Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Research article

Mechanisms of gastroprotection of methanol extract of Melastoma malabathricum leaves

Authors: Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria, Tavamani Balan, Siti Syariah Mamat, Norhafizah Mohtarrudin, Teh Lay Kek, Mohd Zaki Salleh

Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastomaceae) is a small shrub with various medicinal uses. The present study was carried out to determine the gastroprotective mechanisms of methanol extract of M. malabathricum leaves (MEMM) in rats.

Methods

The extract's mechanisms of gastroprotection (50, 250, 500 mg/kg) were studied using the pylorus-ligation in rat model wherein volume, pH, free and total acidity of gastric juice, and gastric wall mucus content were determined. The involvement of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and sulfhydryl (SH) compounds in the gastroprotective effect of MEMM were also measured. MEMM was subjected to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and phytochemical analysis and HPLC profiling.

Results

MEMM contained various phyto-constituents with quercitrin being identified as part of them. MEMM and quercitrin: i) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the volume and acidity of gastric juice while increasing the pH and gastric wall mucus content.; ii) significantly (p < 0.05) increased the level of SOD, GTP and GTR while significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the level of CAT, MPO and TBARS activities.; iii) exerted gastroprotective activity when assessed using the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer assay, which was reversed by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl esters (L-NAME; an inhibitor of NO synthase) and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM; a sulfhydryl (SH) blocker). MEMM inhibited the lipoxygenase (LOX) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities with the highest affinity for the former while quercitrin showed high affinity for XO activity.

Conclusions

MEMM exhibited a gastroprotective activity due partly to the presence of quercitrin, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and via the modulation of NO and SH groups.
Literature
1.
2.
Gasparetto M, Pescarin M, Guariso G. Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy: Current Availabilities. Int Schol Res Network Gastroenterol 2012, 2012: Article ID 186734, 8 pages doi:10.5402/2012/186734
3.
Yakoob J, Jafri W, Jafri N, Islam M, Abid S, Hamid S, et al. Prevalence of non-Helicobacter pylori duodenal ulcer in Karachi, Pakistan. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:3562–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Zakaria ZA, Abdul Hisam EE, Mohtarruddin N, Rofiee MS, Othman F, Hasiah AH, et al. Methanol extract of Bauhinia purpurea leaf possesses antiulcer activity. Med Princ Pract. 2012;21:476–82.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Mohd. Joffry S, Yob NJ, Rofiee MS, MeorMohd. Affandi MMR, Othman F, Abdah MA et al. Melastoma malabathricum (L.) Smith: a review of its ethnomedicinal, chemical and pharmacological uses. Evid-Bsed Compl Alt 2012, Article ID 258434. doi:10.1155/2012/258434.
6.
Hussain F, Abdulla MA, Mohd Noor S, Ismail S, Mohd Ali H. Gastroprotective effects of Melastoma malabathricum aqueous leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Am J Biochem Biotechnol. 2008;4:438–41.CrossRef
7.
Zakaria ZA, Rofiee MS, Mohamed AM, Teh LK, Salleh MZ. In vitro antiproliferative and antioxidant activities, and total phenolic contents of the extracts of Melastoma malabathricum leaves. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011;4:248–56.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zabidi Z, Wan Zainulddin WN, Mamat SS, Shamsahal Din S, Kamisan FH, Yahya F, et al. Antiulcer activity of methanol extract of Melastoma malabathricum leaves in rats. Med Princ Pract. 2012;21:501–3.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Guay J, Bateman K, Gordon R, Mancini J, Riendeau D. Carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat elicits a predominant prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) response in the central nervous system associated with the induction of microsomal PGE2 synthase-1. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:24866–72.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Tang EHC, Libby P, Vanhoutte PM, Xu A. Anti-inflammation therapy by activation of prostaglandin EP4 receptor in cardiovascular and other inflammatory diseases. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012;59:116–23.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Rossi A, Kapahi P, Natoli G, Takahashi T, Chen Y, Karin M, et al. Anti-inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandins are direct inhibitors of IkappaB kinase. Nature. 2000;403:103–8.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Wiart C, Mogana S, Khalifah S, Mahan M, Ismail S, Buckle M, et al. Antimicrobial screening of plants used for traditional medicine in the state of Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Fitoterapia. 2004;75:68–73.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Sunilson JAJ, James J, Thomas J, Jayaraj P, Varatharajan R, Muthappan M. Antibacterial and wound healing activities of Melastoma malabathricum Linn. Afr J Infect Dis. 2008;2:68–73.
14.
Zimmermann M. Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain. 1983;16:109–10.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Shay H, Komarov SA, Fels SS, Meranze D, Gruenstein M, Siplet H. A simple method for the uniform production of gastric ulceration in the rat. Gastroenterol. 1945;5:43–61.
16.
Srivastava V, Viswanathaswamy AH, Mohan G. Determination of the antiulcer properties of sodium cromoglycate in pylorus-ligated albino rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010;42:185–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Corne SJ, Morrisey SM, Woods RJ. A method for the quantitative estimation of gastric barrier mucus. J Physiol. 1974;242:116–7.
18.
Andreo MA, Ballesteros KVR, Hiruma-Lima CA, Machado da Rocha LR, Souza Brito ARM, Vilegas W. Effect of Mouriri pusa extracts on experimentally induced gastric lesions in rodents: Role of endogenous sulfhydryls compounds and nitric oxide in gastroprotection. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107:431–41.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Balan T, Sani MHM, Suppaiah V, Mohtarrudin N, Suhaili Z, Ahmad Z, et al. Antiulcer activity of methanol extract of Muntingia calabura leaves involves the modulation of endogenous nitric oxide and non-protein sulfhydryl compounds. Pharm Biol. 2013;Early Online:1–9.
20.
Kakkar P, Das B, Viswanathan PN. A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1984;21:130–2.PubMed
21.
22.
Bradley PP, Priebat DA, Christensen RD, Rothstein G. Measurement of cutaneous inflammation: estimation of neutrophil content with an enzyme marker. J Invest Dermatol. 1982;78:206–9.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Rotruck JT, Pope AL, Ganther HE, Swanson AB. Selenium: biochemical roles as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science. 1973;179:588–90.CrossRefPubMed
24.
25.
Okhawa H, Oishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissue by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979;95:351–8.CrossRef
26.
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NL, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with Folin Phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193:265–75.PubMed
27.
Lee KH, Padzil AM, Syahida A, Abdullah N, Zuhainis SW, Maziah M, et al. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antinociceptive activities of six Malaysian medicinal plants. J Med Plant Res. 2011;5:5555–63.
28.
Azhar-Ul-Haq, Malik A, Anis I, Khan SB, Ahmed E, Ahmed Z, et al. Enzymes Inhibiting Lignans from Vitex negundo. Chem Pharmaceut Bull. 2004;52:1269–72.CrossRef
29.
Noro T, Miyase T, Kuroyanagi M. Monoamine oxidase inhibitor from the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga L. Chem Pharmaceut Bull. 1983;31:2708–11.CrossRef
30.
Kumar A, Singh V, Chaudhary AK. Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities of Cedrusdeodara (Roxb.) Loud. In Wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134:294–7.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Goel RK, Bhattacharya SK. Gastroduodenal mucosal defence and mucosal protective agents. Ind J Exp Biol. 1991;29:701–14.
32.
33.
Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Sliwowski Z, Kwiecień S, Drozdowicz D, Pawlik M, et al. Interaction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) with Helicobacter pylori in the stomach of humans and experimental animals. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;57:67–79.PubMed
34.
Tariq M, Khan HA, Elfaki I, Arshaduddin M, Al Moutaery M, Al Rayes H, et al. Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer effects of simvastatin in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:2316–23.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Calatayud S, Barrachina D, Esplugues JV. Nitric oxide: relation to integrity, injury, and healing of the gastric mucosa. Microsc Res Tech. 2001;53:325–35.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Szabo S, Vattay P. Experimental gastric and duodenal ulcers. Advances in pathogenesis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1990;19:67–85.PubMed
37.
Maity S, Vedasiromoni JR, Ganguly DK. Role of glutathione in the antiulcer effect of hot water extract of black tea (Camellia sinensis). Jpn J Pharmacol. 1998;78:285–92.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Salim AS. Sulfhydryl-containing agents: new approach to the problem of refractory peptic ulceration. Pharmacology. 1993;46:281–8.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Avila JR, de la Lastra CA, Martin MJ, Motilva V, Luque I, Delgado D, et al. Role of endogenous sulphydryls and neutrophil infiltration in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal injury induced by piroxicam in rats. Inflamm Res. 2005;45:83–8.CrossRef
40.
Goel RK, Sairam K, Rao V. Role of gastric antioxidant and antihelicobacter pyroli activities in antiulcerogenic activities of Plantain banana (Musa spaientum var. paradisiaca). Indian J Exp Biol. 2001;39:719–22.PubMed
41.
Mates JM, Perez-Gomez C, Nudez de Castro I. Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clin Biochem. 1999;32:595–603.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Okado-Matsumoto A, Fridovich I. Subcellular distribution of superoxide dismutases (SOD) in rat liver: Cu-, Zn-SOD in mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:38388–93.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Rukkumani R, Aruna K, Varma PS, Rajasekaran KN, Menon VP. Comparative effects of curcumin and an analog of curcumin and PUFA induced oxidative stress. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2004;7:274–83.PubMed
44.
Schlorff EC, Husain K, Somani SM. Dose- and time-dependent effects of ethanol on plasma antioxidant system in rat. Alcohol. 1999;17:97–105.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Recknagel RO, Ghoshal AK. Quantitative estimation of peroxidative degeneration of rat liver microsomal and mitochondrial lipids after carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Exp Mol Pathol. 1996;5:413–26.CrossRef
46.
Brown LA, Harris FL, Ping XD, Gauthier TW. Chronic ethanol ingestion and the risk of acute lung injury: a role for glutathione availability? Alcohol. 2004;33:191–7.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Jaya DS, Augstine J, Menon VP. Role of lipid peroxides, glutathione and antiperoxidative enzymes in alcohol and drug toxicity. Indian J Exp Biol. 1993;31:453–9.PubMed
48.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC, Cross CE. Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: where are we now? J Lab Clin Med. 1992;119(6):598–620.PubMed
49.
Bayir Y, Odabasoglu F, Cakir A, Aslan A, Suleyman H, Halici M, et al. The inhibition of gastric mucosal lesion, oxidative stress and meutrophil infiltration in rats by the lichen constituent diffractaic acid. Phytomedicine. 2006;13:584–90.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Mota KSL, Dias GEN, Pinto MEF, Luiz-Ferreira Â, Monteiro Souza-Brito AR, Hiruma Lima CA, et al. Flavonoids with gastroprotective activity. Molecule. 2009;14:979–1012.CrossRef
51.
Trivedi NP, Rawal UM. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant property of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in BHC induced liver damage in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 2001;39:41–6.PubMed
52.
Fiorucci S, Distrutti E, de Lima OM, Romano M, Mencarelli A, Barbanti M, et al. Relative contribution of acetylated cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 and 5-lipooxygenase (LOX) in regulating gastric mucosal integrity and adaptation to aspirin. FASEB J. 2003;17:1171–3.PubMed
53.
Pelletier JM, Lajeunesse D, Reboul P, Pelletier JP. Therapeutic role of dual inhibitors of 5-LOX and COX, selective and nonselective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:501–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Camuesco D, Comalada M, Rodriguez-Cabezas ME, Nieto A, Lorente MD, Concha A, et al. The intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of quercitrin is associated with an inhibition in iNOS expression. Br J Pharmacol. 2004;143:908–18.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Comalada M, Camuesco D, Sierra S, Ballester I, Xaus J, Glvez J, et al. In vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-jB pathway. Eur J Immunol. 2005;35:584–92.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Bose S, Maji S, Chakraborty P. Research article quercitrin from Ixora coccinea leaves and its anti-oxidant activity. J PharmaSciTech. 2013;2:72–4.
57.
Uppugundla N, Engelberth A, Vandhana Ravindranath S, Clausen EC, Lay JO, Gidden J, et al. Switchgrass water extracts: extraction, separation and biological activity of rutin and quercitrin. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:7763–70.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Mechanisms of gastroprotection of methanol extract of Melastoma malabathricum leaves
Authors
Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
Tavamani Balan
Siti Syariah Mamat
Norhafizah Mohtarrudin
Teh Lay Kek
Mohd Zaki Salleh
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 2662-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0638-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2015 Go to the issue

Study protocol

Standardized minimal acupuncture, individualized acupuncture, and no acupuncture for infantile colic: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial - ACU-COL

Research article

Secondary metabolites constituents and antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial activities of Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm grown in different locations of Malaysia

Research article

Apoptosis induction associated with the ER stress response through up-regulation of JNK in HeLa cells by gambogic acid

Research article

Effect of the Chinese traditional prescription Suo Quan Wan on TRPV1 expression in the bladder of rats with bladder outlet obstruction

Research article

Antisickling and toxicological evaluation of the leaves of Scoparia dulcis Linn (Scrophulariaceae)

Research article

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among sasang constitutional types: a population-based study in Korea