Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Sports Medicine 2/2021

01-02-2021 | Muscle Injuries | Current Opinion

Muscle Madness and Making a Case for Muscle-Specific Classification Systems: A Leap from Tissue Injury to Organ Injury and System Dysfunction

Authors: Ramon Balius, Carles Pedret, Ara Kassarjian

Published in: Sports Medicine | Issue 2/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Despite the recent publication and subsequent clinical application of several muscle injury classification systems, none has been able to address the varying and often unique/complex types of injuries that occur in different muscles. Although there are advantages of using a unified classification, there are significant differences between certain muscles and muscle groups. These differences may complicate the clinical effectiveness of using a unified injury classification. This narrative explores the difficulties in using a single classification to describe the heterogeneous nature of muscle injuries. Within that context, the possibility of viewing muscles and muscle injuries in the same manner as other biological tissues, structures, organs, and systems is discussed. Perhaps, in addition to a unified classification, subclassifications or muscle specific classifications should be considered for certain muscles. Having a more specific (granular) approach to some of the more commonly injured muscles may prove beneficial for more accurately and effectively diagnosing and treating muscle injuries. Ideally, this will also lead to more accurate determination of the prognosis of specific muscle injuries.
Literature
2.
go back to reference O’Donoghue D. Principles in the management of specific injuries. In: O’Donoghue D, editor. Treatments of injuries to athletes. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1984. p. 39–91. O’Donoghue D. Principles in the management of specific injuries. In: O’Donoghue D, editor. Treatments of injuries to athletes. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1984. p. 39–91.
11.
go back to reference Connell D, Schneider-Kolsky M, Hoving J, et al. Longitudinal study comparing sonographic and MRI assessments of acute and healing hamstring injuries. Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183(4):975–84.CrossRef Connell D, Schneider-Kolsky M, Hoving J, et al. Longitudinal study comparing sonographic and MRI assessments of acute and healing hamstring injuries. Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183(4):975–84.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SLJ, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c’) acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094657.CrossRefPubMed Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SLJ, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c’) acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305–10. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1136/​bjsports-2015-094657.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Study Group of the Muscle and Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports Traumatology, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, et al. A histoarchitectural approach to skeletal muscle injury: searching for a common nomenclature. Orthop J Sport Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120909090. Study Group of the Muscle and Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports Traumatology, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, et al. A histoarchitectural approach to skeletal muscle injury: searching for a common nomenclature. Orthop J Sport Med. 2020. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1177/​2325967120909090​.
21.
go back to reference Järvinen TAH, Józsa L, Kannus P, Järvinen TLN, Järvinen M. Organization and distribution of intramuscular connective tissue in normal and immobilized skeletal muscles. An immunohistochemical, polarization and scanning electron microscopic study. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2002;23(3):245–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020904518336. Järvinen TAH, Józsa L, Kannus P, Järvinen TLN, Järvinen M. Organization and distribution of intramuscular connective tissue in normal and immobilized skeletal muscles. An immunohistochemical, polarization and scanning electron microscopic study. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2002;23(3):245–54. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1023/​a:​1020904518336.
25.
go back to reference Fracture and dislocation compendium. Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification. J Orthop Trauma. 1996;10(Suppl 1):v–ix, 1–154. Fracture and dislocation compendium. Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification. J Orthop Trauma. 1996;10(Suppl 1):v–ix, 1–154.
Metadata
Title
Muscle Madness and Making a Case for Muscle-Specific Classification Systems: A Leap from Tissue Injury to Organ Injury and System Dysfunction
Authors
Ramon Balius
Carles Pedret
Ara Kassarjian
Publication date
01-02-2021
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Keyword
Muscle Injuries
Published in
Sports Medicine / Issue 2/2021
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01387-5

Other articles of this Issue 2/2021

Sports Medicine 2/2021 Go to the issue