Skip to main content
Top
Published in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 1/2007

01-06-2007

Metabolic imaging using PET

Author: Takashi Kudo

Published in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging | Special Issue 1/2007

Login to get access

Abstract

Introduction

There is growing evidence that myocardial metabolism plays a key role not only in ischaemic heart disease but also in a variety of diseases which involve myocardium globally, such as heart failure and diabetes mellitus. Understanding myocardial metabolism in such diseases helps to elucidate the pathophysiology and assists in making therapeutic decisions.

Measurement

As well as providing information on regional changes, PET can deliver quantitative information about both regional and global changes in metabolism. This capability of quantitative measurement is one of the major advantages of PET along with physiological positron tracers, especially relevant in evaluating diseases which involve the whole myocardium.

Discussion

This review discusses major PET tracers for metabolic imaging and their clinical applications and contributions to research regarding ischaemic heart disease and other diseases such as heart failure and diabetic heart disease. Future applications of positron metabolic tracers for the detection of vulnerable plaque are also highlighted briefly.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Sokoloff L, Reivich M, Kennedy C, Des Rosiers MH, Patlak CS, Pettigrew KD, et al. The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J Neurochem 1977;28:897–916.CrossRef Sokoloff L, Reivich M, Kennedy C, Des Rosiers MH, Patlak CS, Pettigrew KD, et al. The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J Neurochem 1977;28:897–916.CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Phelps ME, Huang SC, Hoffman EJ, Selin C, Sokoloff L, Kuhl DE. Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: validation of method. Ann Neurol 1979;6:371–88.PubMedCrossRef Phelps ME, Huang SC, Hoffman EJ, Selin C, Sokoloff L, Kuhl DE. Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: validation of method. Ann Neurol 1979;6:371–88.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Krivokapich J, Huang SC, Phelps ME, Barrio JR, Watanabe CR, Selin CE, et al. Estimation of rabbit myocardial metabolic rate for glucose using fluorodeoxyglucose. Am J Physiol 1982;243:H884–95.PubMed Krivokapich J, Huang SC, Phelps ME, Barrio JR, Watanabe CR, Selin CE, et al. Estimation of rabbit myocardial metabolic rate for glucose using fluorodeoxyglucose. Am J Physiol 1982;243:H884–95.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Krivokapich J, Huang SC, Selin CE, Phelps ME. Fluorodeoxyglucose rate constants, lumped constant, and glucose metabolic rate in rabbit heart. Am J Physiol 1987;252:H777–87.PubMed Krivokapich J, Huang SC, Selin CE, Phelps ME. Fluorodeoxyglucose rate constants, lumped constant, and glucose metabolic rate in rabbit heart. Am J Physiol 1987;252:H777–87.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Gambhir SS, Schwaiger M, Huang SC, Krivokapich J, Schelbert HR, Nienaber CA, et al. Simple noninvasive quantification method for measuring myocardial glucose utilization in humans employing positron emission tomography and fluorine-18 deoxyglucose. J Nucl Med 1989;30:359–66.PubMed Gambhir SS, Schwaiger M, Huang SC, Krivokapich J, Schelbert HR, Nienaber CA, et al. Simple noninvasive quantification method for measuring myocardial glucose utilization in humans employing positron emission tomography and fluorine-18 deoxyglucose. J Nucl Med 1989;30:359–66.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Choi Y, Hawkins RA, Huang SC, Gambhir SS, Brunken RC, Phelps ME, et al. Parametric images of myocardial metabolic rate of glucose generated from dynamic cardiac PET and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose studies. J Nucl Med 1991;32:733–8.PubMed Choi Y, Hawkins RA, Huang SC, Gambhir SS, Brunken RC, Phelps ME, et al. Parametric images of myocardial metabolic rate of glucose generated from dynamic cardiac PET and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose studies. J Nucl Med 1991;32:733–8.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Virtanen KA, Peltoniemi P, Marjamaki P, Asola M, Strindberg L, Parkkola R, et al. Human adipose tissue glucose uptake determined using [18F]-fluoro-deoxy-glucose ([18F]FDG) and PET in combination with microdialysis. Diabetologia 2001;44:2171–9.PubMedCrossRef Virtanen KA, Peltoniemi P, Marjamaki P, Asola M, Strindberg L, Parkkola R, et al. Human adipose tissue glucose uptake determined using [18F]-fluoro-deoxy-glucose ([18F]FDG) and PET in combination with microdialysis. Diabetologia 2001;44:2171–9.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Botker HE, Bottcher M, Schmitz O, Gee A, Hansen SB, Cold GE, et al. Glucose uptake and lumped constant variability in normal human hearts determined with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose. J Nucl Cardiol 1997;4:125–32.PubMedCrossRef Botker HE, Bottcher M, Schmitz O, Gee A, Hansen SB, Cold GE, et al. Glucose uptake and lumped constant variability in normal human hearts determined with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose. J Nucl Cardiol 1997;4:125–32.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Tamaki N, Kawamoto M, Takahashi N, Yonekura Y, Magata Y, Torizuka T, et al. Assessment of myocardial fatty acid metabolism with positron emission tomography at rest and during dobutamine infusion in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 1993;125:702–10.PubMedCrossRef Tamaki N, Kawamoto M, Takahashi N, Yonekura Y, Magata Y, Torizuka T, et al. Assessment of myocardial fatty acid metabolism with positron emission tomography at rest and during dobutamine infusion in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 1993;125:702–10.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Bergmann SR, Weinheimer CJ, Markham J, Herrero P. Quantitation of myocardial fatty acid metabolism using PET. J Nucl Med 1996;37:1723–30.PubMed Bergmann SR, Weinheimer CJ, Markham J, Herrero P. Quantitation of myocardial fatty acid metabolism using PET. J Nucl Med 1996;37:1723–30.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Schon HR, Schelbert HR, Robinson G, Najafi A, Huang SC, Hansen H, et al. C-11 labeled palmitic acid for the noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial fatty acid metabolism with positron-computed tomography. I. Kinetics of C-11 palmitic acid in normal myocardium. Am Heart J 1982;103:532–47.PubMedCrossRef Schon HR, Schelbert HR, Robinson G, Najafi A, Huang SC, Hansen H, et al. C-11 labeled palmitic acid for the noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial fatty acid metabolism with positron-computed tomography. I. Kinetics of C-11 palmitic acid in normal myocardium. Am Heart J 1982;103:532–47.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference DeGrado TR, Coenen HH, Stocklin G. 14(R,S)-[18F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid (FTHA): evaluation in mouse of a new probe of myocardial utilization of long chain fatty acids. J Nucl Med 1991;32:1888–96.PubMed DeGrado TR, Coenen HH, Stocklin G. 14(R,S)-[18F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid (FTHA): evaluation in mouse of a new probe of myocardial utilization of long chain fatty acids. J Nucl Med 1991;32:1888–96.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Ebert A, Herzog H, Stocklin GL, Henrich MM, DeGrado TR, Coenen HH, et al. Kinetics of 14(R,S)-fluorine-18-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid in normal human hearts at rest, during exercise and after dipyridamole injection. J Nucl Med 1994;35:51–6.PubMed Ebert A, Herzog H, Stocklin GL, Henrich MM, DeGrado TR, Coenen HH, et al. Kinetics of 14(R,S)-fluorine-18-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid in normal human hearts at rest, during exercise and after dipyridamole injection. J Nucl Med 1994;35:51–6.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Altehoefer C, vom Dahl J, Bares R, Stocklin GL, Bull U. Metabolic mismatch of septal beta-oxidation and glucose utilization in left bundle branch block assessed with PET. J Nucl Med 1995;36:2056–9.PubMed Altehoefer C, vom Dahl J, Bares R, Stocklin GL, Bull U. Metabolic mismatch of septal beta-oxidation and glucose utilization in left bundle branch block assessed with PET. J Nucl Med 1995;36:2056–9.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Takala TO, Nuutila P, Pulkki K, Oikonen V, Gronroos T, Savunen T, et al. 14(R,S)-[18F]Fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid as a tracer of free fatty acid uptake and oxidation in myocardium and skeletal muscle. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:1617–22.PubMedCrossRef Takala TO, Nuutila P, Pulkki K, Oikonen V, Gronroos T, Savunen T, et al. 14(R,S)-[18F]Fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid as a tracer of free fatty acid uptake and oxidation in myocardium and skeletal muscle. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:1617–22.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Degrado TR, Kitapci MT, Wang S, Ying J, Lopaschuk GD. Validation of 18F-fluoro-4-thia-palmitate as a PET probe for myocardial fatty acid oxidation: effects of hypoxia and composition of exogenous fatty acids. J Nucl Med 2006;47:173–81.PubMed Degrado TR, Kitapci MT, Wang S, Ying J, Lopaschuk GD. Validation of 18F-fluoro-4-thia-palmitate as a PET probe for myocardial fatty acid oxidation: effects of hypoxia and composition of exogenous fatty acids. J Nucl Med 2006;47:173–81.PubMed
17.
go back to reference DeGrado TR, Wang S, Rockey DC. Preliminary evaluation of 15-[18F]fluoro-3-oxa-pentadecanoate as a PET tracer of hepatic fatty acid oxidation. J Nucl Med 2000;41:1727–36.PubMed DeGrado TR, Wang S, Rockey DC. Preliminary evaluation of 15-[18F]fluoro-3-oxa-pentadecanoate as a PET tracer of hepatic fatty acid oxidation. J Nucl Med 2000;41:1727–36.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Shoup TM, Elmaleh DR, Bonab AA, Fischman AJ. Evaluation of trans-9-18F-fluoro-3,4-methyleneheptadecanoic acid as a PET tracer for myocardial fatty acid imaging. J Nucl Med 2005;46:297–304.PubMed Shoup TM, Elmaleh DR, Bonab AA, Fischman AJ. Evaluation of trans-9-18F-fluoro-3,4-methyleneheptadecanoic acid as a PET tracer for myocardial fatty acid imaging. J Nucl Med 2005;46:297–304.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Renstrom B, Rommelfanger S, Stone CK, DeGrado TR, Carlson KJ, Scarbrough E, et al. Comparison of fatty acid tracers FTHA and BMIPP during myocardial ischemia and hypoxia. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1684–9.PubMed Renstrom B, Rommelfanger S, Stone CK, DeGrado TR, Carlson KJ, Scarbrough E, et al. Comparison of fatty acid tracers FTHA and BMIPP during myocardial ischemia and hypoxia. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1684–9.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Brown M, Marshall DR, Sobel BE, Bergmann SR. Delineation of myocardial oxygen utilization with carbon-11-labeled acetate. Circulation 1987;76:687–96.PubMed Brown M, Marshall DR, Sobel BE, Bergmann SR. Delineation of myocardial oxygen utilization with carbon-11-labeled acetate. Circulation 1987;76:687–96.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Tamaki N, Magata Y, Takahashi N, Kawamoto M, Torizuka T, Yonekura Y, et al. Myocardial oxidative metabolism in normal subjects in fasting, glucose loading and dobutamine infusion states. Ann Nucl Med 1992;6:221–8.PubMed Tamaki N, Magata Y, Takahashi N, Kawamoto M, Torizuka T, Yonekura Y, et al. Myocardial oxidative metabolism in normal subjects in fasting, glucose loading and dobutamine infusion states. Ann Nucl Med 1992;6:221–8.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Armbrecht JJ, Buxton DB, Schelbert HR. Validation of [1-11C]acetate as a tracer for noninvasive assessment of oxidative metabolism with positron emission tomography in normal, ischemic, postischemic, and hyperemic canine myocardium. Circulation. 1990;81:1594–605.PubMed Armbrecht JJ, Buxton DB, Schelbert HR. Validation of [1-11C]acetate as a tracer for noninvasive assessment of oxidative metabolism with positron emission tomography in normal, ischemic, postischemic, and hyperemic canine myocardium. Circulation. 1990;81:1594–605.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Gropler RJ, Siegel BA, Geltman EM. Myocardial uptake of carbon-11-acetate as an indirect estimate of regional myocardial blood flow. J Nucl Med 1991;32:245–51.PubMed Gropler RJ, Siegel BA, Geltman EM. Myocardial uptake of carbon-11-acetate as an indirect estimate of regional myocardial blood flow. J Nucl Med 1991;32:245–51.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Sciacca RR, Akinboboye O, Chou RL, Epstein S, Bergmann SR. Measurement of myocardial blood flow with PET using 1-11C-acetate. J Nucl Med 2001;42:63–70.PubMed Sciacca RR, Akinboboye O, Chou RL, Epstein S, Bergmann SR. Measurement of myocardial blood flow with PET using 1-11C-acetate. J Nucl Med 2001;42:63–70.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Sun KT, Yeatman LA, Buxton DB, Chen K, Johnson JA, Huang SC, et al. Simultaneous measurement of myocardial oxygen consumption and blood flow using [1-carbon-11]acetate. J Nucl Med 1998;39:272–80.PubMed Sun KT, Yeatman LA, Buxton DB, Chen K, Johnson JA, Huang SC, et al. Simultaneous measurement of myocardial oxygen consumption and blood flow using [1-carbon-11]acetate. J Nucl Med 1998;39:272–80.PubMed
26.
go back to reference van den Hoff J, Burchert W, Borner AR, Fricke H, Kuhnel G, Meyer GJ, et al. [1-11C]Acetate as a quantitative perfusion tracer in myocardial PET. J Nucl Med 2001;42:1174–82.PubMed van den Hoff J, Burchert W, Borner AR, Fricke H, Kuhnel G, Meyer GJ, et al. [1-11C]Acetate as a quantitative perfusion tracer in myocardial PET. J Nucl Med 2001;42:1174–82.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Feng B, Pretorius PH, Farncombe TH, Dahlberg ST, Narayanan MV, Wernick MN, et al. Simultaneous assessment of cardiac perfusion and function using 5-dimensional imaging with Tc-99m teboroxime. J Nucl Cardiol 2006;13:354–61.PubMedCrossRef Feng B, Pretorius PH, Farncombe TH, Dahlberg ST, Narayanan MV, Wernick MN, et al. Simultaneous assessment of cardiac perfusion and function using 5-dimensional imaging with Tc-99m teboroxime. J Nucl Cardiol 2006;13:354–61.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Porenta G, Cherry S, Czernin J, Brunken R, Kuhle W, Hashimoto T, et al. Noninvasive determination of myocardial blood flow, oxygen consumption and efficiency in normal humans by carbon-11 acetate positron emission tomography imaging. Eur J Nucl Med 1999;26:1465–74.PubMedCrossRef Porenta G, Cherry S, Czernin J, Brunken R, Kuhle W, Hashimoto T, et al. Noninvasive determination of myocardial blood flow, oxygen consumption and efficiency in normal humans by carbon-11 acetate positron emission tomography imaging. Eur J Nucl Med 1999;26:1465–74.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Tillisch J, Brunken R, Marshall R, Schwaiger M, Mandelkern M, Phelps M, et al. Reversibility of cardiac wall-motion abnormalities predicted by positron tomography. N Engl J Med 1986;314:884–8.PubMedCrossRef Tillisch J, Brunken R, Marshall R, Schwaiger M, Mandelkern M, Phelps M, et al. Reversibility of cardiac wall-motion abnormalities predicted by positron tomography. N Engl J Med 1986;314:884–8.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference de Groot M, Meeuwis AP, Kok PJ, Corstens FH, Oyen WJ. Influence of blood glucose level, age and fasting period on non-pathological FDG uptake in heart and gut. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32:98–101.PubMedCrossRef de Groot M, Meeuwis AP, Kok PJ, Corstens FH, Oyen WJ. Influence of blood glucose level, age and fasting period on non-pathological FDG uptake in heart and gut. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32:98–101.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kaneta T, Hakamatsuka T, Takanami K, Yamada T, Takase K, Sato A, et al. Evaluation of the relationship between physiological FDG uptake in the heart and age, blood glucose level, fasting period, and hospitalization. Ann Nucl Med 2006;20:203–8.PubMed Kaneta T, Hakamatsuka T, Takanami K, Yamada T, Takase K, Sato A, et al. Evaluation of the relationship between physiological FDG uptake in the heart and age, blood glucose level, fasting period, and hospitalization. Ann Nucl Med 2006;20:203–8.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Gropler RJ, Siegel BA, Lee KJ, Moerlein SM, Perry DJ, Bergmann SR, et al. Nonuniformity in myocardial accumulation of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in normal fasted humans. J Nucl Med 1990;31:1749–56.PubMed Gropler RJ, Siegel BA, Lee KJ, Moerlein SM, Perry DJ, Bergmann SR, et al. Nonuniformity in myocardial accumulation of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in normal fasted humans. J Nucl Med 1990;31:1749–56.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Hicks RJ, Herman WH, Kalff V, Molina E, Wolfe ER, Hutchins G, et al. Quantitative evaluation of regional substrate metabolism in the human heart by positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:101–11.PubMedCrossRef Hicks RJ, Herman WH, Kalff V, Molina E, Wolfe ER, Hutchins G, et al. Quantitative evaluation of regional substrate metabolism in the human heart by positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:101–11.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Pagano D, Lewis ME, Townend JN, Davies P, Camici PG, Bonser RS. Coronary revascularisation for postischaemic heart failure: how myocardial viability affects survival. Heart 1999;82:684–8.PubMed Pagano D, Lewis ME, Townend JN, Davies P, Camici PG, Bonser RS. Coronary revascularisation for postischaemic heart failure: how myocardial viability affects survival. Heart 1999;82:684–8.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Bax JJ, Fath-Ordoubadi F, Boersma E, Wijns W, Camici PG. Accuracy of PET in predicting functional recovery after revascularisation in patients with chronic ischaemic dysfunction: head-to-head comparison between blood flow, glucose utilisation and water-perfusable tissue fraction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:721–7.PubMedCrossRef Bax JJ, Fath-Ordoubadi F, Boersma E, Wijns W, Camici PG. Accuracy of PET in predicting functional recovery after revascularisation in patients with chronic ischaemic dysfunction: head-to-head comparison between blood flow, glucose utilisation and water-perfusable tissue fraction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:721–7.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Knuuti MJ, Nuutila P, Ruotsalainen U, Teras M, Saraste M, Harkonen R, et al. The value of quantitative analysis of glucose utilization in detection of myocardial viability by PET. J Nucl Med 1993;34:2068–75.PubMed Knuuti MJ, Nuutila P, Ruotsalainen U, Teras M, Saraste M, Harkonen R, et al. The value of quantitative analysis of glucose utilization in detection of myocardial viability by PET. J Nucl Med 1993;34:2068–75.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Morita K, Katoh C, Yoshinaga K, Noriyasu K, Mabuchi M, Tsukamoto T, et al. Quantitative analysis of myocardial glucose utilization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction by means of 18F-FDG dynamic positron tomography and three-compartment analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:806–12.PubMedCrossRef Morita K, Katoh C, Yoshinaga K, Noriyasu K, Mabuchi M, Tsukamoto T, et al. Quantitative analysis of myocardial glucose utilization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction by means of 18F-FDG dynamic positron tomography and three-compartment analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:806–12.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Baer FM, Voth E, Deutsch HJ, Schneider CA, Horst M, de Vivie ER, et al. Predictive value of low dose dobutamine transesophageal echocardiography and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for recovery of regional left ventricular function after successful revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:60–9.PubMedCrossRef Baer FM, Voth E, Deutsch HJ, Schneider CA, Horst M, de Vivie ER, et al. Predictive value of low dose dobutamine transesophageal echocardiography and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for recovery of regional left ventricular function after successful revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:60–9.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Bax JJ, Visser FC, Elhendy A, Poldermans D, Cornel JH, van Lingen A, et al. Prediction of improvement of regional left ventricular function after revascularization using different perfusion-metabolism criteria. J Nucl Med 1999;40:1866–73.PubMed Bax JJ, Visser FC, Elhendy A, Poldermans D, Cornel JH, van Lingen A, et al. Prediction of improvement of regional left ventricular function after revascularization using different perfusion-metabolism criteria. J Nucl Med 1999;40:1866–73.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Underwood SR, Bax JJ, vom Dahl J, Henein MY, Knuuti J, van Rossum AC, et al. Imaging techniques for the assessment of myocardial hibernation. Report of a Study Group of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004;25:815–36.PubMedCrossRef Underwood SR, Bax JJ, vom Dahl J, Henein MY, Knuuti J, van Rossum AC, et al. Imaging techniques for the assessment of myocardial hibernation. Report of a Study Group of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004;25:815–36.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Bax JJ, Wijns W, Cornel JH, Visser FC, Boersma E, Fioretti PM. Accuracy of currently available techniques for prediction of functional recovery after revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction due to chronic coronary artery disease: comparison of pooled data. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1451–60.PubMedCrossRef Bax JJ, Wijns W, Cornel JH, Visser FC, Boersma E, Fioretti PM. Accuracy of currently available techniques for prediction of functional recovery after revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction due to chronic coronary artery disease: comparison of pooled data. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1451–60.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Barrington SF, Chambers J, Hallett WA, O’Doherty MJ, Roxburgh JC, Nunan TO. Comparison of sestamibi, thallium, echocardiography and PET for the detection of hibernating myocardium. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:355–61.PubMedCrossRef Barrington SF, Chambers J, Hallett WA, O’Doherty MJ, Roxburgh JC, Nunan TO. Comparison of sestamibi, thallium, echocardiography and PET for the detection of hibernating myocardium. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:355–61.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Siebelink HM, Blanksma PK, Crijns HJ, Bax JJ, van Boven AJ, Kingma T, et al. No difference in cardiac event-free survival between positron emission tomography-guided and single-photon emission computed tomography-guided patient management: a prospective, randomized comparison of patients with suspicion of jeopardized myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:81–8.PubMedCrossRef Siebelink HM, Blanksma PK, Crijns HJ, Bax JJ, van Boven AJ, Kingma T, et al. No difference in cardiac event-free survival between positron emission tomography-guided and single-photon emission computed tomography-guided patient management: a prospective, randomized comparison of patients with suspicion of jeopardized myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:81–8.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Knuuti J, Schelbert HR, Bax JJ. The need for standardisation of cardiac FDG PET imaging in the evaluation of myocardial viability in patients with chronic ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:1257–66.PubMedCrossRef Knuuti J, Schelbert HR, Bax JJ. The need for standardisation of cardiac FDG PET imaging in the evaluation of myocardial viability in patients with chronic ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:1257–66.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Bacharach SL, Bax JJ, Case J, Delbeke D, Kurdziel KA, Martin WH, et al. American Society of Nuclear Cardiology practice guidelines. J Nucl Cardiol 2003;10:543–56.PubMedCrossRef Bacharach SL, Bax JJ, Case J, Delbeke D, Kurdziel KA, Martin WH, et al. American Society of Nuclear Cardiology practice guidelines. J Nucl Cardiol 2003;10:543–56.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Schelbert HR, Beanlands R, Bengel F, Knuuti J, DiCarli M, Machac J, et al. PET myocardial perfusion and glucose metabolism imaging: part 2—guidelines for interpretation and reporting. J Nucl Cardiol 2003;10:557–71.PubMedCrossRef Schelbert HR, Beanlands R, Bengel F, Knuuti J, DiCarli M, Machac J, et al. PET myocardial perfusion and glucose metabolism imaging: part 2—guidelines for interpretation and reporting. J Nucl Cardiol 2003;10:557–71.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Schaefer WM, Lipke CS, Nowak B, Kaiser HJ, Buecker A, Krombach GA, et al. Validation of an evaluation routine for left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction and wall motion from gated cardiac FDG PET: a comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:545–53.PubMedCrossRef Schaefer WM, Lipke CS, Nowak B, Kaiser HJ, Buecker A, Krombach GA, et al. Validation of an evaluation routine for left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction and wall motion from gated cardiac FDG PET: a comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:545–53.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Saab G, Dekemp RA, Ukkonen H, Ruddy TD, Germano G, Beanlands RS. Gated fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: determination of global and regional left ventricular function and myocardial tissue characterization. J Nucl Cardiol 2003;10:297–303.PubMedCrossRef Saab G, Dekemp RA, Ukkonen H, Ruddy TD, Germano G, Beanlands RS. Gated fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: determination of global and regional left ventricular function and myocardial tissue characterization. J Nucl Cardiol 2003;10:297–303.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Santana CA, Shaw LJ, Garcia EV, Soler-Peter M, Candell-Riera J, Grossman GB, et al. Incremental prognostic value of left ventricular function by myocardial ECG-gated FDG PET imaging in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Cardiol 2004;11:542–50.PubMedCrossRef Santana CA, Shaw LJ, Garcia EV, Soler-Peter M, Candell-Riera J, Grossman GB, et al. Incremental prognostic value of left ventricular function by myocardial ECG-gated FDG PET imaging in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Cardiol 2004;11:542–50.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Slart RH, Bax JJ, van Veldhuisen DJ, van der Wall EE, Dierckx RA, de Boer J, et al. Prediction of functional recovery after revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction by gated FDG-PET. J Nucl Cardiol 2006;13:210–9.PubMedCrossRef Slart RH, Bax JJ, van Veldhuisen DJ, van der Wall EE, Dierckx RA, de Boer J, et al. Prediction of functional recovery after revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction by gated FDG-PET. J Nucl Cardiol 2006;13:210–9.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Yamakawa Y, Takahashi N, Ishikawa T, Uchino K, Mochida Y, Ebina T, et al. Clinical usefulness of ECG-gated 18F-FDG PET combined with 99mTc-MIBI gated SPECT for evaluating myocardial viability and function. Ann Nucl Med 2004;18:375–83.PubMedCrossRef Yamakawa Y, Takahashi N, Ishikawa T, Uchino K, Mochida Y, Ebina T, et al. Clinical usefulness of ECG-gated 18F-FDG PET combined with 99mTc-MIBI gated SPECT for evaluating myocardial viability and function. Ann Nucl Med 2004;18:375–83.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Bax JJ, Visser FC, van Lingen A, Huitink JM, Kamp O, van Leeuwen GR, et al. Feasibility of assessing regional myocardial uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose using single photon emission computed tomography. Eur Heart J 1993;14:1675–82.PubMed Bax JJ, Visser FC, van Lingen A, Huitink JM, Kamp O, van Leeuwen GR, et al. Feasibility of assessing regional myocardial uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose using single photon emission computed tomography. Eur Heart J 1993;14:1675–82.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Drane WE, Abbott FD, Nicole MW, Mastin ST, Kuperus JH. Technology for FDG SPECT with a relatively inexpensive gamma camera. Work in progress. Radiology 1994;191:461–5.PubMed Drane WE, Abbott FD, Nicole MW, Mastin ST, Kuperus JH. Technology for FDG SPECT with a relatively inexpensive gamma camera. Work in progress. Radiology 1994;191:461–5.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Burt RW, Perkins OW, Oppenheim BE, Schauwecker DS, Stein L, Wellman HN, et al. Direct comparison of fluorine-18-FDG SPECT, fluorine-18-FDG PET and rest thallium-201 SPECT for detection of myocardial viability. J Nucl Med 1995;36:176–9.PubMed Burt RW, Perkins OW, Oppenheim BE, Schauwecker DS, Stein L, Wellman HN, et al. Direct comparison of fluorine-18-FDG SPECT, fluorine-18-FDG PET and rest thallium-201 SPECT for detection of myocardial viability. J Nucl Med 1995;36:176–9.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Bax JJ, Cornel JH, Visser FC, Fioretti PM, van Lingen A, Huitink JM, et al. Prediction of improvement of contractile function in patients with ischemic ventricular dysfunction after revascularization by fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose single-photon emission computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:377–83.PubMedCrossRef Bax JJ, Cornel JH, Visser FC, Fioretti PM, van Lingen A, Huitink JM, et al. Prediction of improvement of contractile function in patients with ischemic ventricular dysfunction after revascularization by fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose single-photon emission computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:377–83.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Chen EQ, MacIntyre WJ, Go RT, Brunken RC, Saha GB, Wong CY, et al. Myocardial viability studies using fluorine-18-FDG SPECT: a comparison with fluorine-18-FDG PET. J Nucl Med 1997;38:582–6.PubMed Chen EQ, MacIntyre WJ, Go RT, Brunken RC, Saha GB, Wong CY, et al. Myocardial viability studies using fluorine-18-FDG SPECT: a comparison with fluorine-18-FDG PET. J Nucl Med 1997;38:582–6.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Mabuchi M, Kubo N, Morita K, Noriyasu K, Itoh Y, Katoh C, et al. Value and limitation of myocardial fluorodeoxyglucose single photon emission computed tomography using ultra-high energy collimators for assessing myocardial viability. Nucl Med Commun 2002;23:879–85.PubMedCrossRef Mabuchi M, Kubo N, Morita K, Noriyasu K, Itoh Y, Katoh C, et al. Value and limitation of myocardial fluorodeoxyglucose single photon emission computed tomography using ultra-high energy collimators for assessing myocardial viability. Nucl Med Commun 2002;23:879–85.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Fukuchi K, Katafuchi T, Fukushima K, Shimotsu Y, Toba M, Hayashida K, et al. Estimation of myocardial perfusion and viability using simultaneous 99mTc-tetrofosmin-FDG collimated SPECT. J Nucl Med 2000;41:1318–23.PubMed Fukuchi K, Katafuchi T, Fukushima K, Shimotsu Y, Toba M, Hayashida K, et al. Estimation of myocardial perfusion and viability using simultaneous 99mTc-tetrofosmin-FDG collimated SPECT. J Nucl Med 2000;41:1318–23.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Matsunari I, Kanayama S, Yoneyama T, Matsudaira M, Nakajima K, Taki J, et al. Electrocardiographic-gated dual-isotope simultaneous acquisition SPECT using 18F-FDG and 99mTc-sestamibi to assess myocardial viability and function in a single study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32:195–202.PubMedCrossRef Matsunari I, Kanayama S, Yoneyama T, Matsudaira M, Nakajima K, Taki J, et al. Electrocardiographic-gated dual-isotope simultaneous acquisition SPECT using 18F-FDG and 99mTc-sestamibi to assess myocardial viability and function in a single study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32:195–202.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Gropler RJ, Geltman EM, Sampathkumaran K, Perez JE, Moerlein SM, Sobel BE, et al. Functional recovery after coronary revascularization for chronic coronary artery disease is dependent on maintenance of oxidative metabolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:569–77.PubMedCrossRef Gropler RJ, Geltman EM, Sampathkumaran K, Perez JE, Moerlein SM, Sobel BE, et al. Functional recovery after coronary revascularization for chronic coronary artery disease is dependent on maintenance of oxidative metabolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:569–77.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Hata T, Nohara R, Fujita M, Hosokawa R, Lee L, Kudo T, et al. Noninvasive assessment of myocardial viability by positron emission tomography with 11C acetate in patients with old myocardial infarction. Usefulness of low-dose dobutamine infusion. Circulation 1996;94:1834–41.PubMed Hata T, Nohara R, Fujita M, Hosokawa R, Lee L, Kudo T, et al. Noninvasive assessment of myocardial viability by positron emission tomography with 11C acetate in patients with old myocardial infarction. Usefulness of low-dose dobutamine infusion. Circulation 1996;94:1834–41.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Yoshinaga K, Katoh C, Beanlands RS, Noriyasu K, Komuro K, Yamada S, et al. Reduced oxidative metabolic response in dysfunctional myocardium with preserved glucose metabolism but with impaired contractile reserve. J Nucl Med 2004;45:1885–91.PubMed Yoshinaga K, Katoh C, Beanlands RS, Noriyasu K, Komuro K, Yamada S, et al. Reduced oxidative metabolic response in dysfunctional myocardium with preserved glucose metabolism but with impaired contractile reserve. J Nucl Med 2004;45:1885–91.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Miyabe H, Ohte N, Iida A, Narita H, Yoshida T, Kimura G. Evaluation of fatty acid beta-oxidation in patients with prior myocardial infarction in relation to myocardial blood flow, total oxidative metabolism, and left ventricular wall motion. Circ J 2005;69:1459–65.PubMedCrossRef Miyabe H, Ohte N, Iida A, Narita H, Yoshida T, Kimura G. Evaluation of fatty acid beta-oxidation in patients with prior myocardial infarction in relation to myocardial blood flow, total oxidative metabolism, and left ventricular wall motion. Circ J 2005;69:1459–65.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Taylor M, Wallhaus TR, Degrado TR, Russell DC, Stanko P, Nickles RJ, et al. An evaluation of myocardial fatty acid and glucose uptake using PET with [18F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid and [18F]FDG in patients with congestive heart failure. J Nucl Med 2001;42:55–62.PubMed Taylor M, Wallhaus TR, Degrado TR, Russell DC, Stanko P, Nickles RJ, et al. An evaluation of myocardial fatty acid and glucose uptake using PET with [18F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid and [18F]FDG in patients with congestive heart failure. J Nucl Med 2001;42:55–62.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Wallhaus TR, Taylor M, DeGrado TR, Russell DC, Stanko P, Nickles RJ, et al. Myocardial free fatty acid and glucose use after carvedilol treatment in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 2001;103:2441–6.PubMed Wallhaus TR, Taylor M, DeGrado TR, Russell DC, Stanko P, Nickles RJ, et al. Myocardial free fatty acid and glucose use after carvedilol treatment in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 2001;103:2441–6.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Davila-Roman VG, Vedala G, Herrero P, de las Fuentes L, Rogers JG, Kelly DP, et al. Altered myocardial fatty acid and glucose metabolism in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:271–7.PubMedCrossRef Davila-Roman VG, Vedala G, Herrero P, de las Fuentes L, Rogers JG, Kelly DP, et al. Altered myocardial fatty acid and glucose metabolism in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:271–7.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Rosano GM, Vitale C, Sposato B, Mercuro G, Fini M. Trimetazidine improves left ventricular function in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2003;2:16.PubMedCrossRef Rosano GM, Vitale C, Sposato B, Mercuro G, Fini M. Trimetazidine improves left ventricular function in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2003;2:16.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Rosano GM, Vitale C, Fragasso G. Metabolic therapy for patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:14J–18J.PubMedCrossRef Rosano GM, Vitale C, Fragasso G. Metabolic therapy for patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:14J–18J.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Di Napoli P, Taccardi AA, Barsotti A. Long term cardioprotective action of trimetazidine and potential effect on the inflammatory process in patients with ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart 2005;91:161–5.PubMedCrossRef Di Napoli P, Taccardi AA, Barsotti A. Long term cardioprotective action of trimetazidine and potential effect on the inflammatory process in patients with ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart 2005;91:161–5.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Schmidt-Schweda S, Holubarsch C. First clinical trial with etomoxir in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2000;99:27–35.CrossRef Schmidt-Schweda S, Holubarsch C. First clinical trial with etomoxir in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2000;99:27–35.CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Lee L, Campbell R, Scheuermann-Freestone M, Taylor R, Gunaruwan P, Williams L, et al. Metabolic modulation with perhexiline in chronic heart failure: a randomized, controlled trial of short-term use of a novel treatment. Circulation 2005;112:3280–8.PubMedCrossRef Lee L, Campbell R, Scheuermann-Freestone M, Taylor R, Gunaruwan P, Williams L, et al. Metabolic modulation with perhexiline in chronic heart failure: a randomized, controlled trial of short-term use of a novel treatment. Circulation 2005;112:3280–8.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Morrow DA, Givertz MM. Modulation of myocardial energetics: emerging evidence for a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2005;112:3218–21.PubMedCrossRef Morrow DA, Givertz MM. Modulation of myocardial energetics: emerging evidence for a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2005;112:3218–21.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Lopaschuk GD. Optimizing cardiac fatty acid and glucose metabolism as an approach to treating heart failure. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2006;10:228–30.PubMedCrossRef Lopaschuk GD. Optimizing cardiac fatty acid and glucose metabolism as an approach to treating heart failure. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2006;10:228–30.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Tuunanen H, Engblom E, Naum A, Nagren K, Hesse B, Airaksinen KE, et al. Free fatty acid depletion acutely decreases cardiac work and efficiency in cardiomyopathic heart failure. Circulation 2006;114:2130–7.PubMedCrossRef Tuunanen H, Engblom E, Naum A, Nagren K, Hesse B, Airaksinen KE, et al. Free fatty acid depletion acutely decreases cardiac work and efficiency in cardiomyopathic heart failure. Circulation 2006;114:2130–7.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Torizuka T, Tamaki N, Kasagi K, Misaki T, Kawamoto M, Tadamura E, et al. Myocardial oxidative metabolism in hyperthyroid patients assessed by PET with carbon-11-acetate. J Nucl Med 1995;36:1981–6.PubMed Torizuka T, Tamaki N, Kasagi K, Misaki T, Kawamoto M, Tadamura E, et al. Myocardial oxidative metabolism in hyperthyroid patients assessed by PET with carbon-11-acetate. J Nucl Med 1995;36:1981–6.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Hattori N, Tamaki N, Kudoh T, Masuda I, Magata Y, Kitano H, et al. Abnormality of myocardial oxidative metabolism in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1835–40.PubMed Hattori N, Tamaki N, Kudoh T, Masuda I, Magata Y, Kitano H, et al. Abnormality of myocardial oxidative metabolism in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1835–40.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Beanlands RS, Bach DS, Raylman R, Armstrong WF, Wilson V, Montieth M, et al. Acute effects of dobutamine on myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac efficiency measured using carbon-11 acetate kinetics in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1389–98.PubMedCrossRef Beanlands RS, Bach DS, Raylman R, Armstrong WF, Wilson V, Montieth M, et al. Acute effects of dobutamine on myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac efficiency measured using carbon-11 acetate kinetics in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1389–98.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Beanlands RS, Nahmias C, Gordon E, Coates G, deKemp R, Firnau G, et al. The effects of beta(1)-blockade on oxidative metabolism and the metabolic cost of ventricular work in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, positron-emission tomography study. Circulation 2000;102:2070–5.PubMed Beanlands RS, Nahmias C, Gordon E, Coates G, deKemp R, Firnau G, et al. The effects of beta(1)-blockade on oxidative metabolism and the metabolic cost of ventricular work in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, positron-emission tomography study. Circulation 2000;102:2070–5.PubMed
79.
go back to reference Bengel FM, Permanetter B, Ungerer M, Nekolla S, Schwaiger M. Non-invasive estimation of myocardial efficiency using positron emission tomography and carbon-11 acetate-comparison between the normal and failing human heart. Eur J Nucl Med 2000;27:319–26.PubMedCrossRef Bengel FM, Permanetter B, Ungerer M, Nekolla S, Schwaiger M. Non-invasive estimation of myocardial efficiency using positron emission tomography and carbon-11 acetate-comparison between the normal and failing human heart. Eur J Nucl Med 2000;27:319–26.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Nowak B, Sinha AM, Schaefer WM, Koch KC, Kaiser HJ, Hanrath P, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy homogenizes myocardial glucose metabolism and perfusion in dilated cardiomyopathy and left bundle branch block. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1523–8.PubMedCrossRef Nowak B, Sinha AM, Schaefer WM, Koch KC, Kaiser HJ, Hanrath P, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy homogenizes myocardial glucose metabolism and perfusion in dilated cardiomyopathy and left bundle branch block. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1523–8.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Knuuti J, Sundell J, Naum A, Engblom E, Koistinen J, Ylitalo A, et al. Assessment of right ventricular oxidative metabolism by PET in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:1592–8.PubMedCrossRef Knuuti J, Sundell J, Naum A, Engblom E, Koistinen J, Ylitalo A, et al. Assessment of right ventricular oxidative metabolism by PET in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:1592–8.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Lindner O, Sorensen J, Vogt J, Fricke E, Baller D, Horstkotte D, et al. Cardiac efficiency and oxygen consumption measured with 11C-acetate PET after long-term cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Nucl Med 2006;47:378–83.PubMed Lindner O, Sorensen J, Vogt J, Fricke E, Baller D, Horstkotte D, et al. Cardiac efficiency and oxygen consumption measured with 11C-acetate PET after long-term cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Nucl Med 2006;47:378–83.PubMed
83.
go back to reference Lindner O, Vogt J, Kammeier A, Fricke E, Holzinger J, Lamp B, et al. Cardiac re-synchronization therapy: effects on myocardial perfusion at rest, after vasodilation and oxygen consumption. Nuklearmedizin 2006;45:10–14.PubMed Lindner O, Vogt J, Kammeier A, Fricke E, Holzinger J, Lamp B, et al. Cardiac re-synchronization therapy: effects on myocardial perfusion at rest, after vasodilation and oxygen consumption. Nuklearmedizin 2006;45:10–14.PubMed
84.
go back to reference van Campen CM, Visser FC, van der Weerdt AP, Knaapen P, Comans EF, Lammertsma AA, et al. FDG PET as a predictor of response to resynchronisation therapy in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34:309–15.PubMedCrossRef van Campen CM, Visser FC, van der Weerdt AP, Knaapen P, Comans EF, Lammertsma AA, et al. FDG PET as a predictor of response to resynchronisation therapy in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34:309–15.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Ypenburg C, Schalij MJ, Bleeker GB, Steendijk P, Boersma E, Dibbets-Schneider P, et al. Extent of viability to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischemic heart failure patients. J Nucl Med 2006;47:1565–70.PubMed Ypenburg C, Schalij MJ, Bleeker GB, Steendijk P, Boersma E, Dibbets-Schneider P, et al. Extent of viability to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischemic heart failure patients. J Nucl Med 2006;47:1565–70.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Belke DD, Larsen TS, Gibbs EM, Severson DL. Altered metabolism causes cardiac dysfunction in perfused hearts from diabetic (db/db) mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000;279:E1104–13.PubMed Belke DD, Larsen TS, Gibbs EM, Severson DL. Altered metabolism causes cardiac dysfunction in perfused hearts from diabetic (db/db) mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000;279:E1104–13.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Li SH, McNeill JH. In vivo effects of vanadium on GLUT4 translocation in cardiac tissue of STZ-diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2001;217:121–9.PubMedCrossRef Li SH, McNeill JH. In vivo effects of vanadium on GLUT4 translocation in cardiac tissue of STZ-diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2001;217:121–9.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Herrero P, Peterson LR, McGill JB, Matthew S, Lesniak D, Dence C, et al. Increased myocardial fatty acid metabolism in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:598–604.PubMedCrossRef Herrero P, Peterson LR, McGill JB, Matthew S, Lesniak D, Dence C, et al. Increased myocardial fatty acid metabolism in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:598–604.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Knuuti J, Takala TO, Nagren K, Sipila H, Turpeinen AK, Uusitupa MI, et al. Myocardial fatty acid oxidation in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 2001;44:184–7.PubMedCrossRef Knuuti J, Takala TO, Nagren K, Sipila H, Turpeinen AK, Uusitupa MI, et al. Myocardial fatty acid oxidation in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 2001;44:184–7.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Turpeinen AK, Takala TO, Nuutila P, Axelin T, Luotolahti M, Haaparanta M, et al. Impaired free fatty acid uptake in skeletal muscle but not in myocardium in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: studies with PET and 14(R,S)-[18F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid. Diabetes 1999;48:1245–50.PubMedCrossRef Turpeinen AK, Takala TO, Nuutila P, Axelin T, Luotolahti M, Haaparanta M, et al. Impaired free fatty acid uptake in skeletal muscle but not in myocardium in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: studies with PET and 14(R,S)-[18F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid. Diabetes 1999;48:1245–50.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Turpeinen AK, Kuikka JT, Vanninen E, Uusitupa MI. Abnormal myocardial kinetics of 123I-heptadecanoic acid in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 1997;40:541–9.PubMedCrossRef Turpeinen AK, Kuikka JT, Vanninen E, Uusitupa MI. Abnormal myocardial kinetics of 123I-heptadecanoic acid in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 1997;40:541–9.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Coort SL, Bonen A, van der Vusse GJ, Glatz JF, Luiken JJ. Cardiac substrate uptake and metabolism in obesity and type-2 diabetes: role of sarcolemmal substrate transporters. Mol Cell Biochem 2006 Sep 19; [Epub ahead of print]. Coort SL, Bonen A, van der Vusse GJ, Glatz JF, Luiken JJ. Cardiac substrate uptake and metabolism in obesity and type-2 diabetes: role of sarcolemmal substrate transporters. Mol Cell Biochem 2006 Sep 19; [Epub ahead of print].
93.
go back to reference McMillin JB, Taffet GE, Taegtmeyer H, Hudson EK, Tate CA. Mitochondrial metabolism and substrate competition in the aging Fischer rat heart. Cardiovasc Res 1993;27:2222–8.PubMedCrossRef McMillin JB, Taffet GE, Taegtmeyer H, Hudson EK, Tate CA. Mitochondrial metabolism and substrate competition in the aging Fischer rat heart. Cardiovasc Res 1993;27:2222–8.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Rudd JH, Warburton EA, Fryer TD, Jones HA, Clark JC, Antoun N, et al. Imaging atherosclerotic plaque inflammation with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Circulation. 2002;105:2708–11.PubMedCrossRef Rudd JH, Warburton EA, Fryer TD, Jones HA, Clark JC, Antoun N, et al. Imaging atherosclerotic plaque inflammation with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Circulation. 2002;105:2708–11.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Tawakol A, Migrino RQ, Bashian GG, Bedri S, Vermylen D, Cury RC, et al. In vivo 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging provides a noninvasive measure of carotid plaque inflammation in patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1818–24.PubMedCrossRef Tawakol A, Migrino RQ, Bashian GG, Bedri S, Vermylen D, Cury RC, et al. In vivo 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging provides a noninvasive measure of carotid plaque inflammation in patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1818–24.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Tahara N, Kai H, Ishibashi M, Nakaura H, Kaida H, Baba K, et al. Simvastatin attenuates plaque inflammation: evaluation by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1825–31.PubMedCrossRef Tahara N, Kai H, Ishibashi M, Nakaura H, Kaida H, Baba K, et al. Simvastatin attenuates plaque inflammation: evaluation by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1825–31.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Mukai T, Nohara R, Ogawa M, Ishino S, Kambara N, Kataoka K, et al. A catheter-based radiation detector for endovascular detection of atheromatous plaques. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:1299–303.PubMedCrossRef Mukai T, Nohara R, Ogawa M, Ishino S, Kambara N, Kataoka K, et al. A catheter-based radiation detector for endovascular detection of atheromatous plaques. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:1299–303.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Hosokawa R, Kambara N, Ohba M, Mukai T, Ogawa M, Motomura H, et al. A catheter-based intravascular radiation detector of vulnerable plaques. J Nucl Med 2006;47:863–7.PubMed Hosokawa R, Kambara N, Ohba M, Mukai T, Ogawa M, Motomura H, et al. A catheter-based intravascular radiation detector of vulnerable plaques. J Nucl Med 2006;47:863–7.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Metabolic imaging using PET
Author
Takashi Kudo
Publication date
01-06-2007
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging / Issue Special Issue 1/2007
Print ISSN: 1619-7070
Electronic ISSN: 1619-7089
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-007-0440-3

Other articles of this Special Issue 1/2007

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 1/2007 Go to the issue