Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Cancer
Published in: BMC Cancer 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Debate

Mechanisms of immune evasion in breast cancer

Authors: Joshua P. Bates, Roshanak Derakhshandeh, Laundette Jones, Tonya J. Webb

Published in: BMC Cancer | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Tumors develop multiple mechanisms of immune evasion as they progress, with some cancer types being inherently better at ‘hiding’ than others. With an increased understanding of tumor immune surveillance, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment strategy for breast cancer, despite historically being thought of as an immunologically silent neoplasm. Some types of cancer, such as melanoma, bladder, and renal cell carcinoma, have demonstrated a durable response to immunotherapeutic intervention, however, breast neoplasms have not shown the same efficacy. The causes of breast cancer’s immune silence derive from mechanisms that diminish immune recognition and others that promote strong immunosuppression. It is the mechanisms of immune evasion in breast cancers that are poorly defined. Thus, further characterization is critical for the development of better therapies. This brief review will seek to provide insight into the possible causes of weak immunogenicity and immune suppression mediated by breast cancers and highlight current immunotherapies being used to restore immune responses to breast cancer.
Literature
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Vinay DS, Ryan EP, Pawelec G, Talib WH, Stagg J, Elkord E, Lichtor T, Decker WK, Whelan RL, Kumara HS. Immune evasion in cancer: mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies. In: Seminars in Cancer biology: 2015: Elsevier; 2015. p. S185–98.
7.
Vesely MD, Kershaw MH, Schreiber RD, Smyth MJ. Natural innate and adaptive immunity to Cancer. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29(1):235–71.PubMedCrossRef
8.
van den Broek ME, Kagi D, Ossendorp F, Toes R, Vamvakas S, Lutz WK, Melief CJ, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Decreased tumor surveillance in perforin-deficient mice. J Exp Med. 1996;184(5):1781–90.PubMedCrossRef
9.
10.
Shankaran V, Ikeda H, Bruce AT, White JM, Swanson PE, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. IFNγ and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity. Nature. 2001;410(6832):1107–11.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Teng MWL, Swann JB, Koebel CM, Schreiber RD, Smyth MJ. Immune-mediated dormancy: an equilibrium with cancer. J Leukoc Biol. 2008;84(4):988–93.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Drake CG, Jaffee E, Pardoll DM. Mechanisms of immune evasion by tumors. Adv Immunol. 2006;90:51–81.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Harbeck N, Beckmann MW, Rody A, Schneeweiss A, Müller V, Fehm T, Marschner N, Gluz O, Schrader I, Heinrich G. HER2 dimerization inhibitor pertuzumab-mode of action and clinical data in breast cancer. Breast Care. 2013;8(1):49–55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
Baselga J, Cortés J, Kim S-B, Im S-A, Hegg R, Im Y-H, Roman L, Pedrini JL, Pienkowski T, Knott A. Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab plus docetaxel for metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(2):109–19.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Gianni L, Pienkowski T, Im Y-H, Roman L, Tseng L-M, Liu M-C, Lluch A, Staroslawska E, de la Haba-Rodriguez J, Im S-A. Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in women with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early HER2-positive breast cancer (NeoSphere): a randomised multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(1):25–32.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Schneeweiss A, Chia S, Hickish T, Harvey V, Eniu A, Hegg R, Tausch C, Seo JH, Tsai Y-F, Ratnayake J. Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab in combination with standard neoadjuvant anthracycline-containing and anthracycline-free chemotherapy regimens in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer: a randomized phase II cardiac safety study (TRYPHAENA). Ann Oncol. 2013;24(9):2278–84.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Verma S, Miles D, Gianni L, Krop IE, Welslau M, Baselga J, Pegram M, Oh D-Y, Diéras V, Guardino E. Trastuzumab emtansine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(19):1783–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
Geyer CE, Forster J, Lindquist D, Chan S, Romieu CG, Pienkowski T, Jagiello-Gruszfeld A, Crown J, Chan A, Kaufman B. Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(26):2733–43.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Park JW, Liu MC, Yee D, Yau C, van’t Veer LJ, Symmans WF, Paoloni M, Perlmutter J, Hylton NM, Hogarth M. Adaptive randomization of neratinib in early breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(1):11–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
Onitilo AA, Engel JM, Greenlee RT, Mukesh BN. Breast Cancer subtypes based on ER/PR and Her2 expression: comparison of Clinicopathologic features and survival. Clin Med Res. 2009;7(1–2):4–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Staaf J, Ringnér M, Vallon-Christersson J, Jönsson G, Bendahl P-O, Holm K, Arason A, Gunnarsson H, Hegardt C, Agnarsson BA. Identification of subtypes in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive breast cancer reveals a gene signature prognostic of outcome. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(11):1813–20.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Teschendorff AE, Miremadi A, Pinder SE, Ellis IO, Caldas C. An immune response gene expression module identifies a good prognosis subtype in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Genome Biol. 2007;8(8):R157.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Chen X, Sanders ME, Chakravarthy AB, Shyr Y, Pietenpol JA. Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(7):2750–67.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
Zakaria F, El-Mashad N, Mohamed D. Androgen receptor expression as a prognostic and predictive marker in triple-negative breast cancer patients. Alexandria J Med. 2016;52(2):131–40.CrossRef
25.
Rakha EA, El-Sayed ME, Green AR, Lee AH, Robertson JF, Ellis IO. Prognostic markers in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer. 2007;109(1):25–32.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Sutton LM, Cao D, Sarode V, Molberg KH, Torgbe K, Haley B, Peng Y. Decreased androgen receptor expression is associated with distant metastases in patients with androgen receptor–expressing triple-negative breast carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2012;138(4):511–6.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Pistelli M, Caramanti M, Biscotti T, Santinelli A, Pagliacci A, De Lisa M, Ballatore Z, Ridolfi F, Maccaroni E, Bracci R. Androgen receptor expression in early triple-negative breast cancer: clinical significance and prognostic associations. Cancers. 2014;6(3):1351–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Rampurwala M, Wisinski KB, O'Regan R. Role of the androgen receptor in triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2016;14(3):186–93.PubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Masuda H, Baggerly KA, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Meric-Bernstam F, Valero V, Lehmann BD, Pietenpol JA, Hortobagyi GN. Differential response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy among 7 triple-negative breast cancer molecular subtypes. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(19):5533–40.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Choi JE, Kang SH, Lee SJ, Bae YK. Androgen receptor expression predicts decreased survival in early stage triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(1):82–9.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Miller LD, Chou JA, Black MA, Chifman J, Alistar A, Putti T, Zhou X, Bedognetti D, Hendrickx W, Pullikuth A. Immunogenic subtypes of breast Cancer delineated by gene classifiers of immune responsiveness. Cancer immunology research. 2016;4(7):600–10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Denkert C. The immunogenicity of breast cancer—molecular subtypes matter. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(8):1453–5.PubMedCrossRef
33.
34.
Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet. 2001;357(9255):539–45.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Erreni M, Mantovani A, Allavena P. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and inflammation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Microenviron. 2011;4(2):141–54.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Liu M, Sakamaki T, Casimiro MC, Willmarth NE, Quong AA, Ju X, Ojeifo J, Jiao X, Yeow W-S, Katiyar S. The canonical NF-κB pathway governs mammary tumorigenesis in transgenic mice and tumor stem cell expansion. Cancer Res. 2010;70(24):10464–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Pierce BL, Ballard-Barbash R, Bernstein L, Baumgartner RN, Neuhouser ML, Wener MH, Baumgartner KB, Gilliland FD, Sorensen BE, McTiernan A. Elevated biomarkers of inflammation are associated with reduced survival among breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(21):3437–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Ammirante M, Luo J-L, Grivennikov S, Nedospasov S, Karin M. B-cell-derived lymphotoxin promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nature. 2010;464(7286):302–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
De Visser KE, Eichten A, Coussens LM. Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(1):24–37.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Soucek L, Lawlor ER, Soto D, Shchors K, Swigart LB, Evan GI. Mast cells are required for angiogenesis and macroscopic expansion of Myc-induced pancreatic islet tumors. Nat Med. 2007;13(10):1211–8.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Stewart T, Tsai S-C, Grayson H, Henderson R, Opelz G. Incidence of de-novo breast cancer in women chronically immunosuppressed after organ transplantation. Lancet. 1995;346(8978):796–8.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Oluwole SF, Ali AO, Shafaee Z, Depaz HA. Breast cancer in women with HIV/AIDS: report of five cases with a review of the literature. J Surg Oncol. 2005;89(1):23–7.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Harris RE, Chlebowski RT, Jackson RD, Frid DJ, Ascenseo JL, Anderson G, Loar A, Rodabough RJ, White E, McTiernan A. Breast Cancer and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cancer Res. 2003;63(18):6096–101.PubMed
44.
Hoption Cann SA, van Netten JP, van Netten C. Dr William Coley and tumour regression: a place in history or in the future. Postgrad Med J. 2003;79(938):672–80.PubMedPubMedCentral
45.
46.
Mamessier E, Sylvain A, Thibult M-L, Houvenaeghel G, Jacquemier J, Castellano R, Gonçalves A, André P, Romagné F, Thibault G. Human breast cancer cells enhance self tolerance by promoting evasion from NK cell antitumor immunity. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(9):3609–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Denkert C, Loibl S, Noske A, Roller M, Muller BM, Komor M, Budczies J, Darb-Esfahani S, Kronenwett R, Hanusch C, et al. Tumor-associated lymphocytes as an independent predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(1):105–13.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Denkert C, Von Minckwitz G, Brase JC, Sinn BV, Gade S, Kronenwett R, Pfitzner BM, Salat C, Loi S, Schmitt WD. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without carboplatin in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive and triple-negative primary breast cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(9):983–91.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Loi S, Michiels S, Salgado R, Sirtaine N, Jose V, Fumagalli D, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P-L, Bono P, Kataja V, Desmedt C. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are prognostic in triple negative breast cancer and predictive for trastuzumab benefit in early breast cancer: results from the FinHER trial. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(8):1544–50.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Adams S, Gray RJ, Demaria S, Goldstein L, Perez EA, Shulman LN, Martino S, Wang M, Jones VE, Saphner TJ. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancers from two phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer trials: ECOG 2197 and ECOG 1199. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(27):2959–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Pruneri G, Gray KP, Vingiani A, Viale G, Curigliano G, Criscitiello C, Láng I, Ruhstaller T, Gianni L, Goldhirsch A, et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a powerful prognostic marker in patients with triple-negative breast cancer enrolled in the IBCSG phase III randomized clinical trial 22-00. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;158(2):323–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
Kroemer G, Senovilla L, Galluzzi L, André F, Zitvogel L. Natural and therapy-induced immunosurveillance in breast cancer. Nat Med. 2015;21(10):1128–38.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Yu X, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Wu P, Qiu F, Huang J. Prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Oncol. 2015:1–10.
54.
Miyashita M, Sasano H, Tamaki K, Hirakawa H, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa S, Watanabe G, Tada H, Suzuki A, Ohuchi N. Prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ and FOXP3+ lymphocytes in residual tumors and alterations in these parameters after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer: a retrospective multicenter study. Breast Cancer Res. 2015;17(1):1–13.CrossRef
55.
Mahmoud SM, Paish EC, Powe DG, Macmillan RD, Grainge MJ, Lee AH, Ellis IO, Green AR. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes predict clinical outcome in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(15):1949–55.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Iwamoto M, Shinohara H, Miyamoto A, Okuzawa M, Mabuchi H, Nohara T, Gon G, Toyoda M, Tanigawa N. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells expressing CD83 in human breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer. 2003;104(1):92–7.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Brown JR, Wimberly H, Lannin DR, Nixon C, Rimm DL, Bossuyt V. Multiplexed quantitative analysis of CD3, CD8, and CD20 predicts response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(23):5995–6005.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Gu-Trantien C, Loi S, Garaud S, Equeter C, Libin M, de Wind A, Ravoet M, Le Buanec H, Sibille C, Manfouo-Foutsop G. CD4+ follicular helper T cell infiltration predicts breast cancer survival. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(7):2873–92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Lutz ER, Wu AA, Bigelow E, Sharma R, Mo G, Soares K, Solt S, Dorman A, Wamwea A, Yager A, et al. Immunotherapy converts nonimmunogenic pancreatic tumors into immunogenic foci of immune regulation. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2(7):616–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Lee HJ, Kim JY, Park IA, Song IH, Yu JH, Ahn J-H, Gong G. Prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and the tertiary lymphoid structures in HER2-positive breast Cancer treated with adjuvant Trastuzumab. Am J Clin Pathol. 2015;144(2):278–88.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Loi S, Dushyanthen S, Beavis PA, Salgado R, Denkert C, Savas P, Combs S, Rimm DL, Giltnane JM, Estrada MV. RAS/MAPK activation is associated with reduced tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer: therapeutic cooperation between MEK and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(6):1499–509.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Lake RA, Robinson BW. Immunotherapy and chemotherapy—a practical partnership. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5(5):397–405.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Casares N, Pequignot MO, Tesniere A, Ghiringhelli F, Roux S, Chaput N, Schmitt E, Hamai A, Hervas-Stubbs S, Obeid M, et al. Caspase-dependent immunogenicity of doxorubicin-induced tumor cell death. J Exp Med. 2005;202(12):1691.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
Obeid M, Tesniere A, Ghiringhelli F, Fimia GM, Apetoh L, Perfettini J-L, Castedo M, Mignot G, Panaretakis T, Casares N, et al. Calreticulin exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death. Nat Med. 2007;13(1):54–61.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Tesniere A, Obeid M, Ortiz C, Criollo A, Mignot G, Maiuri MC, Ullrich E, Saulnier P. Toll-like receptor 4–dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nat Med. 2007;13(9):1050–9.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Zitvogel L. Immunogenic cell death in cancer therapy. Annu Rev Immunol. 2013;31:51–72.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Fucikova J, Kralikova P, Fialova A, Brtnicky T, Rob L, Bartunkova J, Špíšek R. Human tumor cells killed by anthracyclines induce a tumor-specific immune response. Cancer Res. 2011;71(14):4821–33.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Yeo B, Kotsori K, Mohammed K, Walsh G, Smith I. Long-term outcome of HER2 positive metastatic breast cancer patients treated with first-line trastuzumab. Breast. 2015;24(6):751–7.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Nahta R, Yu D, Hung MC, Hortobagyi GN, Esteva FJ. Mechanisms of disease: understanding resistance to HER2-targeted therapy in human breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2006;3(5):269–80.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Clynes RA, Towers TL, Presta LG, Ravetch JV. Inhibitory fc receptors modulate in vivo cytoxicity against tumor targets. Nat Med. 2000;6(4):443–6.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Musolino A, Naldi N, Bortesi B, Pezzuolo D, Capelletti M, Missale G, Laccabue D, Zerbini A, Camisa R, Bisagni G. Immunoglobulin G fragment C receptor polymorphisms and clinical efficacy of trastuzumab-based therapy in patients with HER-2/neu–positive metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(11):1789–96.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Baron JM, Boster BL, Barnett CM. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1): a novel antibody-drug conjugate for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2014; 1078155214527144
73.
Milani A, Sangiolo D, Montemurro F, Aglietta M, Valabrega G. Active immunotherapy in HER2 overexpressing breast cancer: current status and future perspectives. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(7):1740–8.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zitvogel L, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Kroemer G. Immunological aspects of cancer chemotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(1):59–73.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Hossain DMS, Panda AK, Manna A, Mohanty S, Bhattacharjee P, Bhattacharyya S, Saha T, Chakraborty S, Kar RK, Das T. FoxP3 acts as a cotranscription factor with STAT3 in tumor-induced regulatory T cells. Immunity. 2013;39(6):1057–69.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Ladoire S, Arnould L, Apetoh L, Coudert B, Martin F, Chauffert B, Fumoleau P, Ghiringhelli F. Pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast carcinoma is associated with the disappearance of tumor-infiltrating foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(8):2413–20.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Lutsiak MC, Semnani RT, De Pascalis R, Kashmiri SV, Schlom J, Sabzevari H. Inhibition of CD4+ 25+ T regulatory cell function implicated in enhanced immune response by low-dose cyclophosphamide. Blood. 2005;105(7):2862–8.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Ladoire S, Mignot G, Dabakuyo S, Arnould L, Apetoh L, Rébé C, Coudert B, Martin F, Bizollon MH, Vanoli A. In situ immune response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer predicts survival. J Pathol. 2011;224(3):389–400.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Bezu L, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Dewitte H, Breckpot K, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Combinatorial strategies for the induction of immunogenic cell death. Front Immunol. 2015;6:187.PubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Gebremeskel S, Johnston B. Concepts and mechanisms underlying chemotherapy induced immunogenic cell death: Impact on clinical studies and considerations for combined therapies. Oncotarget. 2015;6:41600–41619.
81.
Ghiringhelli F, Apetoh L, Tesniere A, Aymeric L, Ma Y, Ortiz C, Vermaelen K, Panaretakis T, Mignot G, Ullrich E. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in dendritic cells induces IL-1β–dependent adaptive immunity against tumors. Nat Med. 2009;15(10):1170–8.PubMedCrossRef
82.
DeNardo DG, Brennan DJ, Rexhepaj E, Ruffell B, Shiao SL, Madden SF, Gallagher WM, Wadhwani N, Keil SD, Junaid SA. Leukocyte complexity predicts breast cancer survival and functionally regulates response to chemotherapy. Cancer discovery. 2011;1(1):54–67.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
Zhang B, Bowerman NA, Salama JK, Schmidt H, Spiotto MT, Schietinger A, Yu P, Fu Y-X, Weichselbaum RR, Rowley DA. Induced sensitization of tumor stroma leads to eradication of established cancer by T cells. J Exp Med. 2007;204(1):49–55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
84.
Reits EA, Hodge JW, Herberts CA, Groothuis TA, Chakraborty M, Wansley EK, Camphausen K, Luiten RM, de Ru AH, Neijssen J. Radiation modulates the peptide repertoire, enhances MHC class I expression, and induces successful antitumor immunotherapy. J Exp Med. 2006;203(5):1259–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
85.
Demaria S, Kawashima N, Yang AM, Devitt ML, Babb JS, Allison JP, Formenti SC. Immune-mediated inhibition of metastases after treatment with local radiation and CTLA-4 blockade in a mouse model of breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(2):728–34.PubMed
86.
Golden EB, Demaria S, Schiff PB, Chachoua A, Formenti SC. An abscopal response to radiation and ipilimumab in a patient with metastatic non–small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunology Research. 2013;1(6):365–72.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
Golden E, Chachoua A, Fenton-Kerimian M, Demaria S, Formenti S. Abscopal responses in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated on a phase 2 study of combined radiation therapy and ipilimumab: evidence for the in situ vaccination hypothesis of radiation. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys. 2015;93(3):S66–7.CrossRef
88.
Shiao SL, Ruffell B, DeNardo DG, Faddegon BA, Park CC, Coussens LM. TH2-polarized CD4+ T cells and macrophages limit efficacy of radiotherapy. Cancer. 2015;3(5):518.
89.
Greenup R, Buchanan A, Lorizio W, Rhoads K, Chan S, Leedom T, King R, McLennan J, Crawford B, Marcom PK. Prevalence of BRCA mutations among women with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in a genetic counseling cohort. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20(10):3254–8.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Brown SD, Warren RL, Gibb EA, Martin SD, Spinelli JJ, Nelson BH, Holt RA. Neo-antigens predicted by tumor genome meta-analysis correlate with increased patient survival. Genome Res. 2014;24(5):743–50.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Lu Y-C, Robbins PF. Cancer immunotherapy targeting neoantigens. In: Seminars in immunology: 2016: Elsevier; 2016. p. 22–7.
92.
Helleday T, Bryant HE, Schultz N. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) in homologous recombination and as a target for cancer therapy. Cell Cycle. 2005;4(9):1176–8.PubMedCrossRef
93.
94.
Ledermann J, Harter P, Gourley C, Friedlander M, Vergote I, Rustin G, Scott C, Meier W, Shapira-Frommer R, Safra T. Olaparib maintenance therapy in platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(15):1382–92.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Jiang T, Shi W, Wali VB, Pongor LS, Li C, Lau R, Győrffy B, Lifton RP, Symmans WF, Pusztai L. Predictors of Chemosensitivity in triple negative breast Cancer: an integrated genomic analysis. PLoS Med. 2016;13(12):e1002193.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
97.
Dhanasekaran R, Venkatesh SK, Torbenson MS, Roberts LR. Clinical implications of basic research in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2016;64(3):736–45.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Kodumudi KN, Siegel J, Weber AM, Scott E, Sarnaik AA, Pilon-Thomas S. Immune checkpoint blockade to improve tumor infiltrating lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153053.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
100.
Mittendorf EA, Philips AV, Meric-Bernstam F, Qiao N, Wu Y, Harrington S, Su X, Wang Y, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Akcakanat A, et al. PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2(4):361–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
101.
Vonderheide RH, LoRusso PM, Khalil M, Gartner EM, Khaira D, Soulieres D, Dorazio P, Trosko JA, Rüter J, Mariani GL. Tremelimumab in combination with exemestane in patients with advanced breast cancer and treatment-associated modulation of inducible costimulator expression on patient T cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16(13):3485–94.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Yu H, Yang J, Jiao S, Li Y, Zhang W, Wang J. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 expression in human breast cancer: implications for prognosis. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2015;64(7):853–60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Sabel MS, Arora A, Su G, Chang AE. Adoptive immunotherapy of breast cancer with lymph node cells primed by cryoablation of the primary tumor. Cryobiology. 2006;53(3):360–6.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Wang Z-X, Cao J-X, Wang M, Li D, Cui Y-X, Zhang X-Y, Liu J-L, Li J-L. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Cytotherapy. 2014;16(7):934–45.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Wang K, Xu J, Zhang T, Xue D. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer predict the response to chemotherapy and survival outcome: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2016;7(28):44288.PubMedPubMedCentral
106.
Karyampudi L, Lamichhane P, Scheid AD, Kalli KR, Shreeder B, Krempski JW, Behrens MD, Knutson KL. Accumulation of memory precursor CD8 T cells in regressing tumors following combination therapy with vaccine and anti-PD-1 antibody. Cancer Res. 2014;74(11):2974–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
107.
Jaini R, Rayman P, Cohen PA, Finke JH, Tuohy VK. Combination of sunitinib with anti-tumor vaccination inhibits T cell priming and requires careful scheduling to achieve productive immunotherapy. Int J Cancer. 2014;134(7):1695–705.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Mechanisms of immune evasion in breast cancer
Authors
Joshua P. Bates
Roshanak Derakhshandeh
Laundette Jones
Tonya J. Webb
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Cancer / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2407
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4441-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

BMC Cancer 1/2018 Go to the issue

Study protocol

Genetic variation in gonadal impairment in female survivors of childhood cancer: a PanCareLIFE study protocol

Research article

Influence of pre-transplant minimal residual disease on prognosis after Allo-SCT for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: systematic review and meta-analysis

Research article

Outcomes of Pemetrexed-based chemotherapies in HER2-mutant lung cancers

Research article

Triptolide as a novel agent in pancreatic cancer: the validation using patient derived pancreatic tumor cell line

Research article

Oncological and reproductive outcomes of adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix managed with the loop electrosurgical excision procedure

Research article

Generation of a PAX6 knockout glioblastoma cell line with changes in cell cycle distribution and sensitivity to oxidative stress
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits