Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Sexual Health Reports 4/2017

01-12-2017 | Preclinical and Psychophysiology (F Guarraci and L Marson, Section Editors)

Neural and Endocrine Factors Contribute to the Comorbidity of Urinary and Sexual Dysfunctions

Authors: Yolanda Cruz, R. A. Lucio, J. L. Palacios

Published in: Current Sexual Health Reports | Issue 4/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this study is to determine whether neural and/or endocrine factors are related to urinary and sexual disease comorbidity.

Recent Findings

Common neural circuitries at cerebral, spinal, and peripheral levels participate in the control of urogenital organs. The convergence and crosstalk of pelvic organ information in the central nervous system may underlie comorbidity of urinary-sexual dysfunctions, and also subserve the success of genital and tibial nerve stimulation therapies to treat overactive bladder. Nonetheless, the relevance of gonadal hormones to the pathophysiology of urinary-sexual functions is still controversial.

Summary

The etiology of urinary dysfunctions is usually considered to be at the periphery. However, spinal and supraspinal sites controlling urogenital organs deteriorate with age and can be another factor for urogenital dysfunctions. In addition, although it is well recognized that urinary incontinence has a negative impact on sexual functions, there is no research investigating the impact of sexual function/dysfunction on the urinary organs.
Literature
3.
go back to reference • Magnon C, Hall SJ, Lin J, Xue X, Gerber L, Freedland SJ, et al. Autonomic nerve development contributes to prostate cancer progression. Science. 2013;341(6142):1236361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1236361. Ussually the prostate function and dysfunction is related to testosterone, this study suggests that neural overactivity may also affect the gland function PubMedCrossRef • Magnon C, Hall SJ, Lin J, Xue X, Gerber L, Freedland SJ, et al. Autonomic nerve development contributes to prostate cancer progression. Science. 2013;341(6142):1236361. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1126/​science.​1236361. Ussually the prostate function and dysfunction is related to testosterone, this study suggests that neural overactivity may also affect the gland function PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Levin RJ. The physiology of sexual arousal in the human female: a recreational and procreational synthesis. Arch Sex Behav. 2002;31(5):405–11.PubMedCrossRef Levin RJ. The physiology of sexual arousal in the human female: a recreational and procreational synthesis. Arch Sex Behav. 2002;31(5):405–11.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Komisaruk BR, Beyer C, Whipple B. The science of orgasm. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2006. Komisaruk BR, Beyer C, Whipple B. The science of orgasm. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2006.
9.
go back to reference Gerstenberg TC, Levin RJ, Wagner G. Erection and ejaculation in man. Assessment of the electromyographic activity of the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles. Br J Urol. 1990;65(4):395–402.PubMedCrossRef Gerstenberg TC, Levin RJ, Wagner G. Erection and ejaculation in man. Assessment of the electromyographic activity of the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles. Br J Urol. 1990;65(4):395–402.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Cruz Y, Downie JW. Sexually dimorphic micturition in rats: relationship of perineal muscle activity to voiding pattern. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;289(5):R1307–18.PubMedCrossRef Cruz Y, Downie JW. Sexually dimorphic micturition in rats: relationship of perineal muscle activity to voiding pattern. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;289(5):R1307–18.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Dorey G. Are erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction associated with postmicturition dribble? Urol Nurs. 2003;23(1):42–5. 8-52 PubMed Dorey G. Are erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction associated with postmicturition dribble? Urol Nurs. 2003;23(1):42–5. 8-52 PubMed
16.
go back to reference Dorey G. Post-micturition dribble: aetiology and treatment. Nurs Times. 2008;104(25):46–7.PubMed Dorey G. Post-micturition dribble: aetiology and treatment. Nurs Times. 2008;104(25):46–7.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Minassian VA, Drutz HP, Al-Badr A. Urinary incontinence as a worldwide problem. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003;82(3):327–38.PubMedCrossRef Minassian VA, Drutz HP, Al-Badr A. Urinary incontinence as a worldwide problem. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003;82(3):327–38.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Pajoncini C, Costantini E, Guercini F, Porena M. Intrinsic sphincter deficiency: do the maximum urethral closure pressure and the valsalva leak-point pressure identify different pathogenic mechanisms? IntUrogynecolJPelvicFloorDysfunct. 2002;13(1):30–5. Pajoncini C, Costantini E, Guercini F, Porena M. Intrinsic sphincter deficiency: do the maximum urethral closure pressure and the valsalva leak-point pressure identify different pathogenic mechanisms? IntUrogynecolJPelvicFloorDysfunct. 2002;13(1):30–5.
26.
go back to reference •• Juarez R, Cruz Y. Urinary and ejaculatory dysfunction induced by denervation of specific striated muscles anatomically related to the urethra in male rats. Neurourol Urodyn. 2014;33(4):437–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.22432. This study demonstrates that denervation of the striated urethral sphincter induces retrograde ejaculation and signs of urinary dysfunction PubMedCrossRef •• Juarez R, Cruz Y. Urinary and ejaculatory dysfunction induced by denervation of specific striated muscles anatomically related to the urethra in male rats. Neurourol Urodyn. 2014;33(4):437–42. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​nau.​22432. This study demonstrates that denervation of the striated urethral sphincter induces retrograde ejaculation and signs of urinary dysfunction PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Peng CW, Chen JJ, Chang HY, de Groat WC, Cheng CL. External urethral sphincter activity in a rat model of pudendal nerve injury. Neurourol Urodyn. 2006;25(4):388–96.PubMedCrossRef Peng CW, Chen JJ, Chang HY, de Groat WC, Cheng CL. External urethral sphincter activity in a rat model of pudendal nerve injury. Neurourol Urodyn. 2006;25(4):388–96.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Fossati N, Di Trapani E, Gandaglia G, Dell'Oglio P, Umari P, Buffi NM, et al. Assessing the impact of surgeon experience on urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: results of four high-volume surgeons. J Endourol. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2017.0085. Fossati N, Di Trapani E, Gandaglia G, Dell'Oglio P, Umari P, Buffi NM, et al. Assessing the impact of surgeon experience on urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: results of four high-volume surgeons. J Endourol. 2017; https://​doi.​org/​10.​1089/​end.​2017.​0085.
29.
go back to reference • Palacios JL, Juarez M, Moran C, Xelhuantzi N, Damaser MS, Cruz Y. Neuroanatomic and behavioral correlates of urinary dysfunction induced by vaginal distension in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2016;310(10):F1065–73. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00417.2015. This study show that vaginal distension injures urinary, sexual and reproductive organs and its innervation PubMedCrossRef • Palacios JL, Juarez M, Moran C, Xelhuantzi N, Damaser MS, Cruz Y. Neuroanatomic and behavioral correlates of urinary dysfunction induced by vaginal distension in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2016;310(10):F1065–73. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1152/​ajprenal.​00417.​2015. This study show that vaginal distension injures urinary, sexual and reproductive organs and its innervation PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Snooks SJ, Swash M, Mathers SE, Henry MM. Effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor: a 5-year follow-up. Br J Surg. 1990;77(12):1358–60.PubMedCrossRef Snooks SJ, Swash M, Mathers SE, Henry MM. Effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor: a 5-year follow-up. Br J Surg. 1990;77(12):1358–60.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Kolcaba K, Dowd T, Winslow EH, Jacobson AF. Kegel exercises. Strengthening the weak pelvic floor muscles that cause urinary incontinence. Am J Nurs. 2000;100(11):59.PubMed Kolcaba K, Dowd T, Winslow EH, Jacobson AF. Kegel exercises. Strengthening the weak pelvic floor muscles that cause urinary incontinence. Am J Nurs. 2000;100(11):59.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Fowler CJ. Bladder afferents and their role in the overactive bladder. Urology. 2002;59(5 Suppl 1):37–42.PubMedCrossRef Fowler CJ. Bladder afferents and their role in the overactive bladder. Urology. 2002;59(5 Suppl 1):37–42.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Gabella G, Uvelius B. Urinary bladder of rat: fine structure of normal and hypertrophic musculature. Cell Tissue Res. 1990;262(1):67–79.PubMedCrossRef Gabella G, Uvelius B. Urinary bladder of rat: fine structure of normal and hypertrophic musculature. Cell Tissue Res. 1990;262(1):67–79.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Torelli F, Terragni E, Blanco S, Di Bella N, Grasso M, Bonaiuti D. Lower urinary tract symptoms associated with neurological conditions: observations on a clinical sample of outpatients neurorehabilitation service. Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica. 2015;87(2):154–7. https://doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2015.2.154.CrossRef Torelli F, Terragni E, Blanco S, Di Bella N, Grasso M, Bonaiuti D. Lower urinary tract symptoms associated with neurological conditions: observations on a clinical sample of outpatients neurorehabilitation service. Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica. 2015;87(2):154–7. https://​doi.​org/​10.​4081/​aiua.​2015.​2.​154.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Basson R, Berman J, Burnett A, Derogatis L, Ferguson D, Fourcroy J, et al. Report of the international consensus development conference on female sexual dysfunction: definitions and classifications. J Urol. 2000;163(3):888–93.PubMedCrossRef Basson R, Berman J, Burnett A, Derogatis L, Ferguson D, Fourcroy J, et al. Report of the international consensus development conference on female sexual dysfunction: definitions and classifications. J Urol. 2000;163(3):888–93.PubMedCrossRef
51.
60.
go back to reference Rowland DL. Neurobiology of sexual response in men and women. CNS spectrums. 2006;11(8 Suppl 9):6–12.PubMedCrossRef Rowland DL. Neurobiology of sexual response in men and women. CNS spectrums. 2006;11(8 Suppl 9):6–12.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Sengupta JN, Gebhart GF. Mechanosensitive properties of pelvic nerve afferent fibers innervating the urinary bladder of the rat. J Neurophysiol. 1994;72(5):2420–30.PubMed Sengupta JN, Gebhart GF. Mechanosensitive properties of pelvic nerve afferent fibers innervating the urinary bladder of the rat. J Neurophysiol. 1994;72(5):2420–30.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Vera PL, Nadelhaft I. Afferent and sympathetic innervation of the dome and the base of the urinary bladder of the female rat. Brain ResBull. 1992;29(5):651–8. Vera PL, Nadelhaft I. Afferent and sympathetic innervation of the dome and the base of the urinary bladder of the female rat. Brain ResBull. 1992;29(5):651–8.
65.
go back to reference Berkley KJ, Hotta H, Robbins A, Sato Y. Functional properties of afferent fibers supplying reproductive and other pelvic organs in pelvic nerve of female rat. J Neurophysiol. 1990;63(2):256–72.PubMed Berkley KJ, Hotta H, Robbins A, Sato Y. Functional properties of afferent fibers supplying reproductive and other pelvic organs in pelvic nerve of female rat. J Neurophysiol. 1990;63(2):256–72.PubMed
66.
go back to reference • Holstege G, Griffiths D, de Wall H, Dalm E. Anatomical and physiological observations on supraspinal control of bladder and urethral sphincter muscles in the cat. J Comp Neurol. 1986;250(4):449–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902500404. This is a classical study related to supraespinal structures particularly the pontine micturition center involved in control of micturition PubMedCrossRef • Holstege G, Griffiths D, de Wall H, Dalm E. Anatomical and physiological observations on supraspinal control of bladder and urethral sphincter muscles in the cat. J Comp Neurol. 1986;250(4):449–61. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​cne.​902500404. This is a classical study related to supraespinal structures particularly the pontine micturition center involved in control of micturition PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Tai C, Wang J, Jin T, Wang P, Kim SG, Roppolo JR, et al. Brain switch for reflex micturition control detected by FMRI in rats. JNeurophysiol. 2009;102(5):2719–30.CrossRef Tai C, Wang J, Jin T, Wang P, Kim SG, Roppolo JR, et al. Brain switch for reflex micturition control detected by FMRI in rats. JNeurophysiol. 2009;102(5):2719–30.CrossRef
68.
71.
go back to reference Keast JR, de Groat WC. Immunohistochemical characterization of pelvic neurons which project to the bladder, colon, or penis in rats. JComp Neurol. 1989;288(3):387–400.CrossRef Keast JR, de Groat WC. Immunohistochemical characterization of pelvic neurons which project to the bladder, colon, or penis in rats. JComp Neurol. 1989;288(3):387–400.CrossRef
72.
go back to reference Zempoalteca R, Martinez-Gomez M, Hudson R, Cruz Y, Lucio RA. An anatomical and electrophysiological study of the genitofemoral nerve and some of its targets in the male rat. JAnat. 2002;201(6):493–505. Zempoalteca R, Martinez-Gomez M, Hudson R, Cruz Y, Lucio RA. An anatomical and electrophysiological study of the genitofemoral nerve and some of its targets in the male rat. JAnat. 2002;201(6):493–505.
74.
go back to reference Woock JP, Yoo PB, Grill WM. Intraurethral stimulation evokes bladder responses via 2 distinct reflex pathways. JUrol. 2009;182(1):366–73. Woock JP, Yoo PB, Grill WM. Intraurethral stimulation evokes bladder responses via 2 distinct reflex pathways. JUrol. 2009;182(1):366–73.
76.
go back to reference Komisaruk BR, Sansone G. Neural pathways mediating vaginal function: the vagus nerves and spinal cord oxytocin. Scand J Psychol. 2003;44(3):241–50.PubMedCrossRef Komisaruk BR, Sansone G. Neural pathways mediating vaginal function: the vagus nerves and spinal cord oxytocin. Scand J Psychol. 2003;44(3):241–50.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Steinman JL, Carlton SM, Willis WD. The segmental distribution of afferent-fibers from the vaginal cervix and hypogastric nerve in rats. Brain Res. 1992;575(1):25–31.PubMedCrossRef Steinman JL, Carlton SM, Willis WD. The segmental distribution of afferent-fibers from the vaginal cervix and hypogastric nerve in rats. Brain Res. 1992;575(1):25–31.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Chinapen S, Swann JM, Steinman JL, Komisaruk BR. Expression of c-fos protein in lumbosacral spinal cord in response to vaginocervical stimulation in rats. Neurosci Lett. 1992;145(1):93–6.PubMedCrossRef Chinapen S, Swann JM, Steinman JL, Komisaruk BR. Expression of c-fos protein in lumbosacral spinal cord in response to vaginocervical stimulation in rats. Neurosci Lett. 1992;145(1):93–6.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Houdeau E, Rousseau A, Meusnier C, Prud’Homme MJ, Rousseau JP. Sympathetic innervation of the upper and lower regions of the uterus and cervix in the rat have different origins and routes. J Comp Neurol. 1998;399(3):403–12.PubMedCrossRef Houdeau E, Rousseau A, Meusnier C, Prud’Homme MJ, Rousseau JP. Sympathetic innervation of the upper and lower regions of the uterus and cervix in the rat have different origins and routes. J Comp Neurol. 1998;399(3):403–12.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Pacheco P, Martinez-Gomez M, Whipple B, Beyer C, Komisaruk BR. Somato-motor components of the pelvic and pudendal nerves of the female rat. Brain Res. 1989;490(1):85–94.PubMedCrossRef Pacheco P, Martinez-Gomez M, Whipple B, Beyer C, Komisaruk BR. Somato-motor components of the pelvic and pudendal nerves of the female rat. Brain Res. 1989;490(1):85–94.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Pfaus JG, Manitt C, Coopersmith CB. Effects of pelvic, pudendal, or hypogastric nerve cuts on Fos induction in the rat brain following vaginocervical stimulation. Physiol Behav. 2006;89(5):627–36.PubMedCrossRef Pfaus JG, Manitt C, Coopersmith CB. Effects of pelvic, pudendal, or hypogastric nerve cuts on Fos induction in the rat brain following vaginocervical stimulation. Physiol Behav. 2006;89(5):627–36.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Marson L. Central nervous system neurons identified after injection of pseudorabies virus into the rat clitoris. Neurosci Lett. 1995;190(1):41–4.PubMedCrossRef Marson L. Central nervous system neurons identified after injection of pseudorabies virus into the rat clitoris. Neurosci Lett. 1995;190(1):41–4.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Marson L, Platt KB, McKenna KE. Central nervous system innervation of the penis as revealed by the transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus. Neuroscience. 1993;55(1):263–80.PubMedCrossRef Marson L, Platt KB, McKenna KE. Central nervous system innervation of the penis as revealed by the transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus. Neuroscience. 1993;55(1):263–80.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference •• Huynh HK, Willemsen AT, Lovick TA, Holstege G. Pontine control of ejaculation and female orgasm. J Sex Med. 2013;10(12):3038–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12300. This study is the first study to demonstrate that pontine micturition center is involved not only in micturition but in ejaculation and female orgasm PubMedCrossRef •• Huynh HK, Willemsen AT, Lovick TA, Holstege G. Pontine control of ejaculation and female orgasm. J Sex Med. 2013;10(12):3038–48. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​jsm.​12300. This study is the first study to demonstrate that pontine micturition center is involved not only in micturition but in ejaculation and female orgasm PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Keast JR, Booth AM, de Groat WC. Distribution of neurons in the major pelvic ganglion of the rat which supply the bladder, colon or penis. Cell Tissue Res. 1989;256(1):105–12.PubMedCrossRef Keast JR, Booth AM, de Groat WC. Distribution of neurons in the major pelvic ganglion of the rat which supply the bladder, colon or penis. Cell Tissue Res. 1989;256(1):105–12.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Purinton PT, Fletcher TF, Bradley WE. Gross and light microscopic features of the pelvic plexus in the rat. Anat Rec. 1973;175(4):697–705.PubMedCrossRef Purinton PT, Fletcher TF, Bradley WE. Gross and light microscopic features of the pelvic plexus in the rat. Anat Rec. 1973;175(4):697–705.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Miodrag A, Castleden CM, Vallance TR. Sex hormones and the female urinary tract. Drugs. 1988;36(4):491–504.PubMedCrossRef Miodrag A, Castleden CM, Vallance TR. Sex hormones and the female urinary tract. Drugs. 1988;36(4):491–504.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Melvin JE, Hamill RW. The major pelvic ganglion: androgen control of postnatal development. J Neurosci. 1987;7(6):1607–12.PubMed Melvin JE, Hamill RW. The major pelvic ganglion: androgen control of postnatal development. J Neurosci. 1987;7(6):1607–12.PubMed
99.
go back to reference Allen LS, Hines M, Shryne JE, Gorski RA. Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. J Neurosci. 1989;9(2):497–506.PubMed Allen LS, Hines M, Shryne JE, Gorski RA. Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. J Neurosci. 1989;9(2):497–506.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Manzo J, Nicolas L, Hernandez ME, Cruz MR, Carrillo P, Pacheco P. Spinal organization and steroid sensitivity of motoneurons innervating the pubococcygeus muscle in the male rat. JComp Neurol. 1999;409(3):358–68.CrossRef Manzo J, Nicolas L, Hernandez ME, Cruz MR, Carrillo P, Pacheco P. Spinal organization and steroid sensitivity of motoneurons innervating the pubococcygeus muscle in the male rat. JComp Neurol. 1999;409(3):358–68.CrossRef
105.
go back to reference Blakeman PJ, Hilton P, Bulmer JN. Oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression in the female lower urinary tract, with reference to oestrogen status. BJU Int. 2000;86(1):32–8.PubMedCrossRef Blakeman PJ, Hilton P, Bulmer JN. Oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression in the female lower urinary tract, with reference to oestrogen status. BJU Int. 2000;86(1):32–8.PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Visco AG, Cholhan HJ, O'Toole L, Guzick DS. Effects of menstrual cycle and urinary tract instrumentation on uroflowmetry. Neurourol Urodyn. 2000;19(2):147–52.PubMedCrossRef Visco AG, Cholhan HJ, O'Toole L, Guzick DS. Effects of menstrual cycle and urinary tract instrumentation on uroflowmetry. Neurourol Urodyn. 2000;19(2):147–52.PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Carr LK. Hormone replacement therapy has no routine role in the management of postmenopausal voiding dysfunction. Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada. 2009;3(2):153–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Carr LK. Hormone replacement therapy has no routine role in the management of postmenopausal voiding dysfunction. Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada. 2009;3(2):153–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
115.
116.
117.
118.
go back to reference Rosen R, Altwein J, Boyle P, Kirby RS, Lukacs B, Meuleman E, et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms and male sexual dysfunction: the multinational survey of the aging male (MSAM-7). Eur Urol. 2003;44(6):637–49.PubMedCrossRef Rosen R, Altwein J, Boyle P, Kirby RS, Lukacs B, Meuleman E, et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms and male sexual dysfunction: the multinational survey of the aging male (MSAM-7). Eur Urol. 2003;44(6):637–49.PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Barkin J. Erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism (low testosterone). Can J Urol. 2011;18(Suppl):2–7.PubMed Barkin J. Erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism (low testosterone). Can J Urol. 2011;18(Suppl):2–7.PubMed
120.
go back to reference Zverina J, Hampl R, Sulocava J, Starka L. Hormonal status and sexual behaviour of 16 men after surgical castration. Archivio italiano di urologia, nefrologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale dell'Associazione per la ricerca in urologia = Urological, nephrological, and andrological sciences. 1990;62(1):55–8. Zverina J, Hampl R, Sulocava J, Starka L. Hormonal status and sexual behaviour of 16 men after surgical castration. Archivio italiano di urologia, nefrologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale dell'Associazione per la ricerca in urologia = Urological, nephrological, and andrological sciences. 1990;62(1):55–8.
121.
go back to reference Davidson JM. Characteristics of sex behaviour in male rats following castration. Anim Behav. 1966;14(2):266–72.PubMedCrossRef Davidson JM. Characteristics of sex behaviour in male rats following castration. Anim Behav. 1966;14(2):266–72.PubMedCrossRef
122.
go back to reference Kreatsoulas C, Anand SS. Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions. U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013;123(3):112–7.PubMed Kreatsoulas C, Anand SS. Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions. U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013;123(3):112–7.PubMed
124.
go back to reference Komisaruk BR, Adler NT, Hutchison J. Genital sensory field: enlargement by estrogen treatment in female rats. Science. 1972;178(67):1295–8.PubMedCrossRef Komisaruk BR, Adler NT, Hutchison J. Genital sensory field: enlargement by estrogen treatment in female rats. Science. 1972;178(67):1295–8.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Neural and Endocrine Factors Contribute to the Comorbidity of Urinary and Sexual Dysfunctions
Authors
Yolanda Cruz
R. A. Lucio
J. L. Palacios
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Sexual Health Reports / Issue 4/2017
Print ISSN: 1548-3584
Electronic ISSN: 1548-3592
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-017-0129-y

Other articles of this Issue 4/2017

Current Sexual Health Reports 4/2017 Go to the issue

Female Sexual Dysfunction and Disorders (M Chivers and C Pukall, Section Editors)

Recent Developments in Psychopharmaceutical Approaches to Treating Female Sexual Interest and Arousal Disorder

Medical Comorbidities (M Miner, S Parish and A Goldstein, Section Editors)

The Testosterone Trials: What the Results Mean for Healthcare Providers and for Science

Preclinical and Psychophysiology (F Guarraci and L Marson, Section Editors)

The Role of Ovarian Hormones and the Medial Amygdala in Sexual Motivation

Male and Female Surgical Interventions (A Burnett and C Carson, Section Editors)

Prosthetic Considerations in Neophallic Reconstruction

Preclinical and Psychophysiology (F Guarraci and L Marson, Section Editors)

Preclinical Models for Assessment of Antidepressant Abuse Potential

Male and Female Surgical Interventions (A Burnett and C Carson, Section Editors)

Surgical Management of the Concealed Penis in Adults