemoto J, Shimizu F, Sano Y, Tomizawa-Shinohara H, Miyake S, Ransohoff RM, Kanda T (2021) New BBB model reveals that IL-6 blockade suppressed the BBB disorder, preventing onset of NMOSD. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e1076PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Takeshita Y, Fujikawa S, Serizawa K, Fujisawa M, Matsuo K, Nemoto J, Shimizu F, Sano Y, Tomizawa-Shinohara H, Miyake S, Ransohoff RM, Kanda T (2021) New BBB model reveals that IL-6 blockade suppressed the BBB disorder, preventing onset of NMOSD. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8:e1076PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
221.
go back to reference Thai TN, Sarayani A, Wang X, Albogami Y, Rasmussen SA, Winterstein AG (2020) Risk of pregnancy loss in patients exposed to mycophenolate compared to azathioprine: a retrospective cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 29:716–724PubMedCrossRef Thai TN, Sarayani A, Wang X, Albogami Y, Rasmussen SA, Winterstein AG (2020) Risk of pregnancy loss in patients exposed to mycophenolate compared to azathioprine: a retrospective cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 29:716–724PubMedCrossRef
222.
go back to reference Traboulsee A, Fujihara K, Kim HJ, Marignier R, O’Connor K, Sergott R, Wiendl H, Wuerfel J, Zamvil S, Pittock S, Anania V, Buffels R, Künzel T, Lennon-Chrimes S, Bennett J (2022) SAkuraBONSAI: a prospective, open-label study of satralizumab investigating novel imaging, biomarker, and clinical outcomes in patients with aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive (AQP4-IgG+) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). AAN Meet P15:002 Traboulsee A, Fujihara K, Kim HJ, Marignier R, O’Connor K, Sergott R, Wiendl H, Wuerfel J, Zamvil S, Pittock S, Anania V, Buffels R, Künzel T, Lennon-Chrimes S, Bennett J (2022) SAkuraBONSAI: a prospective, open-label study of satralizumab investigating novel imaging, biomarker, and clinical outcomes in patients with aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive (AQP4-IgG+) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). AAN Meet P15:002
223.
go back to reference Traboulsee A, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, Szczechowski L, Fox E, Shkrobot S, Yamamura T, Terada Y, Kawata Y, Wright P, Gianella-Borradori A, Garren H, Weinshenker BG (2020) Safety and efficacy of satralizumab monotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 19:402–412PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Traboulsee A, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, Szczechowski L, Fox E, Shkrobot S, Yamamura T, Terada Y, Kawata Y, Wright P, Gianella-Borradori A, Garren H, Weinshenker BG (2020) Safety and efficacy of satralizumab monotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 19:402–412PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
224.
go back to reference Tradtrantip L, Zhang H, Saadoun S, Phuan PW, Lam C, Papadopoulos MC, Bennett JL, Verkman AS (2012) Anti-aquaporin-4 monoclonal antibody blocker therapy for neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 71:314–322PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tradtrantip L, Zhang H, Saadoun S, Phuan PW, Lam C, Papadopoulos MC, Bennett JL, Verkman AS (2012) Anti-aquaporin-4 monoclonal antibody blocker therapy for neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 71:314–322PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
225.
go back to reference Trebst C, Jarius S, Berthele A, Paul F, Schippling S, Wildemann B, Borisow N, Kleiter I, Aktas O, Kumpfel T, Neuromyelitis Optica Study G (2014) Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica: recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). J Neurol 261:1–16PubMedCrossRef Trebst C, Jarius S, Berthele A, Paul F, Schippling S, Wildemann B, Borisow N, Kleiter I, Aktas O, Kumpfel T, Neuromyelitis Optica Study G (2014) Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica: recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). J Neurol 261:1–16PubMedCrossRef
226.
go back to reference Venero JL, Vizuete ML, Machado A, Cano J (2001) Aquaporins in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 63:321–336PubMedCrossRef Venero JL, Vizuete ML, Machado A, Cano J (2001) Aquaporins in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 63:321–336PubMedCrossRef
227.
go back to reference Viswanathan S, Wong AH, Quek AM, Yuki N (2015) Intravenous immunoglobulin may reduce relapse frequency in neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroimmunol 282:92–96PubMedCrossRef Viswanathan S, Wong AH, Quek AM, Yuki N (2015) Intravenous immunoglobulin may reduce relapse frequency in neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroimmunol 282:92–96PubMedCrossRef
228.
go back to reference Vollmer BL, Wallach AI, Corboy JR, Dubovskaya K, Alvarez E, Kister I (2020) Serious safety events in rituximab-treated multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 7:1477–1487PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Vollmer BL, Wallach AI, Corboy JR, Dubovskaya K, Alvarez E, Kister I (2020) Serious safety events in rituximab-treated multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 7:1477–1487PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
229.
go back to reference Vu T, Ortiz S, Katsuno M, Annane D, Mantegazza R, Beasley KN, Aguzzi R, Howard JF Jr (2023) Ravulizumab pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis. J Neurol 270:3129–3137PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Vu T, Ortiz S, Katsuno M, Annane D, Mantegazza R, Beasley KN, Aguzzi R, Howard JF Jr (2023) Ravulizumab pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis. J Neurol 270:3129–3137PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
230.
go back to reference Vukusic S, Marignier R, Ciron J, Bourre B, Cohen M, Deschamps R, Guillaume M, Kremer L, Pique J, Carra-Dalliere C, Michel L, Leray E, Guennoc AM, Laplaud D, Androdias G, Bensa C, Bigaut K, Biotti D, Branger P, Casez O, Daval E, Donze C, Dubessy AL, Dulau C, Durand-Dubief F, Hebant B, Kwiatkowski A, Lannoy J, Maarouf A, Manchon E, Mathey G, Moisset X, Montcuquet A, Roux T, Maillart E, Lebrun-Frenay C (2023) Pregnancy and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: 2022 recommendations from the French Multiple Sclerosis Society. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 29:37–51CrossRef Vukusic S, Marignier R, Ciron J, Bourre B, Cohen M, Deschamps R, Guillaume M, Kremer L, Pique J, Carra-Dalliere C, Michel L, Leray E, Guennoc AM, Laplaud D, Androdias G, Bensa C, Bigaut K, Biotti D, Branger P, Casez O, Daval E, Donze C, Dubessy AL, Dulau C, Durand-Dubief F, Hebant B, Kwiatkowski A, Lannoy J, Maarouf A, Manchon E, Mathey G, Moisset X, Montcuquet A, Roux T, Maillart E, Lebrun-Frenay C (2023) Pregnancy and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: 2022 recommendations from the French Multiple Sclerosis Society. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 29:37–51CrossRef
231.
go back to reference Wang J, Johnson T, Sahin L, Tassinari MS, Anderson PO, Baker TE, Bucci-Rechtweg C, Burckart GJ, Chambers CD, Hale TW, Johnson-Lyles D, Nelson RM, Nguyen C, Pica-Branco D, Ren Z, Sachs H, Sauberan J, Zajicek A, Ito S, Yao LP (2017) Evaluation of the safety of drugs and biological products used during lactation: workshop summary. Clin Pharmacol Ther 101:736–744PubMedCrossRef Wang J, Johnson T, Sahin L, Tassinari MS, Anderson PO, Baker TE, Bucci-Rechtweg C, Burckart GJ, Chambers CD, Hale TW, Johnson-Lyles D, Nelson RM, Nguyen C, Pica-Branco D, Ren Z, Sachs H, Sauberan J, Zajicek A, Ito S, Yao LP (2017) Evaluation of the safety of drugs and biological products used during lactation: workshop summary. Clin Pharmacol Ther 101:736–744PubMedCrossRef
232.
go back to reference Wang L, Du L, Li Q, Li F, Wang B, Zhao Y, Meng Q, Li W, Pan J, Xia J, Wu S, Yang J, Li H, Ma J, ZhangBao J, Huang W, Chang X, Tan H, Yu J, Zhou L, Lu C, Wang M, Dong Q, Lu J, Zhao C, Quan C (2022) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody: outcome prediction models. Front Immunol 13:873576PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wang L, Du L, Li Q, Li F, Wang B, Zhao Y, Meng Q, Li W, Pan J, Xia J, Wu S, Yang J, Li H, Ma J, ZhangBao J, Huang W, Chang X, Tan H, Yu J, Zhou L, Lu C, Wang M, Dong Q, Lu J, Zhao C, Quan C (2022) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody: outcome prediction models. Front Immunol 13:873576PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
233.
go back to reference Wang L, Liu K, Tan X, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Liu X, Fu Y, Qiu W, Yang H (2021) Remedial effect of intravenous cyclophosphamide in corticosteroid-refractory patients in the acute phase of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis. Front Neurol 11:612097PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wang L, Liu K, Tan X, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Liu X, Fu Y, Qiu W, Yang H (2021) Remedial effect of intravenous cyclophosphamide in corticosteroid-refractory patients in the acute phase of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis. Front Neurol 11:612097PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
234.
go back to reference Wang L, Su M, Zhou Z, Zhou L, ZhangBao J, Tan H, Huang W, Chang X, Lu C, Yu J, Wang M, Lu J, Zhao C, Zhang T, Quan C (2022) Analysis of pregnancy-related attacks in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 5:e2225438PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wang L, Su M, Zhou Z, Zhou L, ZhangBao J, Tan H, Huang W, Chang X, Lu C, Yu J, Wang M, Lu J, Zhao C, Zhang T, Quan C (2022) Analysis of pregnancy-related attacks in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 5:e2225438PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
235.
go back to reference Wang Y, Ma J, Chang H, Zhang X, Yin L (2021) Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: an update systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 55:103181PubMedCrossRef Wang Y, Ma J, Chang H, Zhang X, Yin L (2021) Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: an update systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 55:103181PubMedCrossRef
236.
go back to reference Wang Y, Zhong X, Wang H, Peng Y, Shi F, Jia D, Yang H, Zeng Q, Quan C, ZhangBao J, Lee M, Qi J, Chen X, Qiu W, Batoclimab NSG (2022) Batoclimab as an add-on therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients with acute attacks. Eur J Neurol 30:195–203PubMedCrossRef Wang Y, Zhong X, Wang H, Peng Y, Shi F, Jia D, Yang H, Zeng Q, Quan C, ZhangBao J, Lee M, Qi J, Chen X, Qiu W, Batoclimab NSG (2022) Batoclimab as an add-on therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients with acute attacks. Eur J Neurol 30:195–203PubMedCrossRef
237.
go back to reference Watanabe S, Misu T, Miyazawa I, Nakashima I, Shiga Y, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y (2007) Low-dose corticosteroids reduce relapses in neuromyelitis optica: a retrospective analysis. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 13:968–974CrossRef Watanabe S, Misu T, Miyazawa I, Nakashima I, Shiga Y, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y (2007) Low-dose corticosteroids reduce relapses in neuromyelitis optica: a retrospective analysis. Mult Scler (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Engl) 13:968–974CrossRef
238.
go back to reference Weber-Schoendorfer C, Schaefer C (2016) Pregnancy outcome after tocilizumab therapy in early pregnancy-a case series from the German Embryotox Pharmacovigilance Center. Reprod Toxicol 60:29–32PubMedCrossRef Weber-Schoendorfer C, Schaefer C (2016) Pregnancy outcome after tocilizumab therapy in early pregnancy-a case series from the German Embryotox Pharmacovigilance Center. Reprod Toxicol 60:29–32PubMedCrossRef
239.
go back to reference Weinfurtner K, Graves J, Ness J, Krupp L, Milazzo M, Waubant E (2015) Prolonged remission in neuromyelitis optica following cessation of rituximab treatment. J Child Neurol 30:1366–1370PubMedCrossRef Weinfurtner K, Graves J, Ness J, Krupp L, Milazzo M, Waubant E (2015) Prolonged remission in neuromyelitis optica following cessation of rituximab treatment. J Child Neurol 30:1366–1370PubMedCrossRef
240.
go back to reference Weinshenker BG, Barron G, Behne JM, Bennett JL, Chin PS, Cree BA, de Seze J, Flor A, Fujihara K, Greenberg B, Higashi S, Holt W, Khan O, Knappertz V, Levy M, Melia AT, Palace J, Smith TJ, Sormani MP, Van Herle K, VanMeter S, Villoslada P, Walton MK, Wasiewski W, Wingerchuk DM, Yeaman MR (2015) Challenges and opportunities in designing clinical trials for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 84:1805–1815PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Weinshenker BG, Barron G, Behne JM, Bennett JL, Chin PS, Cree BA, de Seze J, Flor A, Fujihara K, Greenberg B, Higashi S, Holt W, Khan O, Knappertz V, Levy M, Melia AT, Palace J, Smith TJ, Sormani MP, Van Herle K, VanMeter S, Villoslada P, Walton MK, Wasiewski W, Wingerchuk DM, Yeaman MR (2015) Challenges and opportunities in designing clinical trials for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 84:1805–1815PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
241.
go back to reference Weinshenker BG, O’Brien PC, Petterson TM, Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti CF, Dodick DW, Pineda AA, Stevens LN, Rodriguez M (1999) A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease. Ann Neurol 46:878–886PubMedCrossRef Weinshenker BG, O’Brien PC, Petterson TM, Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti CF, Dodick DW, Pineda AA, Stevens LN, Rodriguez M (1999) A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease. Ann Neurol 46:878–886PubMedCrossRef
242.
go back to reference Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM, Vukusic S, Linbo L, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Lennon VA (2006) Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Ann Neurol 59:566–569PubMedCrossRef Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM, Vukusic S, Linbo L, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Lennon VA (2006) Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Ann Neurol 59:566–569PubMedCrossRef
243.
go back to reference Wijnsma KL, Ter Heine R, Moes D, Langemeijer S, Schols SEM, Volokhina EB, van den Heuvel LP, Wetzels JFM, van de Kar N, Bruggemann RJ (2019) Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of eculizumab, and possibilities for an individualized approach to eculizumab. Clin Pharmacokinet 58:859–874PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wijnsma KL, Ter Heine R, Moes D, Langemeijer S, Schols SEM, Volokhina EB, van den Heuvel LP, Wetzels JFM, van de Kar N, Bruggemann RJ (2019) Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of eculizumab, and possibilities for an individualized approach to eculizumab. Clin Pharmacokinet 58:859–874PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
244.
go back to reference Wilson R, Makuch M, Kienzler AK, Varley J, Taylor J, Woodhall M, Palace J, Leite MI, Waters P, Irani SR (2018) Condition-dependent generation of aquaporin-4 antibodies from circulating B cells in neuromyelitis optica. Brain 141:1063–1074PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wilson R, Makuch M, Kienzler AK, Varley J, Taylor J, Woodhall M, Palace J, Leite MI, Waters P, Irani SR (2018) Condition-dependent generation of aquaporin-4 antibodies from circulating B cells in neuromyelitis optica. Brain 141:1063–1074PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
245.
go back to reference Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, Cabre P, Carroll W, Chitnis T, de Seze J, Fujihara K, Greenberg B, Jacob A, Jarius S, Lana-Peixoto M, Levy M, Simon JH, Tenembaum S, Traboulsee AL, Waters P, Wellik KE, Weinshenker BG (2015) International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 85:177–189PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, Cabre P, Carroll W, Chitnis T, de Seze J, Fujihara K, Greenberg B, Jacob A, Jarius S, Lana-Peixoto M, Levy M, Simon JH, Tenembaum S, Traboulsee AL, Waters P, Wellik KE, Weinshenker BG (2015) International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 85:177–189PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
246.
go back to reference Wingerchuk DM, Fujihara K, Palace J, Berthele A, Levy M, Kim HJ, Nakashima I, Oreja-Guevara C, Wang KC, Miller L, Shang S, Sabatella G, Yountz M, Pittock SJ, Group PS (2021) Long-term safety and efficacy of eculizumab in aquaporin-4 IgG-positive NMOSD. Ann Neurol 89:1088–1098PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wingerchuk DM, Fujihara K, Palace J, Berthele A, Levy M, Kim HJ, Nakashima I, Oreja-Guevara C, Wang KC, Miller L, Shang S, Sabatella G, Yountz M, Pittock SJ, Group PS (2021) Long-term safety and efficacy of eculizumab in aquaporin-4 IgG-positive NMOSD. Ann Neurol 89:1088–1098PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
247.
go back to reference Wingerchuk DM, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Lennon VA, Weinshenker BG (2007) A secondary progressive clinical course is uncommon in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 68:603–605PubMedCrossRef Wingerchuk DM, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Lennon VA, Weinshenker BG (2007) A secondary progressive clinical course is uncommon in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 68:603–605PubMedCrossRef
248.
go back to reference Wingerchuk DM, Zhang I, Kielhorn A, Royston M, Levy M, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, Tanvir I, Paul F, Pittock SJ (2022) Network meta-analysis of food and drug administration-approved treatment options for adults with aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Ther 11:123–135PubMedCrossRef Wingerchuk DM, Zhang I, Kielhorn A, Royston M, Levy M, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, Tanvir I, Paul F, Pittock SJ (2022) Network meta-analysis of food and drug administration-approved treatment options for adults with aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Ther 11:123–135PubMedCrossRef
249.
go back to reference Yamamura T, Araki M, Fujihara K, Okuno T, Misu T, Guo YC, Hemingway C, Matsushima J, Sugaya N, Yamashita M, von Büdingen HC, Miyamoto K (2022) Exploring steroid tapering in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder treated with satralizumab in SAkuraSky: a case series. Mult Scler Relat Disord 61:103772PubMedCrossRef Yamamura T, Araki M, Fujihara K, Okuno T, Misu T, Guo YC, Hemingway C, Matsushima J, Sugaya N, Yamashita M, von Büdingen HC, Miyamoto K (2022) Exploring steroid tapering in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder treated with satralizumab in SAkuraSky: a case series. Mult Scler Relat Disord 61:103772PubMedCrossRef
250.
go back to reference Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K, Palace J, Greenberg B, Zakrzewska-Pniewska B, Patti F, Tsai CP, Saiz A, Yamazaki H, Kawata Y, Wright P, De Seze J (2019) Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med 381:2114–2124PubMedCrossRef Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K, Palace J, Greenberg B, Zakrzewska-Pniewska B, Patti F, Tsai CP, Saiz A, Yamazaki H, Kawata Y, Wright P, De Seze J (2019) Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med 381:2114–2124PubMedCrossRef
251.
go back to reference Yamamura T, Weinshenker B, Yeaman MR, De Seze J, Patti F, Lobo P, von Budingen HC, Kou X, Weber K, Greenberg B (2022) Long-term safety of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) from SAkuraSky and SAkuraStar. Mult Scler Relat Disord 66:104025PubMedCrossRef Yamamura T, Weinshenker B, Yeaman MR, De Seze J, Patti F, Lobo P, von Budingen HC, Kou X, Weber K, Greenberg B (2022) Long-term safety of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) from SAkuraSky and SAkuraStar. Mult Scler Relat Disord 66:104025PubMedCrossRef
252.
go back to reference Yang S, Zhang C, Zhang TX, Feng B, Jia D, Han S, Li T, Shen Y, Yan G, Zhang C (2022) A real-world study of interleukin-6 receptor blockade in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neurol 270:348–356PubMedCrossRef Yang S, Zhang C, Zhang TX, Feng B, Jia D, Han S, Li T, Shen Y, Yan G, Zhang C (2022) A real-world study of interleukin-6 receptor blockade in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neurol 270:348–356PubMedCrossRef
253.
go back to reference Zéphir H, Bernard-Valnet R, Lebrun C, Outteryck O, Audoin B, Bourre B, Pittion S, Wiertlewski S, Ouallet JC, Neau JP, Ciron J, Clavelou P, Marignier R, Brassat D (2015) Rituximab as first-line therapy in neuromyelitis optica: efficiency and tolerability. J Neurol 262:2329–2335PubMedCrossRef Zéphir H, Bernard-Valnet R, Lebrun C, Outteryck O, Audoin B, Bourre B, Pittion S, Wiertlewski S, Ouallet JC, Neau JP, Ciron J, Clavelou P, Marignier R, Brassat D (2015) Rituximab as first-line therapy in neuromyelitis optica: efficiency and tolerability. J Neurol 262:2329–2335PubMedCrossRef
254.
go back to reference Zhang C, Tian DC, Yang CS, Han B, Wang J, Yang L, Shi FD (2017) Safety and efficacy of bortezomib in patients with highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. JAMA Neurol 74:1010–1012PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhang C, Tian DC, Yang CS, Han B, Wang J, Yang L, Shi FD (2017) Safety and efficacy of bortezomib in patients with highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. JAMA Neurol 74:1010–1012PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
255.
go back to reference Zhang C, Zhang M, Qiu W, Ma H, Zhang X, Zhu Z, Yang C-S, Jia D, Zhang T-X, Yuan M, Feng Y, Yang L, Lu W, Yu C, Bennett JL, Shi F-D (2020) Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 19:391–401PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhang C, Zhang M, Qiu W, Ma H, Zhang X, Zhu Z, Yang C-S, Jia D, Zhang T-X, Yuan M, Feng Y, Yang L, Lu W, Yu C, Bennett JL, Shi F-D (2020) Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 19:391–401PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
256.
go back to reference Zhang P, Liu B (2020) Effect of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 55:1928–1934PubMedCrossRef Zhang P, Liu B (2020) Effect of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 55:1928–1934PubMedCrossRef
257.
go back to reference Zhang Y, Li D, Guo H, Wang W, Li X, Shen S (2021) Association between thiopurines use and pregnancy outcomes in female patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Curr Pharm Des 27:2317–2324PubMedCrossRef Zhang Y, Li D, Guo H, Wang W, Li X, Shen S (2021) Association between thiopurines use and pregnancy outcomes in female patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Curr Pharm Des 27:2317–2324PubMedCrossRef
258.
go back to reference Zhong X, Zhou Y, Lu T, Wang Z, Fang L, Peng L, Kermode AG, Qiu W (2018) Infections in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Clin Neurosci 47:14–19PubMedCrossRef Zhong X, Zhou Y, Lu T, Wang Z, Fang L, Peng L, Kermode AG, Qiu W (2018) Infections in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Clin Neurosci 47:14–19PubMedCrossRef
259.
go back to reference Zubizarreta I, Florez-Grau G, Vila G, Cabezon R, Espana C, Andorra M, Saiz A, Llufriu S, Sepulveda M, Sola-Valls N, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Pulido-Valdeolivas I, Casanova B, Martinez Gines M, Tellez N, Oreja-Guevara C, Espanol M, Trias E, Cid J, Juan M, Lozano M, Blanco Y, Steinman L, Benitez-Ribas D, Villoslada P (2019) Immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica with peptide-loaded tolerogenic dendritic cells in a phase 1b trial. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116:8463–8470PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zubizarreta I, Florez-Grau G, Vila G, Cabezon R, Espana C, Andorra M, Saiz A, Llufriu S, Sepulveda M, Sola-Valls N, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Pulido-Valdeolivas I, Casanova B, Martinez Gines M, Tellez N, Oreja-Guevara C, Espanol M, Trias E, Cid J, Juan M, Lozano M, Blanco Y, Steinman L, Benitez-Ribas D, Villoslada P (2019) Immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica with peptide-loaded tolerogenic dendritic cells in a phase 1b trial. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116:8463–8470PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) – revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part II: Attack therapy and long-term management
Authors
Tania Kümpfel
Katrin Giglhuber
Orhan Aktas
Ilya Ayzenberg
Judith Bellmann-Strobl
Vivien Häußler
Joachim Havla
Kerstin Hellwig
Martin W. Hümmert
Sven Jarius
Ingo Kleiter
Luisa Klotz
Markus Krumbholz
Friedemann Paul
Marius Ringelstein
Klemens Ruprecht
Makbule Senel
Jan-Patrick Stellmann
Florian Then Bergh
Corinna Trebst
Hayrettin Tumani
Clemens Warnke
Brigitte Wildemann
Achim Berthele
The Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS)
Publication date
07-09-2023
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Journal of Neurology / Issue 1/2024
Print ISSN: 0340-5354
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1459
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-023-11910-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2024

Journal of Neurology 1/2024 Go to the issue