Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
Published in: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 1/2020

01-12-2020 | Miscarriage | Research article

Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model

Authors: Kate Louise Obst, Clemence Due, Melissa Oxlad, Philippa Middleton

Published in: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Issue 1/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Emotional distress following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss is common, with enduring grief occurring for many parents. However, little is known about men’s grief, since the majority of existing literature and subsequent bereavement care guidelines have focused on women. To develop a comprehensive understanding of men’s grief, this systematic review sought to summarise and appraise the literature focusing on men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss.

Methods

A systematic review was undertaken with searches completed across four databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and CINAHL). These were guided by two research questions: 1) what are men’s experiences of grief following pregnancy/neonatal loss; and 2) what are the predictors of men’s grief following pregnancy/neonatal loss? Eligible articles were qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods empirical studies including primary data on men’s grief, published between 1998 and October 2018. Eligibility for loss type included miscarriage or stillbirth (by any definition), termination of pregnancy for nonviable foetal anomaly, and neonatal death up to 28 days after a live birth.

Results

A final sample of 46 articles were identified, including 26 qualitative, 19 quantitative, and one mixed methods paper. Findings indicate that men’s grief experiences are highly varied, and current grief measures may not capture all of the complexities of grief for men. Qualitative studies identified that in comparison to women, men may face different challenges including expectations to support female partners, and a lack of social recognition for their grief and subsequent needs. Men may face double-disenfranchised grief in relation to the pregnancy/neonatal loss experience.

Conclusion

There is a need to increase the accessibility of support services for men following pregnancy/neonatal loss, and to provide recognition and validation of their experiences of grief. Cohort studies are required among varied groups of bereaved men to confirm grief-predictor relationships, and to refine an emerging socio-ecological model of men’s grief.

Trials registration

PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018103981
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
2.
Lang A, Fleiszer AR, Duhamel F, Sword W, Gilbert KR, Corsini-Munt S. Perinatal loss and parental grief: the challenge of ambiguity and disenfranchised grief. OMEGA J Death Dying. 2011;63(2):183–96.CrossRef
3.
McCreight BS. Perinatal loss: a qualitative study in Northern Ireland. OMEGA J Death Dying. 2008;57(1):1–19.CrossRef
4.
Helmwrath T, Steinitz EM. Death of an infant: parental grieving and the failure of social support. J Fam Pract. 1978;6(4):785–90.
5.
6.
Mulvihill A, Walsh T. Pregnancy loss in rural Ireland: an experience of disenfranchised grief. Br J Soc Work. 2014;44(8):2290–306.CrossRef
7.
Fredenburg M. Reproductive loss: giving permission to grieve. Issues Law Med. 2017;32(2):353–9.PubMed
8.
Blencowe H, Cousens S, Jassir FB, Say L, Chou D, Mathers C, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2015, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(2):E98–E108.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Brier N. Grief following miscarriage: a comprehensive review of the literature. J Women's Health. 2008;17(3):451–64.CrossRef
10.
Lawn JE, Gravett MG, Nunes TM, Rubens CE, Stanton C. Global report on preterm birth and stillbirth (1 of 7): definitions, description of the burden and opportunities to improve data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2010;10(Suppl 1):S1.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
12.
Horton R, Samarasekera U. Stillbirths: ending an epidemic of grief. Lancet. 2016;387(10018):515–6.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Heazel AEP. Stillbirth – a challenge for the 21st century. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(1):388.CrossRef
14.
Flenady V, Wojcieszek AM, Middleton P, et al, for The Lancet Ending Preventable Stillbirths study group and The Lancet Stillbirths In High-Income Countries Investigator Group. Stillbirths: recall to action in high-income countries. The Lancet. 2016;387(10019):691-702.CrossRef
15.
Korteweg FJ, Gordijn SJ, Timmer A, Erwich JJHM, Bergman KA, Bouman K, et al. The tulip classification of perinatal mortality: introduction and multidisciplinary inter-rater agreement. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;113(4):393–401.CrossRef
16.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Causes of Death, Australia, 2016. (3303.0). 2017. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
17.
MacDorman MF, Kirmeyer SE, Wilson EC. Fetal and perinatal mortality, United States, 2006: national vital statistics reports. Hyattsville: National Center for Health Statistics; 2006.
18.
19.
20.
Smith GCS. Screening and prevention of stillbirth. Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;38:71–82.CrossRef
21.
Obst KL, Due C. Australian men’s experiences of support following pregnancy loss: a qualitative study. Midwifery. 2019;70:1–6.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Riggs DW, Due C, Tape N. Australian heterosexual men's experiences of pregnancy loss: the relationships between grief, psychological distress, stigma, help-seeking, and support. Omega. 2018.
23.
Huffman CS, Schwartz TA, Swanson KM. Couples and miscarriage: the influence of gender and reproductive factors on the impact of miscarriage. Womens Health Issues. 2015;25(5):570–8.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Franche RL. Psychologic and obstetric predictors of couples' grief during pregnancy after miscarriage or perinatal death. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):597–602 English.PubMed
25.
Puddifoot J, Johnson M. Active grief, despair, and difficulty coping: some measured characteristics of male response following their partner's miscarriage. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 1999;17(1):89–93.CrossRef
26.
Koopmans L, Wilson T, Cacciatore J, Flenady V. Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;6:CD000452.
27.
Murphy S, Cacciatore J. The psychological, social, and economic impact of stillbirth on families. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;22(3):129–4.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Burden C, Bradley S, Storey C, Ellis A, Heazel AEP, Downe S, et al. From grief, guilt pain and stigma to hope and pride – a systematic review and metaanalysis of mixed-method research of the psychosocial impact of stillbirth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(9):41.
29.
Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: sadness and depression London: Hogarth press; 1980.
30.
Kübler-Ross E. On death and dying. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company; 1969.
31.
Stroebe M, Schut H. The dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death Stud. 1999;23(3):197–224.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Klass D. Solace and immortality: bereaved parents’ continuing bond with their children. Death Stud. 1993;17:343–68.CrossRef
33.
Klass D. The deceased child in the psychic and social worlds of bereaved parents during the resolution of grief. Death Stud. 1996;21:147–75.CrossRef
34.
Addis ME, Mahalik JR. Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. Am Psychol. 2003;58(1):5–14.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Doka KJ, Martin T. Masculine responses to loss: clinical implications. J Fam Stud. 1998;4(2):143–58.CrossRef
36.
Seidler ZED, Rice AJ, Simon M, Oliffe JL, Dhillon HM. The role of masculinity in men's help-seeking for depression: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;49:106–18.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Badenhorst W, Riches S, Turton P, Hughes P. The psychological effects of stillbirth and neonatal death on fathers: systematic review. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2006;27(4):245–56.CrossRef
38.
Due C, Chiarolli S, Riggs DW. The impact of pregnancy loss on men's health and wellbeing: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):380.
39.
Rinehart MS, Kiselica MS. Helping men with the trauma of miscarriage. Psychother Theory Res Pract Train. 2010;47(3):228–95.
40.
Turton P, Badenhorst W, Hughes P, Ward J, Riches S, White S. Psychological impact of stillbirth on fathers in the subsequent pregnancy and puerperium. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;188(2):165–72.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Vance JC, Boyle FM, Najman JM, Thearle MJ. Couple distress after sudden infant or perinatal death: a 30-month follow up. J Paediatr Child Health. 2002;38(4):368–72.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Flenady V, Oats J, Gardener G, Masson V, McCowan L, Kent A, et al. Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand clinical practice guideline for care around stillbirth and neonatal death. Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2018.
43.
Hendson L, Davies D. Supporting and communicating with families experiencing perinatal loss. J Paediatr Child Health. 2018;23(8):549.CrossRef
44.
Hunter A. Pregnancy loss and the death of a baby: guidelines for professionals: Sands UK; 2016.
45.
46.
McCreight BS. A grief ignored: narratives of pregnancy loss from a male perspective. Sociol Health Illn. 2004;26(3):326–50.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Miller EJ, Temple-Smith MJ, Bilardi JE. ‘There was just no-one there to acknowledge that it happened to me as well’: A qualitative study of male partner’s experience of miscarriage. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0217395.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
Nguyen V, Temple-Smith MJ, Bilardi JE. Men's lived experiences of perinatal loss: a review of the literature. Aus N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;59(6):757-66.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Jones K, Robb M, Murphy S, Davies A. New understandings of fathers’ experiences of grief and loss following stillbirth and neonatal death: a scoping review. Midwifery. 2019;79:102531.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Williams HM, Topping A, Coomarasamy A, Jones LL. Men and miscarriage: a systematic review and thematic synthesis. Qual Health Res. 2019;30(1):133–45.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
51.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264–9.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Broen AN, Moum T, Bödtker AS, Ekeberg O. Psychological impact on women of miscarriage versus induced abortion: a 2-year follow-up study. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(2):265–71.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Coyle CT, Rue VM. A thematic analysis of men’s experience with a partner’s elective abortion. Couns Values. 2015;60(2):138–50.CrossRef
54.
55.
Avelin P, Rådestad I, Säflund K, Wredling R, Erlandsson K. Parental grief and relationships after the loss of a stillborn baby. Midwifery. 2013;29(6):668–73.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Brierly LE. Couples' experiences grieving late-term pregnancy loss in the digital era. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 2018;79(8-B(E)).
57.
Cholette ME. Exploring the meaning of the paternal experience of perinatal loss: a phenomenological study: University of Arizona; 2012.
58.
Colon EJ. Paternal experiences after a perinatal loss. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 2009;69(7-B):4084.
59.
Jones-Peeples AE. Understanding paternal experience of perinatal loss and maternal expectations. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. In: The Sciences and Engineering, vol. 74; 2014. 10-B(E).
60.
Lukas ML. Paternal grief, mourning, and adaptation following perinatal loss. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 1999;59(9-B):5169.
61.
Obst KL. Australian men’s experiences of support following pregnancy loss. Adelaide: University of Adelaide; 2017.
62.
Tennenbaum EA. A qualitative investigation of the psychological effects of recurrent miscarriage on male partners. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 2008;69(2-B):1348.
63.
Swanson KM, Chen HT, Graham JC, Wojnar DM, Petras A. Resolution of depression and grief during the first year after miscarriage: a randomized controlled clinical trial of couples-focused interventions. J Women's Health. 2009;18(8):1245–57.CrossRef
64.
Cacciatore J, Erlandsson K, Rådestad I. Fatherhood and suffering: a qualitative exploration of Swedish men's experiences of care after the death of a baby. Int J Nurs Stud. 2013;50(5):664–70.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Kelley MC, Trinidad SB. Silent loss and the clinical encounter: Parents' and physicians' experiences of stillbirth-a qualitative analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012;27(12):137.CrossRef
66.
Weaver-Hightower MB. Waltzing Matilda: an autoethnography of a father's stillbirth. J Contemp Ethnogr. 2012;41(4):462–91.CrossRef
67.
Cope H, Garrett ME, Gregory S, Ashley-Koch A. Pregnancy continuation and organizational religious activity following prenatal diagnosis of a lethal fetal defect are associated with improved psychological outcome. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35(8):761–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Ekelin M, Crang-Svalenius E, Nordström B, Dykes AK. Parents' experiences, reactions and needs regarding a nonviable fetus diagnosed at a second trimester routine ultrasound. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(4):446–54.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Hamama-Raz Y, Hemmendinger S, Buchbinder E. The unifying difference: dyadic coping with spontaneous abortion among religious Jewish couples. Qual Health Res. 2010;20(2):251–61.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Khan RA, Drudy L, Sheehan J, Harrison RF, Geary M. Early pregnancy loss: how do men feel? Ir Med J. 2004;97(7):217–8.PubMed
71.
Abboud L, Liamputtong P. Pregnancy loss: what it means to women who miscarry and their partners. Soc Work Health Care. 2003;36(3):37–62.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Abboud L, Liamputtong P. When pregnancy fails: coping strategies, support networks and experiences with health care of ethnic women and their partners. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2005;23(1):3–18.CrossRef
73.
Armstrong D. Exploring fathers' experiences of pregnancy after a prior perinatal loss. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2001;26(3):147–53.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Campbell-Jackson L, Bezance J, Horsch A. "A renewed sense of purpose": Mothers' and fathers' experience of having a child following a recent stillbirth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14(1):423.
75.
Fisher KA. Miscarriage: A phenomenological approach to the father's experience. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 2002;62(11-B):5032.
76.
Jansson C, Volgsten H, Huffman C, Skoog Svanberg A, Swanson KM, Stavreus-Evers A. Validation of the revised impact of miscarriage scale for Swedish conditions and comparison between Swedish and American couples' experiences after miscarriage. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2017;22(6):412–7.PubMedCrossRef
77.
78.
79.
Murphy F. The experience of early miscarriage from a male perspective. J Clin Nurs. 1998;7(4):325–32.PubMedCrossRef
80.
O'Leary J, Thorwick C. Fathers' perspectives during pregnancy, postperinatal loss. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35(1):78–86.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Samuelsson M, Rådestad I, Segesten K. A waste of life: fathers' experience of losing a child before birth. Birth. 2001;28(2):124–30.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Wagner NJ, Vaughn CT, Tuazon VE. Fathers’ lived experiences of miscarriage. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families. 2018;26(2):193–9.CrossRef
83.
Wagner T, Higgins PG, Wallerstedt C. Perinatal death: how fathers grieve. J Prenat Perinat Psychol Health. 1998;13(2):85–98.
84.
Franche RL, Bulow C. The impact of a subsequent pregnancy on grief and emotional adjustment following a perinatal loss. Infant Ment Health J. 1999;20(2):175–87.CrossRef
85.
Bonnette S, Broom A. On grief, fathering and the male role in men's accounts of stillbirth. J Sociol. 2011;48(3):248–65.CrossRef
86.
Michon B, Balkou S, Hivon R, Cyr C. Death of a child: parental perception of grief intensity - end-of-life and bereavement care. Paediatr Child Health. 2003;8(6):363–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
Johnson MP, Puddifoot JE. Miscarriage: is vividness of visual imagery a factor in the grief reaction of the partner? Br J Health Psychol. 1998;3:137–46.CrossRef
88.
Barr P. Guilt- and shame-proneness and the grief of perinatal bereavement. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract. 2004;77(4):493–510.CrossRef
89.
Barr P. Relation between grief and subsequent pregnancy status 13 months after perinatal bereavement. J Perinat Med. 2006;34(3):207–11.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Barr P. Negative self-conscious emotion and grief: an actor-partner analysis in couples bereaved by stillbirth or neonatal death. Psychol Psychother. 2012;85(3):310–26.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Serrano F, Lima ML. Recurrent miscarriage: psychological and relational consequences for couples. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract. 2006;79(4):585–94.CrossRef
92.
Wilson PA, Boyle FM, Ware RS. Holding a stillborn baby: the view from a specialist perinatal bereavement service. Aus N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;55(4):337–43.CrossRef
93.
Rich DE. The impact of postpregnancy loss services on grief outcome: integrating research and practice in the design of perinatal bereavement programs. Illn Crisis Loss. 2000;8(3):244–64.CrossRef
94.
Alderman L, Chisholm J, Denmark F, Salbod S. Bereavement and stress of a miscarriage: as it affects the couple. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying. 1998;37(4):317–27.CrossRef
95.
Conway K, Russell G. Couples' grief and experience of support in the aftermath of miscarriage. Br J Med Psychol. 2000;73(4):531–45.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Volgsten H, Jansson C, Svanberg AS, Darj E, Stavreus-Evers A. Longitudinal study of emotional experiences, grief and depressive symptoms in women and men after miscarriage. Midwifery. 2018;1(64):23–8.CrossRef
97.
Lasker JN, Toedter LJ. Predicting outcomes after pregnancy loss: results from studies using the perinatal grief scale. Illn Crisis Loss. 2000;8(4):350–72.CrossRef
98.
Bronfenbrenner U. The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1979.
99.
Cacciatore J, Raffo Z. An exploration of lesbian maternal bereavement. Soc Work. 2011;56(2):169–77.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Doka KJ, Martin T. Grieving styles: Gender and grief. Grief Matters: The Australian Journal of Grief and Bereavement. 2011;14(2):42–5.
101.
Mann JR, McKeown RE, Bacon J, Vesselinov R, Bush F. Predicting depressive symptoms and grief after pregnancy loss. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;29:1–6.CrossRef
102.
Kersting A, Kroker K, Steinhard J, Ludorff K, Wesselmann U, Orhmann P, et al. Complicated grief after traumatic loss: a 14 month follow up. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;257(8):437–43.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Cowchock FS, Lasker JN, Toedter LJ, Skumanich SA, Koenig HG. Religious beliefs affect grieving after pregnancy loss. J Relig Health. 2010;49(4):485–97.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Neugebauer R, Kline J, Shrout P, Skodol A, O'Connor P, Geller PA, et al. Major depressive disorder in the 6 months after miscarriage. JAMA. 1997;277(5):383–8.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Osman HM, Egal JA, Kiruja J, Osman F, Byrskog U, Erlandsson K. Women’s experiences of stillbirth in Somaliland: a phenomenological description. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2017;11:107–11.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Haws RA, Mashasi I, Mrisho M, Schellenberg JA, Darmstadt GL, Winch PJ. “These are not good things for other people to know”: how rural Tanzanian women’s experiences of pregnancy loss and early neonatal death may impact survey data quality. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71:1764–72.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Tseng YF, Hsu MT, Hsieh YT, Cheng HR. The meaning of rituals after a stillbirth: a qualitative study of mothers with a stillborn baby. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27:1134–42.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Thieleman K, Cacciatore J. “As if nothing happened”: experiences of bereaved parents in Romania. OMEGA J Death Dying. 2018:1–21.
109.
Van P, Meleis AI. Coping with grief after involuntary pregnancy loss: perspectives of African American women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2003;32(1):28–39.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Tsartsara E, Johnson MP. Women’s experience of care at a specialised miscarriage unit: an interpretative phenomenological study. Clin Eff Nurs. 2002;6:55–65.CrossRef
111.
Campbell-Jackson L, Horsch A. The psychological impact of stillbirth on women: a systematic review. Illn Crisis Loss. 2014;22(3):237–56.CrossRef
112.
Due C, Obst K, Riggs DW, Collins C. Australian heterosexual women’s experiences of healthcare provision following a pregnancy loss. Women Birth. 2017;31(4):331–8.PubMedCrossRef
113.
114.
115.
Redshaw M, Henderson J. Fathers’ engagement in pregnancy and childbirth: evidence from a national survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013;13(70).
116.
Fisher D, Khashu M, Adama EA, Feeley N, Garfield CF, Ireland J, et al. Fathers in neonatal units: improving infant health by supporting the baby-father bond and mother-father coparenting. J Neonatal Nurs. 2018;24:306–12.CrossRef
117.
Toedter LJ, Lasker JN, Alhadeff JM. The perinatal grief scale: development and initial validation. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1988;58(3):435–49.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Clyman RI, Green C, Rowe J, Mikkelsen C, Ataide L. Issues concerning parents after the death of their newborn. Crit Care Med. 1980;8(4):215–8.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Kimble DL. Neonatal death: a descriptive study of fathers’ experiences. J Neonatal Nurs. 1991;9(8):45–50.
120.
Ziv I, Freund-Exchar Y. The pregnancy experience of gay couples expecting a child through overseas surrogacy. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families. 2015;23(2):158–66.CrossRef
121.
Ellis SA, Wojnar DM, Pettinato M. Conception, pregnancy, and birth experiences of male and gender variant gestational parents: It's how we could have a family. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2015;60(1):62–9.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model
Authors
Kate Louise Obst
Clemence Due
Melissa Oxlad
Philippa Middleton
Publication date
01-12-2020
Publisher
BioMed Central
Keyword
Miscarriage
Published in
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth / Issue 1/2020
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2393
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2677-9

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 1/2020 Go to the issue

Study protocol

Effectiveness of a therapeutic multiple-lifestyle intervention taking into account the periconceptional environment in the management of infertile couples: study design of a randomized controlled trial – the PEPCI study

Research article

Pregnant women’s clinical characteristics, intrapartum interventions, and duration of labour in urban China: a multi-center cross-sectional study

Research article

Promoting positive maternal, newborn, and child health behaviors through a group-based health education and microfinance program: a prospective matched cohort study in western Kenya

Research article

Perceptions of pregnant women of reasons for late initiation of antenatal care: a qualitative interview study

Research article

Triangulating data sources for further learning from and about the MDSR in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional review of facility based maternal death data from EmONC assessment and MDSR system

Case report

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in a frozen-thawed embryo transfer pregnancy: a rare case report