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BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2024

Open Access 01-12-2024 | Research

Mitigating the affective and cognitive consequences of social exclusion: an integrative data analysis of seven social disconnection interventions

Authors: Randy T. Lee, Gizem Surenkok, Vivian Zayas

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2024

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Abstract

Background

Being socially excluded has detrimental effects, with prolonged exclusion linked to loneliness and social isolation. Social disconnection interventions that do not require direct support actions (e.g., “how can I help?”) offer promise in mitigating the affective and cognitive consequences of social exclusion. We examine how various social disconnection interventions involving friends and unknown peers might mitigate social exclusion by buffering (intervening before) and by promoting recovery (intervening after).

Methods

We present an integrative data analysis (IDA) of five studies (N = 664) that systematically exposed participants to exclusion (vs. inclusion) social dynamics. Using a well-validated paradigm, participants had a virtual interaction with two other people. Unbeknownst to participants, the other people’s behavior was programmed to either behave inclusively toward the participant or for one to behave exclusively. Critically, our social disconnection interventions experimentally manipulated whether a friend was present (vs. an unknown peer vs. being alone), the nature of interpersonal engagement (having a face-to-face conversation vs. a reminder of an upcoming interaction vs. mere presence), and the timing of the intervention in relation to the social dynamic (before vs. during vs. after). We then assessed participants’ in-the-moment affective and cognitive responses, which included mood, feelings of belonging, sense of control, and social comfort.

Results

Experiencing exclusion (vs. inclusion) led to negative affective and cognitive consequences. However, engaging in a face-to-face conversation with a friend before the exclusion lessened its impact (p < .001). Moreover, a face-to-face conversation with a friend after exclusion, and even a reminder of an upcoming interaction with a friend, sped-up recovery (ps < .001). There was less conclusive evidence that a face-to-face conversation with an unknown peer, or that the mere presence of a friend or unknown peer, conferred protective benefits.

Conclusions

The findings provide support for the effectiveness of social disconnection interventions that involve actual (i.e., face-to-face) or symbolic (i.e., reminders) interactions with friends. These interventions target momentary vulnerabilities that arise from social exclusion by addressing negative affect and cognitions before or after they emerge. As such, they offer a promising approach to primary prevention prior to the onset of loneliness and social isolation.
Appendix
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Footnotes
1
Other names for IDA include “mega-analysis.”
 
2
The total percentage exceeds 100% because participants were able to select multiple identities.
 
3
The face-to-face conversation between friends and unknown peers differed by design. The conversation between the unknown peers were structured with the goal of facilitating social connection, and thus had “getting to know you” type questions (e.g., “What is your favorite class at Cornell?”). In contrast, the conversation between friends were structured with the goal of prompting exploration and had the goal of deepening the bond, and thus used Aron’s “Fast Friends” questions (e.g., “What do you value most in a friendship?”).
 
4
We do not treat relationship quality with friends as an additional social context variable because we do not experimentally manipulate this factor.
 
5
All participants in Study 2, Study 3, Study 4, and Study 5 answered questions regarding a friend. Participants in Study 1 did not answer these questions. Study 2 recruited participants alone and with a friend. Participants who were recruited alone (i.e., conversation with an unknown peer before (Study 2), mere presence of an unknown peer (Study 2)) answered these questions about their best friend as opposed to a friend they came into the study with.
 
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Metadata
Title
Mitigating the affective and cognitive consequences of social exclusion: an integrative data analysis of seven social disconnection interventions
Authors
Randy T. Lee
Gizem Surenkok
Vivian Zayas
Publication date
01-12-2024
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2024
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18365-5

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