Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current Addiction Reports
Published in: Current Addiction Reports 2/2015

01-06-2015 | Adolescent Substance Abuse (TA Chung, Section Editor)

Neuroimaging Risk Markers for Substance Abuse: Recent Findings on Inhibitory Control and Reward System Functioning

Authors: Mary M. Heitzeg, Lora M. Cope, Meghan E. Martz, Jillian E. Hardee

Published in: Current Addiction Reports | Issue 2/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Rates of alcohol and other drug use rise sharply throughout adolescence and peak in the early 20s. Likewise, prevalence of first-time substance use disorder (SUD) and past-year SUD both peak between ages 18–23. SUD is associated with a host of negative outcomes and is a serious health concern. Understanding the mechanisms that precede the onset and escalation of substance use is crucial in order to develop more effective prevention and intervention strategies for children and adolescents at risk for SUD. In this review, we discuss recent findings from functional neuroimaging studies in children, adolescents, and emerging adults that focus on uncovering the neural underpinnings of SUD risk. The focus is on inhibitory control and reward circuitry due to their involvement in risk-taking behaviors, which are heightened in adolescence and may facilitate substance use. We discuss convergences in the literature and highlight findings suggesting that the association between SUD risk and neurofunctioning may be moderated by age, gender, and history of substance use. Recommendations for future directions are also discussed.
Literature
1.
D’Amico EJ, Ellickson PL, Collins RL, Martino S, Klein DJ. Processes linking adolescent problems to substance-use problems in late young adulthood. J Stud Alcohol. 2005;66:766–75.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE, Miech RA. Monitoring the future: national survey results on drug use, 1975–2013: volume 1, secondary school students. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan; 2014.
3.
Ellickson PL, McCaffrey DF, Ghosh-Dastidar B, Longshore DL. New inroads in preventing adolescent drug use: results from a large-scale trial of project ALERT in middle schools. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:1830–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
Grant BF, Dawson DA. Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. J Subst Abus. 1997;9:103–10.CrossRef
5.
Grant BF, Dawson DA. Age of onset of drug use and its association with DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. J Subst Abus. 1998;10:163–73.CrossRef
6.
7.
8.
Rehm J, Room R, Monteiro M, Gmel G, Graham K, et al. Alcohol as a risk factor for global burden of disease. Eur Addict Res. 2003;9:157–64.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Eisenberg N, Guthrie IK, Fabes RA, Reiser M, Murphy BC, et al. The relations of regulation and emotionality to resiliency and competent social functioning in elementary school children. Child Dev. 1997;68:295–311.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Nigg JT. On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychol Bull. 2000;126:220–46.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zucker RA, Heitzeg MM, Nigg JT. Parsing the undercontrol/disinhibition pathway to substance use disorders: a multilevel developmental problem. Child Dev Perspect. 2011;5:248–55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
Young SE, Friedman NP, Miyake A, Willcutt EG, Corley RP, et al. Behavioral disinhibition: liability for externalizing spectrum disorders and its genetic and environmental relation to response inhibition across adolescence. J Abnorm Psychol. 2009;118:117–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
Wills TA, Vaccaro D, McNamara G, Hirky AE. Escalated substance use: a longitudinal grouping analysis from early to middle adolescence. J Abnorm Psychol. 1996;105:166–80.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Miller P, Plant M. Heavy cannabis use among UK teenagers: an exploration. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002;65:235–42.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Rohde P, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR. Psychiatric comorbidity with problematic alcohol use in high school students. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:101–9.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Silveri MM, Rogowska J, McCaffrey A, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Adolescents at risk for alcohol abuse demonstrate altered frontal lobe activation during Stroop performance. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35:218–28.PubMedCrossRef
17.
McNamee RL, Dunfee KL, Luna B, Clark DB, Eddy WF, et al. Brain activation, response inhibition, and increased risk for substance use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32:405–13.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Schweinsburg AD, Paulus MP, Barlett VC, Killeen LA, Caldwell LC, et al. An FMRI study of response inhibition in youths with a family history of alcoholism. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1021:391–4.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Heitzeg MM, Nigg JT, Yau WY, Zucker RA, Zubieta JK. Striatal dysfunction marks preexisting risk and medial prefrontal dysfunction is related to problem drinking in children of alcoholics. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68:287–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
Tottenham N, Hare TA, Casey BJ. Behavioral assessment of emotion discrimination, emotion regulation, and cognitive control in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Front Psychol. 2011;2:39.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Rubia K, Smith AB, Woolley J, Nosarti C, Heyman I, et al. Progressive increase of frontostriatal brain activation from childhood to adulthood during event-related tasks of cognitive control. Hum Brain Mapp. 2006;27:973–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
Hardee JE, Weiland BJ, Nichols TE, Welsh RC, Soules ME, et al. Development of impulse control circuitry in children of alcoholics. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76:708–16.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.•
Norman AL, Pulido C, Squeglia LM, Spadoni AD, Paulus MP, et al. Neural activation during inhibition predicts initiation of substance use in adolescence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;119:216–23. This is the first prospective study demonstrating that early inhibitory functioning in youth with little or no substance use may predict later initiation of heavy drinking. This work moves the field beyond investigating neural risk factors based on expected outcomes inferred by family history or other measures and provides a more definitive link between early brain functioning and later outcomes.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
Mahmood OM, Goldenberg D, Thayer R, Migliorini R, Simmons AN, et al. Adolescents’ fMRI activation to a response inhibition task predicts future substance use. Addict Behav. 2013;38:1435–41.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Grabner RH, Ansari D, Reishofer G, Stern E, Ebner F, et al. Individual differences in mathematical competence predict parietal brain activation during mental calculation. Neuroimage. 2007;38:346–56.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Hartwigsen G, Baumgaertner A, Price CJ, Koehnke M, Ulmer S, et al. Phonological decisions require both the left and right supramarginal gyri. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:16494–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.•
Wetherill RR, Squeglia LM, Yang TT, Tapert SF. A longitudinal examination of adolescent response inhibition: neural differences before and after the initiation of heavy drinking. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013;230:663–71. This longitudinal study is the first to examine differences in response inhibition circuitry functioning before and after heavy substance use in adolescence. The novel finding of blunted activation prior to and heightened activation following heavy use are a first step to disentangling preexisting risk for effects of substance use in the brain.CrossRef
28.
Ridderinkhof KR, Ullsperger M, Crone EA, Nieuwenhuis S. The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control. Science. 2004;306:443–7.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Heitzeg MM, Nigg JT, Hardee JE, Soules M, Steinberg D, et al. Left middle frontal gyrus response to inhibitory errors in children prospectively predicts early problem substance use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;141:51–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
Schumann G, Loth E, Banaschewski T, Barbot A, Barker G, et al. The IMAGEN study: reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;15:1128–39.PubMedCrossRef
31.••
Whelan R, Watts R, Orr CA, Althoff RR, Artiges E, et al. Neuropsychosocial profiles of current and future adolescent alcohol misusers. Nature. 2014;512:185–9. This paper presents a generalizable risk profile for prediction of binge drinking using data from a large-scale, multi-site longitudinal study. Using machine learning, models of risk were generated incorporating a broad range of factors including personality, life experience, cognition, genetics, brain structure, and brain function. Of particular significance in this work is the rigorous methodology, which included cross-validation and replication. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Braet W, Johnson KA, Tobin CT, Acheson R, McDonnell C, et al. fMRI activation during response inhibition and error processing: the role of the DAT1 gene in typically developing adolescents and those diagnosed with ADHD. Neuropsychologia. 2011;49:1641–50.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Cummins TD, Hawi Z, Hocking J, Strudwick M, Hester R, et al. Dopamine transporter genotype predicts behavioural and neural measures of response inhibition. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:1086–92.PubMedCrossRef
34.
35.
Erblich J, Lerman C, Self DW, Diaz GA, Bovbjerg DH. Stress-induced cigarette craving: effects of the DRD2 TaqI RFLP and SLC6A3 VNTR polymorphisms. Pharmacogenomics J. 2004;4:102–9.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Devito EE, Meda SA, Jiantonio R, Potenza MN, Krystal JH, et al. Neural correlates of impulsivity in healthy males and females with family histories of alcoholism. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38:1854–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
38.
Spear LP. Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2011;1:390–403.PubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
40.
Robinson TE, Berridge KC. The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive- sensitization view. Addiction. 2000;95 Suppl 2:S91–S117.PubMed
41.
Piazza PV, Rouge-Pont F, Deminiere JM, Kharoubi M, Le Moal M, et al. Dopaminergic activity is reduced in the prefrontal cortex and increased in the nucleus accumbens of rats predisposed to develop amphetamine self-administration. Brain Res. 1991;567:169–74.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Maynard L, Fowler JS, Jayne B, et al. Effects of alcohol detoxification on dopamine D2 receptors in alcoholics: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res. 2002;116:163–72.PubMedCrossRef
43.
McBride WJ, Li TK. Animal models of alcoholism: neurobiology of high alcohol-drinking behavior in rodents. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 1998;12:339–69.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Hariri AR, Brown SM, Williamson DE, Flory JD, de Wit H, et al. Preference for immediate over delayed rewards is associated with magnitude of ventral striatal activity. J Neurosci. 2006;26:13213–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
McClure SM, Laibson DI, Loewenstein G, Cohen JD. Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science. 2004;306:503–7.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Blum K, Braverman ER, Holder JM, Lubar JF, Monastra VJ, et al. Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2000;32(Suppl):i–iv. 1–112.PubMed
47.
Stice E, Yokum S. Brain reward region responsivity of adolescents with and without parental substance use disorders. Psychol Addict Behav. 2014;28:805–15.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Boileau I, Dagher A, Leyton M, Gunn RN, Baker GB, et al. Modeling sensitization to stimulants in humans: an [11C]raclopride/positron emission tomography study in healthy men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:1386–95.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Nocjar C, Panksepp J. Prior morphine experience induces long-term increases in social interest and in appetitive behavior for natural reward. Behav Brain Res. 2007;181:191–9.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Chassin L, Pitts SC, DeLucia C, Todd M. A longitudinal study of children of alcoholics: predicting young adult substance use disorders, anxiety, and depression. J Abnorm Psychol. 1999;108:106–19.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Sher KJ, Walitzer KS, Wood PK, Brent EE. Characteristics of children of alcoholics: putative risk factors, substance use and abuse, and psychopathology. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100:427–48.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Yau WY, Zubieta JK, Weiland BJ, Samudra PG, Zucker RA, et al. Nucleus accumbens response to incentive stimuli anticipation in children of alcoholics: relationships with precursive behavioral risk and lifetime alcohol use. J Neurosci. 2012;32:2544–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
Knutson B, Fong GW, Adams CM, Varner JL, Hommer D. Dissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI. Neuroreport. 2001;12:3683–7.PubMedCrossRef
54.
55.
Muller KU, Gan G, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde AL, et al. No differences in ventral striatum responsivity between adolescents with a positive family history of alcoholism and controls. Addict Biol. 2014; Advance online publication. doi:10.​1111/​adb.​12136.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Bjork JM, Knutson B, Hommer DW. Incentive-elicited striatal activation in adolescent children of alcoholics. Addiction. 2008;103:1308–19.PubMedCrossRef
57.•
Heitzeg MM, Villafuerte S, Weiland BJ, Enoch MA, Burmeister M, et al. Effect of GABRA2 genotype on development of incentive-motivation circuitry in a sample enriched for alcoholism risk. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014;39:3077–86. This is the first demonstration that risk-related differences in reward system responsivity may be developmentally modulated. Importantly, this was demonstrated within-subjects using a longitudinal design.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Olson EA, Collins PF, Hooper CJ, Muetzel R, Lim KO, et al. White matter integrity predicts delay discounting behavior in 9- to 23-year-olds: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J Cogn Neurosci. 2009;21:1406–21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Olson EA, Hooper CJ, Collins P, Luciana M. Adolescents’ performance on delay and probability discounting tasks: contributions of age, intelligence, executive functioning, and self-reported externalizing behavior. Personal Individ Differ. 2007;43:1886–97.CrossRef
60.
Scheres A, Dijkstra M, Ainslie E, Balkan J, Reynolds B, et al. Temporal and probabilistic discounting of rewards in children and adolescents: effects of age and ADHD symptoms. Neuropsychologia. 2006;44:2092–103.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Steinberg L, Graham S, O’Brien L, Woolard J, Cauffman E, et al. Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting. Child Dev. 2009;80:28–44.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Steinberg L. A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking. Dev Psychobiol. 2010;52:216–24.PubMed
63.
64.
Ivanov I, Liu X, Shulz K, Fan J, London E, et al. Parental substance abuse and function of the motivation and behavioral inhibition systems in drug-naive youth. Psychiatry Res. 2012;201:128–35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
65.
66.
Ernst M, Nelson EE, McClure EB, Monk CS, Munson S, et al. Choice selection and reward anticipation: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia. 2004;42:1585–97.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Cservenka A, Casimo K, Fair DA, Nagel BJ. Resting state functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens in youth with a family history of alcoholism. Psychiatry Res. 2014;221:210–9.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Weiland BJ, Welsh RC, Yau WY, Zucker RA, Zubieta JK, et al. Accumbens functional connectivity during reward mediates sensation-seeking and alcohol use in high-risk youth. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;128:130–9.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Yacubian J, Sommer T, Schroeder K, Glascher J, Kalisch R, et al. Gene-gene interaction associated with neural reward sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:8125–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
Camara E, Kramer UM, Cunillera T, Marco-Pallares J, Cucurell D, et al. The effects of COMT (Val108/158Met) and DRD4 (SNP -521) dopamine genotypes on brain activations related to valence and magnitude of rewards. Cereb Cortex. 2010;20:1985–96.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Dreher JC, Kohn P, Kolachana B, Weinberger DR, Berman KF. Variation in dopamine genes influences responsivity of the human reward system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:617–22.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Forbes EE, Brown SM, Kimak M, Ferrell RE, Manuck SB, et al. Genetic variation in components of dopamine neurotransmission impacts ventral striatal reactivity associated with impulsivity. Mol Psychiatry. 2009;14:60–70.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Rada P, Mark GP, Hoebel BG. Galanin in the hypothalamus raises dopamine and lowers acetylcholine release in the nucleus accumbens: a possible mechanism for hypothalamic initiation of feeding behavior. Brain Res. 1998;798:1–6.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Rada P, Avena NM, Leibowitz SF, Hoebel BG. Ethanol intake is increased by injection of galanin in the paraventricular nucleus and reduced by a galanin antagonist. Alcohol. 2004;33:91–7.PubMedCrossRef
75.••
Nikolova YS, Singhi EK, Drabant EM, Hariri AR. Reward-related ventral striatum reactivity mediates gender-specific effects of a galanin remote enhancer haplotype on problem drinking. Genes Brain Behav. 2013;12:516–24. This is one of very few studies to investigate gender differences in genetic and neural risk factors that may underlie risk for problem substance use. Results suggest different pathways involved in risk for males and females.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Villafuerte S, Heitzeg MM, Foley S, Yau WY, Majczenko K, et al. Impulsiveness and insula activation during reward anticipation are associated with genetic variants in GABRA2 in a family sample enriched for alcoholism. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:511–9.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Schwarzer C, Berresheim U, Pirker S, Wieselthaler A, Fuchs K, et al. Distribution of the major gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptor subunits in the basal ganglia and associated limbic brain areas of the adult rat. J Comp Neurol. 2001;433:526–49.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Steffensen SC, Svingos AL, Pickel VM, Henriksen SJ. Electrophysiological characterization of GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. J Neurosci. 1998;18:8003–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Edenberg HJ, Dick DM, Xuei X, Tian H, Almasy L, et al. Variations in GABRA2, encoding the alpha 2 subunit of the GABA(A) receptor, are associated with alcohol dependence and with brain oscillations. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74:705–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
Covault J, Gelernter J, Hesselbrock V, Nellissery M, Kranzler HR. Allelic and haplotypic association of GABRA2 with alcohol dependence. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2004;129B:104–9.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Dick DM, Latendresse SJ, Lansford JE, Budde JP, Goate A, et al. Role of GABRA2 in trajectories of externalizing behavior across development and evidence of moderation by parental monitoring. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:649–57.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
Dager AD, Anderson BM, Rosen R, Khadka S, Sawyer B, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response to alcohol pictures predicts subsequent transition to heavy drinking in college students. Addiction. 2014;109:585–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
Schacht JP, Anton RF, Myrick H. Functional neuroimaging studies of alcohol cue reactivity: a quantitative meta-analysis and systematic review. Addict Biol. 2013;18:121–33.PubMedCrossRef
84.
85.
Harford TC, Grant BF, Yi HY, Chen CM. Patterns of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence criteria among adolescents and adults: results from the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29:810–28.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Pub. No. SMA 13-4795. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2013.
87.
Hommer DW, Bjork JM, Gilman JM. Imaging brain response to reward in addictive disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1216:50–61.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Lisdahl KM, Gilbart ER, Wright NE, Shollenbarger S. Dare to delay? The impacts of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use onset on cognition, brain structure, and function. Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:53.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Lisdahl KM, Wright NE, Kirchner-Medina C, Maple KE, Shollenbarger S. Considering Cannabis: the effects of regular cannabis use on neurocognition in adolescents and young adults. Curr Addict Rep. 2014;1:144–56.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
90.
Jacobus J, Tapert SF. Neurotoxic effects of alcohol in adolescence. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:703–21.PubMedCrossRef
91.
92.
Goodwin DW. The genetics of alcoholism. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1983;34:1031–4.PubMed
93.
Goodwin DW. Familial alcoholism: a separate entity? Subst Alcohol Actions Misuse. 1983;4:129–36.PubMed
94.
Olson SL, Bates JE, Bayles K. Early antecedents of childhood impulsivity: the role of parent-child interaction, cognitive competence, and temperament. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1990;18:317–34.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Spear LP. The adolescent brain and the college drinker: biological basis of propensity to use and misuse alcohol. J Stud Alcohol Suppl. 2002;71–81.
96.
Hussong A, Bauer D, Chassin L. Telescoped trajectories from alcohol initiation to disorder in children of alcoholic parents. J Abnorm Psychol. 2008;117:63–78.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
Dielman TE, Butchart AT, Shope JT. Structural equation model tests of patterns of family interaction, peer alcohol use, and intrapersonal predictors of adolescent alcohol use and misuse. J Drug Educ. 1993;23:273–316.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Chein J, Albert D, O’Brien L, Uckert K, Steinberg L. Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain’s reward circuitry. Dev Sci. 2011;14:F1–F10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
Smith AR, Steinberg L, Strang N, Chein J. Age differences in the impact of peers on adolescents’ and adults’ neural response to reward. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2015;11:75–82.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Neuroimaging Risk Markers for Substance Abuse: Recent Findings on Inhibitory Control and Reward System Functioning
Authors
Mary M. Heitzeg
Lora M. Cope
Meghan E. Martz
Jillian E. Hardee
Publication date
01-06-2015
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Current Addiction Reports / Issue 2/2015
Electronic ISSN: 2196-2952
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0048-9

Other articles of this Issue 2/2015

Current Addiction Reports 2/2015 Go to the issue

Technology and Addiction (M Griffiths, Section Editor)

Online Gambling Addiction: the Relationship Between Internet Gambling and Disordered Gambling

Technology and Addiction (M Griffiths, Section Editor)

Can Disordered Mobile Phone Use Be Considered a Behavioral Addiction? An Update on Current Evidence and a Comprehensive Model for Future Research

Adolescent Substance Abuse (TA Chung, Section Editor)

On the Development of Implicit and Control Processes in Relation to Substance Use in Adolescence

Adolescent Substance Abuse (TA Chung, Section Editor)

Psychological and Neurobiological Precursors of Alcohol Use Disorders in High-Risk Youth

Adolescent Substance Abuse (TA Chung, Section Editor)

Integrative Model of the Relationship Between Sleep Problems and Risk for Youth Substance Use

Technology and Addiction (M Griffiths, Section Editor)

Online Social Network Site Addiction: A Comprehensive Review