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Open Access 01-12-2024 | Research

National trends in nine key minerals intake (quantity and source) among U.S. adults, 1999 to march 2020

Authors: Xuemin Yan, Xuanyang Wang, Jia Zhang, Zhu Ming, Can Zhang, Pingnan Ma, Qianmin Liu, Yuanyuan Xu, Licheng Cheng, Xibo Pang, Ying Li

Published in: Nutrition Journal | Issue 1/2024

Abstract

Background

Changes in economy and dietary guidelines brought a great shock to diet quality and meal behaviors, but if these transformations have extended to minerals intake and their sources was still poorly understood. It is essential to evaluate time trends in minerals intake and their sources to inform policy makers.

Objective

To investigate trends in minerals intake and their sources among U.S. adults.

Methods

This analysis used dietary data collected by 24-h recalls from U.S. adults (≥ 20 years) in NHANES (1999-March 2020). Minerals intake, age-adjusted percentage of participants meeting recommendations, and minerals sources were calculated among all participants and by population subgroups in each NHANES survey cycle. Weighted linear or logistic regression models were used to examine the statistical significance of time trends.

Results

A total of 48223 U.S. adults were included in this analysis. From 1999 to March 2020, intake of calcium (from 0.94 to 1.02 g/day), magnesium (from 308.07 to 321.85 mg/day), phosphorus (from 1.24 to 1.30 g/day), and sodium (from 3.24 to 3.26 mg/day) from food and beverages (FB) and dietary supplements (DSs) significantly increased, and intake of iron (from 19.17 to 16.38 mg/day), zinc (from 16.45 to 14.19 mg/day), copper (from 1.79 to 1.38 mg/day), and potassium (from 2.65 to 2.50 g/day) from FB + DSs decreased (all FDR < 0.05). Additionally, age-adjusted percentage of participants meeting recommendations for calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and selenium significantly increased, that for iron, potassium, zinc, and copper decreased (all FDR < 0.05). Minerals intake and time trends in minerals intake were highly variable depending on age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, and income. For example, white, higher socioeconomic status participants had a higher minerals intake (e.g. iron, zinc, and copper), but had a greater decrease in minerals intake. Furthermore, the percentage of minerals from milks and DSs decreased, and that from beverages increased.

Conclusion

From 1999 to March 2020, both minerals intake and their sources experienced a significant alteration among U.S. adults. Many differences in minerals intake and their food sources across sociodemographic characteristics appeared to narrow over time. Although some improvements were observed, important challenges, such as overconsumption of sodium and underconsumption of potassium, calcium, and magnesium, still remained among U.S. adults.

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Title: National trends in nine key minerals intake (quantity and source) among U.S. adults, 1999 to march 2020
Authors: Xuemin Yan
Xuanyang Wang
Jia Zhang
Zhu Ming
Can Zhang
Pingnan Ma
Qianmin Liu
Yuanyuan Xu
Licheng Cheng
Xibo Pang
Ying Li
Publication date: 01-12-2024
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Nutrition Journal / Issue 1/2024
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2891
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-024-00950-4

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