Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 12/2013

01-12-2013 | Neuro-Ophthalmology (A Kawasaki, Section Editor)

Neuro-ophthalmologic Complications of Neoplastic Leptomeningeal Disease

Author: Gabriella Szatmáry

Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | Issue 12/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Neoplastic leptomeningeal disease (NLD), which encompasses both primary and secondary leptomeningeal tumors, has a devastating impact on the life of cancer patients. The present diagnostic technical armamentarium is insufficient for early diagnosis of NLD. However, NLD may present with subtle neuro-ophthalmic features at a time of relatively small tumor burden, which gives the provider first encountering these patients the window of opportunity for early diagnosis and consequently improved life expectancy and quality of life of these patients. Therefore, familiarity with early, often subtle neuro-ophthalmic features is an essential tool for diagnosing these patients prior to the development of fixed deficits, which usually portend a dismal prognosis. Future evolving laboratory and neuroimaging technologies are expected to advance our understanding of underlying pathophysiology and early detection of NLD. This paper provides an up-to-date review and synthesis of the current literature with focus on neuro-ophthalmic features and their underlying pathophysiology.
Literature
1.
go back to reference •• Clarke JL. Leptomeningeal metastasis from systemic cancer. Continuum. 2012;18:328–42. This review article of leptomeningeal metastasis from systemic cancer is an in-depth recap of LM and includes clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and therapy. It is notable for its clinically oriented style with representative case presentations. PubMed •• Clarke JL. Leptomeningeal metastasis from systemic cancer. Continuum. 2012;18:328–42. This review article of leptomeningeal metastasis from systemic cancer is an in-depth recap of LM and includes clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and therapy. It is notable for its clinically oriented style with representative case presentations. PubMed
2.
go back to reference • Noval S, Ortiz-Pérez S, Sánchez-Dalmau BF, et al. Neuro-ophthalmological features of primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2011;31:299–305. In this article the authors present 2 new cases and review the literature on the neuro-ophthalmic features of primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis, a rare primary neoplasm of the leptomeninges. PubMedCrossRef • Noval S, Ortiz-Pérez S, Sánchez-Dalmau BF, et al. Neuro-ophthalmological features of primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2011;31:299–305. In this article the authors present 2 new cases and review the literature on the neuro-ophthalmic features of primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis, a rare primary neoplasm of the leptomeninges. PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Lachance DH, O'Neill BP, Macdonald DR, et al. Primary leptomeningeal lymphoma: report of 9 cases, diagnosis with immunocytochemical analysis, and review of the literature. Neurology. 1991;41:95–100.PubMedCrossRef Lachance DH, O'Neill BP, Macdonald DR, et al. Primary leptomeningeal lymphoma: report of 9 cases, diagnosis with immunocytochemical analysis, and review of the literature. Neurology. 1991;41:95–100.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Demir MK, Aker FV, Akinci O, Ozgültekin A. Case 134: primary leptomeningeal melanomatosis. Radiology. 2008;247:905–9.PubMedCrossRef Demir MK, Aker FV, Akinci O, Ozgültekin A. Case 134: primary leptomeningeal melanomatosis. Radiology. 2008;247:905–9.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Zadro I, Brinar VV, Barun B, et al. Primary diffuse meningeal melanomatosis. Neurologist. 2010;16:117–9.PubMedCrossRef Zadro I, Brinar VV, Barun B, et al. Primary diffuse meningeal melanomatosis. Neurologist. 2010;16:117–9.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Bernardini FP, Croxatto JO, Nozza P, Rossi A, Capris P. Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis in children: a clinical pathologic correlation. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;29:93–7.PubMedCrossRef Bernardini FP, Croxatto JO, Nozza P, Rossi A, Capris P. Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis in children: a clinical pathologic correlation. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;29:93–7.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Scott BJ, Kesari S. Leptomeningeal metastases in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 2013;3:117–26.PubMed Scott BJ, Kesari S. Leptomeningeal metastases in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 2013;3:117–26.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Le Rhun E, Taillibert S, Zairi F, et al. A retrospective case series of 103 consecutive patients with leptomeningeal metastasis and breast cancer. J Neurooncol. 2013;113:83–92.PubMedCrossRef Le Rhun E, Taillibert S, Zairi F, et al. A retrospective case series of 103 consecutive patients with leptomeningeal metastasis and breast cancer. J Neurooncol. 2013;113:83–92.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Niwińska A, Rudnicka H, Murawska M. Breast cancer leptomeningeal metastasis: propensity of breast cancer subtypes for leptomeninges and the analysis of factors influencing survival. Med Oncol. 2013;30:408.PubMedCrossRef Niwińska A, Rudnicka H, Murawska M. Breast cancer leptomeningeal metastasis: propensity of breast cancer subtypes for leptomeninges and the analysis of factors influencing survival. Med Oncol. 2013;30:408.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Pape E, Desmedt E, Zairi F, et al. Leptomeningeal metastasis in melanoma: a prospective clinical study of nine patients. In Vivo. 2012;26:1079–86.PubMed Pape E, Desmedt E, Zairi F, et al. Leptomeningeal metastasis in melanoma: a prospective clinical study of nine patients. In Vivo. 2012;26:1079–86.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Harstad L, Hess KR, Groves MD. Prognostic factors and outcomes in patients with leptomeningeal melanomatosis. Neuro Oncol. 2008;10:1010–8.PubMedCrossRef Harstad L, Hess KR, Groves MD. Prognostic factors and outcomes in patients with leptomeningeal melanomatosis. Neuro Oncol. 2008;10:1010–8.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Schaefer N, Rasch K, Moehlenbruch M, et al. Leptomeningeal melanomatosis: stabilization of disease due to radiation, temozolomide and intrathecal liposomal cytarabine. Acta Oncol. 2011;50:1260–2.PubMedCrossRef Schaefer N, Rasch K, Moehlenbruch M, et al. Leptomeningeal melanomatosis: stabilization of disease due to radiation, temozolomide and intrathecal liposomal cytarabine. Acta Oncol. 2011;50:1260–2.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Morris PG, Reiner AS, Szenberg OR, Clarke JL, et al. Leptomeningeal metastasis from nonsmall cell lung cancer: survival and the impact of whole brain radiotherapy. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7:382–5.PubMedCrossRef Morris PG, Reiner AS, Szenberg OR, Clarke JL, et al. Leptomeningeal metastasis from nonsmall cell lung cancer: survival and the impact of whole brain radiotherapy. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7:382–5.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Nagpal S, Riess J, Wakelee H. Treatment of leptomeningeal spread of NSCLC: a continuing challenge. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2012;13:491–504.PubMedCrossRef Nagpal S, Riess J, Wakelee H. Treatment of leptomeningeal spread of NSCLC: a continuing challenge. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2012;13:491–504.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Sabater AL, Sadaba LM, de Nova E. Ocular symptoms secondary to meningeal carcinomatosis in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol. 2012;12:65. Sabater AL, Sadaba LM, de Nova E. Ocular symptoms secondary to meningeal carcinomatosis in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol. 2012;12:65.
16.
go back to reference Kleinfeld K, Peters WH, Stephenson C, Azar NJ. Leptomeningeal metastasis from occult signet-ring cell colon adenocarcinoma presenting with isolated headache. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20:890–2.PubMedCrossRef Kleinfeld K, Peters WH, Stephenson C, Azar NJ. Leptomeningeal metastasis from occult signet-ring cell colon adenocarcinoma presenting with isolated headache. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20:890–2.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Tomita H, Yasui H, Boku N, et al. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis associated with gastric cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2012;17:361–6.PubMedCrossRef Tomita H, Yasui H, Boku N, et al. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis associated with gastric cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2012;17:361–6.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference •• Le Rhun E, Taillibert S, Chamberlain MC. Carcinomatous meningitis: Leptomeningeal metastases in solid tumors. Surg Neurol Int. 2013;4 Suppl 4:S265–88. This is a comprehensive review of patients with systemic solid tumors with leptomeningeal metastasis with a focus on neurosurgically relevant issues. The strength of this paper is the detailed description of available and investigational treatments and treatment-related complications. PubMed •• Le Rhun E, Taillibert S, Chamberlain MC. Carcinomatous meningitis: Leptomeningeal metastases in solid tumors. Surg Neurol Int. 2013;4 Suppl 4:S265–88. This is a comprehensive review of patients with systemic solid tumors with leptomeningeal metastasis with a focus on neurosurgically relevant issues. The strength of this paper is the detailed description of available and investigational treatments and treatment-related complications. PubMed
20.
go back to reference Yeung SN, Paton KE, Dorovini-Zis K, Chew JB, White VA. Histopathologic features of multiple myeloma involving the optic nerves. J Neuroophthalmol. 2008;28:12–6.PubMedCrossRef Yeung SN, Paton KE, Dorovini-Zis K, Chew JB, White VA. Histopathologic features of multiple myeloma involving the optic nerves. J Neuroophthalmol. 2008;28:12–6.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Stojkovic T, de Seze J, Maurage CA, et al. Atypical form of non-Langerhans histiocytosis with disseminated brain and leptomeningeal lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:675–8.PubMedCrossRef Stojkovic T, de Seze J, Maurage CA, et al. Atypical form of non-Langerhans histiocytosis with disseminated brain and leptomeningeal lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:675–8.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference • Gold DR, Nadel RE, Vangelakos CG, et al. Pearls and oy-sters: the utility of cytology and flow cytometry in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal leukemia. Neurology. 2013;80:e156–9. This article is notable for its clinically relevant style presentation of a leukemia patient with leptomeningeal spread and its succinct diagnostic recommendations. PubMedCrossRef • Gold DR, Nadel RE, Vangelakos CG, et al. Pearls and oy-sters: the utility of cytology and flow cytometry in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal leukemia. Neurology. 2013;80:e156–9. This article is notable for its clinically relevant style presentation of a leukemia patient with leptomeningeal spread and its succinct diagnostic recommendations. PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Liang H, Luo B, Liu J. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma presenting with ophthalmoplegia and gingival pain. J Neuroophthalmol. 2006;26:153–4.PubMedCrossRef Liang H, Luo B, Liu J. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma presenting with ophthalmoplegia and gingival pain. J Neuroophthalmol. 2006;26:153–4.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Choi JY, Kafkala C, Foster CS. Primary intraocular lymphoma: a review. Semin Ophthalmol. 2006;21:125–33.PubMedCrossRef Choi JY, Kafkala C, Foster CS. Primary intraocular lymphoma: a review. Semin Ophthalmol. 2006;21:125–33.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Kim SK, Chan CC, Wallace DJ. Management of primary intraocular lymphoma. Curr Oncol Rep. 2005;7:74–9.PubMedCrossRef Kim SK, Chan CC, Wallace DJ. Management of primary intraocular lymphoma. Curr Oncol Rep. 2005;7:74–9.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Valluri S, Moorthy RS, Khan A, Rao NA. Combination treatment of intraocular lymphoma. Retina. 1995;15:125–9.PubMedCrossRef Valluri S, Moorthy RS, Khan A, Rao NA. Combination treatment of intraocular lymphoma. Retina. 1995;15:125–9.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Pérez-Bovet J, Rimbau-Muñoz J, Martín-Ferrer S. Anaplastic ependymoma with holocordal and intracranial meningeal carcinomatosis and holospinal bone metastases. Neurosurgery. 2013;72:E497–503.PubMedCrossRef Pérez-Bovet J, Rimbau-Muñoz J, Martín-Ferrer S. Anaplastic ependymoma with holocordal and intracranial meningeal carcinomatosis and holospinal bone metastases. Neurosurgery. 2013;72:E497–503.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Aroichane M, Miller NR, Eggenberger ER. Glioblastoma multiforme masquerading as pseudotumor cerebri: a case report. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1993;13:105–12.PubMed Aroichane M, Miller NR, Eggenberger ER. Glioblastoma multiforme masquerading as pseudotumor cerebri: a case report. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1993;13:105–12.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Lawton CD, Nagasawa DT, Yang I, Fessler RG, Smith ZA. Leptomeningeal spinal metastases from glioblastoma multiforme: treatment and management of an uncommon manifestation of disease. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;17:438–48.PubMedCrossRef Lawton CD, Nagasawa DT, Yang I, Fessler RG, Smith ZA. Leptomeningeal spinal metastases from glioblastoma multiforme: treatment and management of an uncommon manifestation of disease. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;17:438–48.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Wei G, Kang X, Liu X, Yin H. Teaching neuro-images: an unusual cause of conus medullaris syndrome. Neurology. 2013;81:e30–1.PubMedCrossRef Wei G, Kang X, Liu X, Yin H. Teaching neuro-images: an unusual cause of conus medullaris syndrome. Neurology. 2013;81:e30–1.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Mehta RI, Cutler AR, Lasky III JL, et al. "Primary" leptomeningeal medulloblastoma. Hum Pathol. 2009;40:1661–5.PubMedCrossRef Mehta RI, Cutler AR, Lasky III JL, et al. "Primary" leptomeningeal medulloblastoma. Hum Pathol. 2009;40:1661–5.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Wu X, Northcott PA, Dubuc A, et al. Clonal selection drives genetic divergence of metastatic medulloblastoma. Nature. 2012;482:529–33.PubMedCrossRef Wu X, Northcott PA, Dubuc A, et al. Clonal selection drives genetic divergence of metastatic medulloblastoma. Nature. 2012;482:529–33.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Ahn JH, Lee SH, Kim S, et al. Risk for leptomeningeal seeding after resection for brain metastases: implication of tumor location with mode of resection. Neurosurgery. 2012;116(5):984–93. Ahn JH, Lee SH, Kim S, et al. Risk for leptomeningeal seeding after resection for brain metastases: implication of tumor location with mode of resection. Neurosurgery. 2012;116(5):984–93.
34.
go back to reference Rizzo JF. Embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the afferent visual pathway. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ, Biousse V, Kerrison JB, eds. Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005: p. 33. Rizzo JF. Embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the afferent visual pathway. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ, Biousse V, Kerrison JB, eds. Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005: p. 33.
35.
go back to reference Friedman D. Papilledema. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ, Biousse V, Kerrison JB, eds. Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005: p. 267. Friedman D. Papilledema. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ, Biousse V, Kerrison JB, eds. Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005: p. 267.
36.
go back to reference Shanthaveerappa TR, Bourne GH. Arachnoid villi in the optic nerve of man and monkey. Exp Eye Res. 1964;3:31–5.PubMedCrossRef Shanthaveerappa TR, Bourne GH. Arachnoid villi in the optic nerve of man and monkey. Exp Eye Res. 1964;3:31–5.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Jayatilaka AD. A note on arachnoid villi in relation to human optic nerves. J Anat. 1967;101(Pt 1):171–3.PubMed Jayatilaka AD. A note on arachnoid villi in relation to human optic nerves. J Anat. 1967;101(Pt 1):171–3.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Bulat M, Klarica M. Recent insights into a new hydrodynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Res Rev. 2011;65:99–112.PubMedCrossRef Bulat M, Klarica M. Recent insights into a new hydrodynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Res Rev. 2011;65:99–112.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Killer HE, Jaggi GP, Miller NR, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics between the basal cisterns and the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve in patients with papilloedema. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95:822–7.PubMedCrossRef Killer HE, Jaggi GP, Miller NR, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics between the basal cisterns and the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve in patients with papilloedema. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95:822–7.PubMedCrossRef
40.
41.
go back to reference Kokkoris CP. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. How does cancer reach the pia-arachnoid? Cancer. 1983;51:154–60.PubMedCrossRef Kokkoris CP. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. How does cancer reach the pia-arachnoid? Cancer. 1983;51:154–60.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Li K, Zhang G, Zhao J, Wang X, Li Y, Hu Y. Vascular endothelial growth factor antisense oligonucleotides inhibit leptomeningeal metastasis in vivo. Med Oncol. 2011;28:1116–22.PubMedCrossRef Li K, Zhang G, Zhao J, Wang X, Li Y, Hu Y. Vascular endothelial growth factor antisense oligonucleotides inhibit leptomeningeal metastasis in vivo. Med Oncol. 2011;28:1116–22.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Katz JL, Valsamis MP, Jampel RS. Ocular signs in diffuse carcinomatous meningitis. AJOPHT. 1961;52:681–90. Katz JL, Valsamis MP, Jampel RS. Ocular signs in diffuse carcinomatous meningitis. AJOPHT. 1961;52:681–90.
44.
go back to reference McFadzean R, Brosnahan D, Doyle D, et al. A diagnostic quartet in leptomeningeal infiltration of the optic nerve sheath. J Neuroophthalmol. 1994;14:175–82.PubMedCrossRef McFadzean R, Brosnahan D, Doyle D, et al. A diagnostic quartet in leptomeningeal infiltration of the optic nerve sheath. J Neuroophthalmol. 1994;14:175–82.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference • Ibrahim M, Parmar H, Gandhi D, Mukherji SK. Imaging nuances of perineural spread of head and neck malignancies. J Neuroophthalmol. 2007;27:129–37. This paper is a comprehensive and neuro-ophthalmologically focused neuroimaging review of head and neck cancer patients with secondary perineural spread to central nervous system. PubMedCrossRef • Ibrahim M, Parmar H, Gandhi D, Mukherji SK. Imaging nuances of perineural spread of head and neck malignancies. J Neuroophthalmol. 2007;27:129–37. This paper is a comprehensive and neuro-ophthalmologically focused neuroimaging review of head and neck cancer patients with secondary perineural spread to central nervous system. PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Dunn M, Morgan MB. Perineural invasion progressing to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: is the absence of peripheral nerves an important sign? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:270–6.PubMedCrossRef Dunn M, Morgan MB. Perineural invasion progressing to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: is the absence of peripheral nerves an important sign? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:270–6.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Trobe JD, Hood CI, Parsons JT, Quisling RG. Intracranial spread of squamous carcinoma along the trigeminal nerve. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:608–11.PubMedCrossRef Trobe JD, Hood CI, Parsons JT, Quisling RG. Intracranial spread of squamous carcinoma along the trigeminal nerve. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:608–11.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Hayat G, Ehsan T, Selhorst JB, Manepali A. Magnetic resonance evidence of perineural metastasis. J Neuroimaging. 1995;5:122–5.PubMed Hayat G, Ehsan T, Selhorst JB, Manepali A. Magnetic resonance evidence of perineural metastasis. J Neuroimaging. 1995;5:122–5.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Coupland SE, Damato B. Understanding intraocular lymphomas. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;36:564–78.CrossRef Coupland SE, Damato B. Understanding intraocular lymphomas. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;36:564–78.CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Matsuoka M, Yoshida H, Kinoshita Y, Nishimura T. Two cases of intraocular lymphoma diagnosed by analyses of vitreous and infusion fluid. Clin Ophthalmol. 2013;7:691–4.PubMedCrossRef Matsuoka M, Yoshida H, Kinoshita Y, Nishimura T. Two cases of intraocular lymphoma diagnosed by analyses of vitreous and infusion fluid. Clin Ophthalmol. 2013;7:691–4.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Cooper IS, Kernohan JW. Heterotopic glial nests in subarachnoid space: histopathologic characteristics, mode of origin and relation to meningeal gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1951;10:16–29.PubMed Cooper IS, Kernohan JW. Heterotopic glial nests in subarachnoid space: histopathologic characteristics, mode of origin and relation to meningeal gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1951;10:16–29.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Dimou J, Tsui A, Maartens NF, King JA. Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliosarcomatosis with a sphenoid/sellar mass: confirmation of the ectopic glial tissue theory? J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18:702–4.PubMedCrossRef Dimou J, Tsui A, Maartens NF, King JA. Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliosarcomatosis with a sphenoid/sellar mass: confirmation of the ectopic glial tissue theory? J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18:702–4.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference McCrary III JA, Patrinely JR, Font RL. Progressive blindness caused by metastatic occult signet-ring cell gastric carcinoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104:410–3.PubMedCrossRef McCrary III JA, Patrinely JR, Font RL. Progressive blindness caused by metastatic occult signet-ring cell gastric carcinoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104:410–3.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Teare JP, Whitehead M, Rake MO, Coker RJ. Rapid onset of blindness due to meningeal carcinomatosis from an oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Postgrad Med J. 1991;67:909–11.PubMedCrossRef Teare JP, Whitehead M, Rake MO, Coker RJ. Rapid onset of blindness due to meningeal carcinomatosis from an oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Postgrad Med J. 1991;67:909–11.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Susac JO, Smith JL, Powell JO. Carcinomatous optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1973;76:672–9.PubMed Susac JO, Smith JL, Powell JO. Carcinomatous optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1973;76:672–9.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Schaible ER, Golnik KC. Combined obstruction of the central retinal artery and vein associated with meningeal carcinomatosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:1467–8.PubMedCrossRef Schaible ER, Golnik KC. Combined obstruction of the central retinal artery and vein associated with meningeal carcinomatosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:1467–8.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Clarke JL, Perez HR, Jacks LM, Panageas KS, Deangelis LM. Leptomeningeal metastases in the MRI era. Neurology. 2010;74:1449–54.PubMedCrossRef Clarke JL, Perez HR, Jacks LM, Panageas KS, Deangelis LM. Leptomeningeal metastases in the MRI era. Neurology. 2010;74:1449–54.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Fukui MB, Meltzer CC, Kanal E, Smirniotopoulos JG. MR imaging of the meninges. II. Neoplastic disease. Radiology. 1996;201:605–12.PubMed Fukui MB, Meltzer CC, Kanal E, Smirniotopoulos JG. MR imaging of the meninges. II. Neoplastic disease. Radiology. 1996;201:605–12.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Sze G, Soletsky S, Bronen R, Krol G. MR imaging of the cranial meninges with emphasis on contrast enhancement and meningeal carcinomatosis. Am J Neuroradiol. 1989;10:965–75.PubMed Sze G, Soletsky S, Bronen R, Krol G. MR imaging of the cranial meninges with emphasis on contrast enhancement and meningeal carcinomatosis. Am J Neuroradiol. 1989;10:965–75.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Hiraka T, Koyama S, Kurokawa K, et al. Reversible distension of the subarachnoid space around the optic nerves in a case of idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2012;11:141–4.PubMedCrossRef Hiraka T, Koyama S, Kurokawa K, et al. Reversible distension of the subarachnoid space around the optic nerves in a case of idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2012;11:141–4.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Chamberlain MC, Kormanik PA. Prognostic significance of 111indium-DTPA CSF flow studies in leptomeningeal metastases. Neurology. 1996;46:1674–7.PubMedCrossRef Chamberlain MC, Kormanik PA. Prognostic significance of 111indium-DTPA CSF flow studies in leptomeningeal metastases. Neurology. 1996;46:1674–7.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Pauls S, Fischer AC, Brambs HJ, et al. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to detect neoplastic meningitis: limited use in leukemia and lymphoma but convincing results in solid tumors. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81:974–8.PubMedCrossRef Pauls S, Fischer AC, Brambs HJ, et al. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to detect neoplastic meningitis: limited use in leukemia and lymphoma but convincing results in solid tumors. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81:974–8.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Ahn S, Lim KS. Three cases of neoplastic meningitis initially diagnosed with infectious meningitis in emergency department. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2013;2013:561475.PubMed Ahn S, Lim KS. Three cases of neoplastic meningitis initially diagnosed with infectious meningitis in emergency department. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2013;2013:561475.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Shiraishi Y, Kimura A, Seichi A, et al. Multifocal extramedullary spinal sarcoid lesions mimicking leptomeningeal metastasis. J Orthop Sci. 2013;18:343–6.PubMedCrossRef Shiraishi Y, Kimura A, Seichi A, et al. Multifocal extramedullary spinal sarcoid lesions mimicking leptomeningeal metastasis. J Orthop Sci. 2013;18:343–6.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Frohman LP, Guirgis M, Turbin RE, Bielory L. Sarcoidosis of the anterior visual pathway: 24 new cases. J Neuroophthalmol. 2003;23:190–7.PubMedCrossRef Frohman LP, Guirgis M, Turbin RE, Bielory L. Sarcoidosis of the anterior visual pathway: 24 new cases. J Neuroophthalmol. 2003;23:190–7.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Rucker JC, Biousse V, Newman NJ. Leptomeningeal enhancement and venous abnormalities in granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. J Neuroophthalmol. 2003;23:148–50.PubMedCrossRef Rucker JC, Biousse V, Newman NJ. Leptomeningeal enhancement and venous abnormalities in granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. J Neuroophthalmol. 2003;23:148–50.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Allmendinger AM, Viswanadhan N, Klufas RA, Hsu L. Diffuse cauda equina enhancement in a middle aged male with Susac syndrome and symptomatic cauda equina syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2013;333(1–2):25–8. Allmendinger AM, Viswanadhan N, Klufas RA, Hsu L. Diffuse cauda equina enhancement in a middle aged male with Susac syndrome and symptomatic cauda equina syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2013;333(1–2):25–8.
68.
go back to reference Nicastro N, Schnider A, Leemann B. Anaplastic medullary ependymoma presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2013;2013:701820. doi:10.1155/2013/701820. Nicastro N, Schnider A, Leemann B. Anaplastic medullary ependymoma presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2013;2013:701820. doi:10.​1155/​2013/​701820.
69.
go back to reference Schumacher DJ, Tien RD, Friedman H. Gadolinium enhancement of the leptomeninges caused by hydrocephalus: a potential mimic of leptomeningeal metastasis. Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:639–41.PubMed Schumacher DJ, Tien RD, Friedman H. Gadolinium enhancement of the leptomeninges caused by hydrocephalus: a potential mimic of leptomeningeal metastasis. Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:639–41.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Milburn-McNulty P, Michael B, Moxham N, Fletcher N, Crooks D. How to do it: how to get the most out of cerebrospinal fluid cytology. Pract Neurol. 2012;12:241–3.PubMedCrossRef Milburn-McNulty P, Michael B, Moxham N, Fletcher N, Crooks D. How to do it: how to get the most out of cerebrospinal fluid cytology. Pract Neurol. 2012;12:241–3.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Ren S, Huang Y, Shah P, Manucha V. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in cerebrospinal fluid: why a rare diagnosis on cytology? Acta Cytol. 2012;56:209–13.PubMedCrossRef Ren S, Huang Y, Shah P, Manucha V. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in cerebrospinal fluid: why a rare diagnosis on cytology? Acta Cytol. 2012;56:209–13.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Nayak L, Fleisher M, Gonzalez-Espinoza R, et al. Rare cell capture technology for the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis in solid tumors. Neurology. 2013;80:1598–605.PubMedCrossRef Nayak L, Fleisher M, Gonzalez-Espinoza R, et al. Rare cell capture technology for the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis in solid tumors. Neurology. 2013;80:1598–605.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Le Rhun E, Tu Q, De Carvalho Bittencourt M, et al. Detection and quantification of CSF malignant cells by the CellSearch technology in patients with melanoma leptomeningeal metastasis. Med Oncol. 2013;30:538.PubMedCrossRef Le Rhun E, Tu Q, De Carvalho Bittencourt M, et al. Detection and quantification of CSF malignant cells by the CellSearch technology in patients with melanoma leptomeningeal metastasis. Med Oncol. 2013;30:538.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Bougel S, Lhermitte B, Gallagher G, et al. Methylation of the hTERT promoter: a novel cancer biomarker for leptomeningeal metastasis detection in cerebrospinal fluids. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:2216–23.PubMedCrossRef Bougel S, Lhermitte B, Gallagher G, et al. Methylation of the hTERT promoter: a novel cancer biomarker for leptomeningeal metastasis detection in cerebrospinal fluids. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:2216–23.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Walbert T, Groves MD. Known and emerging biomarkers of leptomeningeal metastasis and its response to treatment. Future Oncol. 2010;6:287–97.PubMedCrossRef Walbert T, Groves MD. Known and emerging biomarkers of leptomeningeal metastasis and its response to treatment. Future Oncol. 2010;6:287–97.PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Reijneveld JC, Brandsma D, Boogerd W, et al. CSF levels of angiogenesis-related proteins in patients with leptomeningeal metastases. Neurology. 2005;65:1120–2.PubMedCrossRef Reijneveld JC, Brandsma D, Boogerd W, et al. CSF levels of angiogenesis-related proteins in patients with leptomeningeal metastases. Neurology. 2005;65:1120–2.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference van de Langerijt B, Gijtenbeek JM, de Reus HP, et al. CSF levels of growth factors and plasminogen activators in leptomeningeal metastases. Neurology. 2006;67:114–9.PubMedCrossRef van de Langerijt B, Gijtenbeek JM, de Reus HP, et al. CSF levels of growth factors and plasminogen activators in leptomeningeal metastases. Neurology. 2006;67:114–9.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Hayashi Y, Kato T, Tanaka Y, et al. Markedly ring-enhanced optic nerves due to metastasis of signet-ring cell gastric carcinoma. Intern Med. 2010;49:517.PubMedCrossRef Hayashi Y, Kato T, Tanaka Y, et al. Markedly ring-enhanced optic nerves due to metastasis of signet-ring cell gastric carcinoma. Intern Med. 2010;49:517.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Wolfe GI, Galetta SK, Mollman JE. Spontaneous remission of papilledema and sixth nerve palsy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Neuroophthalmol. 1994;14:91–4.PubMedCrossRef Wolfe GI, Galetta SK, Mollman JE. Spontaneous remission of papilledema and sixth nerve palsy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Neuroophthalmol. 1994;14:91–4.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Bruggers CS, Friedman HS, Phillips PC, et al. Leptomeningeal dissemination of optic pathway gliomas in three children. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111(6):719–23. Bruggers CS, Friedman HS, Phillips PC, et al. Leptomeningeal dissemination of optic pathway gliomas in three children. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111(6):719–23.
81.
go back to reference Wabbels B, Demmler A, Seitz J, et al. Unilateral adult malignant optic nerve glioma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004;242:741–8.PubMedCrossRef Wabbels B, Demmler A, Seitz J, et al. Unilateral adult malignant optic nerve glioma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004;242:741–8.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Delgado-Alvarado M, Gómez-Román J, Sánchez-Salmón E, et al. Nonanaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with meningeal dissemination presenting with bilateral visual loss. J Neuroimaging. 2013. doi:10.1111/jon.12031. Delgado-Alvarado M, Gómez-Román J, Sánchez-Salmón E, et al. Nonanaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with meningeal dissemination presenting with bilateral visual loss. J Neuroimaging. 2013. doi:10.​1111/​jon.​12031.
83.
go back to reference Kim YH, Kim JW, Park CK, et al. Papillary tumor of pineal region presenting with leptomeningeal seeding. Neuropathology. 2010;30:654–60.PubMedCrossRef Kim YH, Kim JW, Park CK, et al. Papillary tumor of pineal region presenting with leptomeningeal seeding. Neuropathology. 2010;30:654–60.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Kobayashi M, Hara K, Nakatsukasa M, et al. Primary spinal leptomeningeal gliomatosis presenting visual disturbance as the initial symptom: case report. Acta Neurochir. 1996;138:480–1.PubMedCrossRef Kobayashi M, Hara K, Nakatsukasa M, et al. Primary spinal leptomeningeal gliomatosis presenting visual disturbance as the initial symptom: case report. Acta Neurochir. 1996;138:480–1.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Manusow JS, Lee-Wing M, Rahman J, Mis A. Primary leptomeningeal lymphoma masquerading as pseudotumor cerebri. Can J Ophthalmol. 2009;44:e19–20.PubMedCrossRef Manusow JS, Lee-Wing M, Rahman J, Mis A. Primary leptomeningeal lymphoma masquerading as pseudotumor cerebri. Can J Ophthalmol. 2009;44:e19–20.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Ahmed RM, King J, Gibson J, et al. Spinal leptomeningeal lymphoma presenting as pseudotumor syndrome. J Neuroophthalmol. 2013;33:13–6.PubMedCrossRef Ahmed RM, King J, Gibson J, et al. Spinal leptomeningeal lymphoma presenting as pseudotumor syndrome. J Neuroophthalmol. 2013;33:13–6.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Oechsle K, Lange-Brock V, Kruell A, et al. Prognostic factors and treatment options in patients with leptomeningeal metastases of different primary tumors: a retrospective analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010;136:1729–35.PubMedCrossRef Oechsle K, Lange-Brock V, Kruell A, et al. Prognostic factors and treatment options in patients with leptomeningeal metastases of different primary tumors: a retrospective analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010;136:1729–35.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Chamberlain MC, Johnston SK, Glantz MJ. Neoplastic meningitis-related prognostic significance of the Karnofsky performance status. Arch Neurol. 2009;66:74–8.PubMedCrossRef Chamberlain MC, Johnston SK, Glantz MJ. Neoplastic meningitis-related prognostic significance of the Karnofsky performance status. Arch Neurol. 2009;66:74–8.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Chamberlain MC, Johnston SK. Neoplastic meningitis: survival as a function of cerebrospinal fluid cytology. Cancer. 2009;115:1941–6.PubMedCrossRef Chamberlain MC, Johnston SK. Neoplastic meningitis: survival as a function of cerebrospinal fluid cytology. Cancer. 2009;115:1941–6.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Le Rhun E, Zairi F. Treatment of the leptomeningeal metastases related to solid tumors. Bull Cancer. 2013;100:765–74.PubMed Le Rhun E, Zairi F. Treatment of the leptomeningeal metastases related to solid tumors. Bull Cancer. 2013;100:765–74.PubMed
91.
go back to reference Grewal J, Saria MG, Kesari SJ. Novel approaches to treating leptomeningeal metastases. Neurooncol. 2012;106:225–34.CrossRef Grewal J, Saria MG, Kesari SJ. Novel approaches to treating leptomeningeal metastases. Neurooncol. 2012;106:225–34.CrossRef
92.
go back to reference Bot I, Blank CU, Brandsma D. Clinical and radiological response of leptomeningeal melanoma after whole brain radiotherapy and ipilimumab. J Neurol. 2012;259:1976–8.PubMedCrossRef Bot I, Blank CU, Brandsma D. Clinical and radiological response of leptomeningeal melanoma after whole brain radiotherapy and ipilimumab. J Neurol. 2012;259:1976–8.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Boogerd W, van den Bent MJ, Koehler PJ, et al. The relevance of intraventricular chemotherapy for leptomeningeal metastasis in breast cancer: a randomized study. Eur J Cancer. 2004;40:2726–33.PubMedCrossRef Boogerd W, van den Bent MJ, Koehler PJ, et al. The relevance of intraventricular chemotherapy for leptomeningeal metastasis in breast cancer: a randomized study. Eur J Cancer. 2004;40:2726–33.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Park J, Zhang Y, Vykhodtseva N, Jolesz FA, McDannold NJ. The kinetics of blood brain barrier permeability and targeted doxorubicin delivery into brain induced by focused ultrasound. J Control Release. 2012;162:134–42.PubMedCrossRef Park J, Zhang Y, Vykhodtseva N, Jolesz FA, McDannold NJ. The kinetics of blood brain barrier permeability and targeted doxorubicin delivery into brain induced by focused ultrasound. J Control Release. 2012;162:134–42.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Grewal J, Saria M, Grewal HK, Kesari S. Neoplastic meningitis resulting from hematological malignancies: pharmacokinetic considerations and maximizing outcome. Clin Investig. 2011;1:1391–402.CrossRef Grewal J, Saria M, Grewal HK, Kesari S. Neoplastic meningitis resulting from hematological malignancies: pharmacokinetic considerations and maximizing outcome. Clin Investig. 2011;1:1391–402.CrossRef
96.
go back to reference Chamberlain MC. Neurotoxicity of intra-CSF liposomal cytarabine (DepoCyt) administered for the treatment of leptomeningeal metastases: a retrospective case series. J Neurooncol. 2012;109:143–8.PubMedCrossRef Chamberlain MC. Neurotoxicity of intra-CSF liposomal cytarabine (DepoCyt) administered for the treatment of leptomeningeal metastases: a retrospective case series. J Neurooncol. 2012;109:143–8.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Neuro-ophthalmologic Complications of Neoplastic Leptomeningeal Disease
Author
Gabriella Szatmáry
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports / Issue 12/2013
Print ISSN: 1528-4042
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6293
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-013-0404-x

Other articles of this Issue 12/2013

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 12/2013 Go to the issue

Movement Disorders (SA Factor, Section Editor)

Genetics in Dystonia: An Update

Demyelinating Disorders (DN Bourdette and V Yadav, Section Editors)

Misdiagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: Frequency, Causes, Effects, and Prevention

Demyelinating Disorders (DN Bourdette and V Yadav, Section Editors)

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in Multiple Sclerosis