Top

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

Published in:

01-09-2009 | Original Article

Mechanical and Biological Evaluations of β-Tricalcium Phosphate/Silicone Rubber Composite as a Novel Soft-Tissue Implant

Authors: Yi-ming Zhang, Shao-liang Wang, Ze-yuan Lei, Dong-li Fan

Published in: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery | Issue 5/2009

Abstract

Background

Although silicone rubber (SR) implants are most commonly used and effective for soft-tissue augmentation, they still have been implicated in many adverse reactions. To overcome this problem, a novel composite β-tricalcium phosphate/silicone rubber (β-TCP/SR) was prepared by adding β-TCP into a SR matrix. This study was to evaluate its application potential by investigating the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of β-TCP/SR.

Methods

Mechanical properties, including Shore A hardness and tensile strength, were evaluated with 3-mm-thick samples and a universal testing machine. Cytocompatibility tests were conducted in vitro using 0.2-mm-thick β-TCP/SR samples by seeding fibroblasts onto different samples. Soft-tissue response to β-TCP/SR and pull-out measurements were investigated 4 weeks and 24 weeks after implantation.

Results

The main mechanical properties were all significantly changed after mixing β-TCP into the SR matrix, except for tearing strength. The cytocompatibility test showed enhanced adhesion and proliferation of fibroblasts onto β-TCP/SR. Fibrous tissue ingrowth after resorption of β-TCP was observed by in vivo histologic analysis. The peri-implant capsules in the β-TCP/SR group were thinner than in the SR group 24 weeks after implantation. In a 24-week test, the maximum force required to pull out the β-TCP/SR sheet was about six times greater than that needed for SR.

Conclusion

Although some mechanical properties were significantly changed, the results of the cytocompatibility test and in vivo animal study still suggest that β-TCP/SR may be more suitable as a soft-tissue implant than SR and has the potential to be used in plastic surgery.

Martin Granizo R, Diaz FJ (1997) Fixation of alloplastic facial implants with lag screws. Plast Reconstr Surg 99:2100–2101PubMedCrossRef

Neu BR (2000) Segmental bone and cartilage reconstruction of major nasal dorsal defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 106:160–170PubMedCrossRef

Semple JL (2007) Breast-feeding and silicone implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 120:123S–128SPubMedCrossRef

Aziz T, Waters M, Jagger R (2003) Analysis of the properties of silicone rubber maxillofacial prosthetic materials. J Dent 31:67–74PubMedCrossRef

Keyf F (2002) Change in a maxillo-facial prosthesis material effecting from environmental factors: a clinical report. J Biomater Appl 16:259–266PubMedCrossRef

Starch MS, Fiori JE, Lin ZC (2003) Beyond rheology modification: hydrophilically modified silicone elastomers provide new benefits. J Cosmet Sci 54:193–205PubMed

Leichter I, Bloch B (1992) Evaluation of the calcium-phosphate ceramic implant by noninvasive techniques. Biomaterials 13:478–482PubMedCrossRef

Catanese J, Cooke D, Maas C, Pruitt L (1999) Mechanical properties of medical grade expanded polytetrafluoroethylene: the effects of internodal distance, density, and displacement rate. J Biomed Mater Res 48:187–192PubMedCrossRef

Wang JH, Lee BJ, Jang YJ (2007) Use of silicone sheets for dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty for Asian noses. Acta Otolaryngol 127:115–120CrossRef

10.

Tham C, Lai YL, Weng CJ, Chen YR (2005) Silicone augmentation rhinoplasty in an Oriental population. Ann Plast Surg 54:1–5PubMedCrossRef

11.

Unlu RE, Yilmaz AD, Orbay H, Can B, Tekdemir I, Sensoz O (2007) Influence of rifampin on capsule formation around silicone implants in a rat model. Aesthetic Plast Surg 31:358–364PubMedCrossRef

12.

Juri J, Juri C, Colnago A (1980) Implants and grafts in secondary rhinodeformities. Aesthetic Plast Surg 4:135–145CrossRef

13.

Kokubo T, Kushitani H, Ohtsuki C, Sakka S, Yamamuro T (1992) Chemical reaction of bioactive glass and glass–ceramics with a simulated body-fluid. J Mater Sci Mater Med 3:79–83CrossRef

14.

Wyrwalski F, Lamonier JF, Siffert S, Zhilinskaya EA, Gengembre L, Aboukais A (2005) Bulk and surface structures of iron doped zirconium oxide systems: influence of preparation method. J Mater Sci 40:933–942CrossRef

15.

Evans SL, Gregson PJ (1993) The effect of a plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coating on the fatigue properties of Ti-6al-4v. Mater Lett 16:270–274CrossRef

16.

Taguchi T, Kishida A, Sakamoto N, Akashi M (1998) Preparation of a novel functional hydrogel consisting of sulfated glucoside-bearing polymer: activation of basic fibroblast growth factor. J Biomed Mater Res 41:386–391PubMedCrossRef

17.

Furuzono T, Sonoda K, Tanaka J (2001) A hydroxyapatite coating covalently linked onto a silicone implant material. J Biomed Mater Res 56:9–16PubMedCrossRef

18.

Rangavittal N, Landa-Canovas AR, Gonzalez-Calbet JM, Vallet-Regi M (2000) Structural study and stability of hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate: two important bioceramics. J Biomed Mater Res 51:660–668PubMedCrossRef

19.

Erbe EM, Marx JG, Clineff TD, Bellincampi LD (2001) Potential of an ultraporous beta-tricalcium phosphate synthetic cancellous bone void filler and bone marrow aspirate composite graft. Eur Spine J 10:S141–S146PubMedCrossRef

20.

Zijderveld SA, Zerbo IR, van den Bergh JPA, Schulten E, ten Bruggenkate CM (2005) Maxillary sinus floor augmentation using a beta-tricalcium phosphate (Cerasorb) alone compared to autogenous bone grafts. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 20:432–440PubMed

21.

Hench LL (1998) Bioceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 81:1705–1728

22.

Ramakrishna S, Mayer J, Wintermantel E, Leong KW (2001) Biomedical applications of polymer-composite materials: a review. Compos Sci Technol 61:1189–1224CrossRef

23.

Link DP, van den Dolder J, van den Beucken J, Cuijpers VM, Wolke JGC, Mikos AG, Jansen JA (2008) Evaluation of the biocompatibility of calcium phosphate cement/PLGA microparticle composites. J Biomed Mater Res A 87:760–769PubMed

24.

Hacking SA, Bobyn JD, Toh KK, Tanzer M, Krygier JJ (2000) Fibrous tissue ingrowth and attachment to porous tantalum. J Biomed Mater Res 52:631–638PubMedCrossRef

25.

Soballe K, Hansen ES, Rasmussen HB, Jorgensen PH, Bunger C (1992) Tissue ingrowth into titanium and hydroxyapatite-coated implants during stable and unstable mechanical conditions. J Orthop Res 10:285–299PubMedCrossRef

26.

Prantl L, Schreml S, Fichtner-Feigl S, Poppl N, Eisenmann-Klein M, Schwarze H, Fuchtmeier B (2007) Clinical and morphological conditions in capsular contracture formed around silicone breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 120:275–284PubMedCrossRef

27.

Dootz ER, Koran A, Craig RG (1994) Physical properties of 3 maxillofacial materials as a function of accelerated aging. J Prosthet Dent 71:379–383PubMedCrossRef

28.

Lewis DH, Castleberry DJ (1980) An assessment of recent advances in external maxillofacial materials. J Prosthet Dent 43:426–432PubMedCrossRef

29.

Laghi AA (1992) Multi hardness silicone implants. US Patent 5133754. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5133754.html; http://www.wikipatents.com/5133754.html

30.

Sailaja GS, Ramesh P, Varma HK (2007) Hydroxyapatite moldable formulation using natural rubber latex as binder. J Biomed Mater Res Part B 82B:231–238CrossRef

31.

Chu CC, Fischer TE (1979) Evaluation of sunlight stability of polyurethane elastomers for maxillofacial use.2. J Biomed Mater Res 13:965–974PubMedCrossRef

32.

Homaeigohar SS, Sadi AY, Javadpour J, Khavandi A (2006) The effect of reinforcement volume fraction and particle size on the mechanical properties of beta-tricalcium phosphate-high density polyethylene composites. J Eur Ceram Soc 26:273–278CrossRef

33.

Osman MA, Atallah A (2007) Surfactant chain length and tensile properties of calcium carbonate-polyethylene composites. Macromol Chem Phys 208:87–93CrossRef

34.

Suzuki T, Hukkanen M, Ohashi R, Yokogawa Y, Nishizawa K, Nagata F, Buttery L, Polak J (2000) Growth and adhesion of osteoblast-like cells derived from neonatal rat calvaria on calcium phosphate ceramics. J Biosci Bioeng 89:18–26PubMedCrossRef

35.

Homaeigohar SSH, Shokrgozar MA, Javadpour J, Khavandi A, Sadi AY (2006) Effect of reinforcement particle size on in vitro behavior of beta-tricalcium phosphate-reinforced high-density polyethylene: a novel orthopedic composite. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 78:129–138CrossRef

36.

Poeppl N, Schreml S, Lichtenegger F, Lenich A, Eisenmann-Klein M, Prantl L (2007) Does the surface structure of implants have an impact on the formation of a capsular contracture? Aesthetic Plast Surg 31:133–139PubMedCrossRef

37.

Spear SL, Elmaraghy M, Hess C (2000) Textured-surface saline-filled silicone breast implants for augmentation mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 105:1542–1552PubMedCrossRef

38.

Yuan HP, Li YB, de Bruijn JD, de Groot K, Zhang XD (2000) Tissue responses of calcium phosphate cement: a study in dogs. Biomaterials 21:1283–1290PubMedCrossRef

39.

Yuan HP, De Bruijn JD, Li YB, Feng JQ, Yang ZJ, De Groot K, Zhang XD (2001) Bone formation induced by calcium phosphate ceramics in soft tissue of dogs: a comparative study between porous alpha-TCP and beta-TCP. J Mater Sci Mater Med 12:7–13PubMedCrossRef

40.

TenHuisen KS, Brown PW (1997) Variations in solution chemistry during calcium-deficient and stoichiometric hydroxyapatite formation from CaHPO4 center dot 2H(2)O and Ca-4(PO4)(2)O. J Biomed Mater Res 36:233–241PubMedCrossRef

41.

Eggli PS, Muller W, Schenk RK (1988) Porous hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate cylinders with 2 different pore-size ranges implanted in the cancellous bone of rabbits—a comparative histomorphometric and histologic study of bony ingrowth and implant substitution. Clin Orthop Rel Res 232:127–138

Title: Mechanical and Biological Evaluations of β-Tricalcium Phosphate/Silicone Rubber Composite as a Novel Soft-Tissue Implant
Authors: Yi-ming Zhang
Shao-liang Wang
Ze-yuan Lei
Dong-li Fan
Publication date: 01-09-2009
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery / Issue 5/2009
Print ISSN: 0364-216X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-5241
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-009-9363-7

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Mechanical and Biological Evaluations of β-Tricalcium Phosphate/Silicone Rubber Composite as a Novel Soft-Tissue Implant

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2009

One-Stage Augmentation-Mastopexy with Wise Pattern and Inverted-T Scar

Effect of Subcutaneous Lidocaine Infiltration on Blood Loss Secondary to Corporal Lipoaspiration: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Masked Clinical Trial

Evaluation of the Risk of Systemic Fat Mobilization and Fat Embolus Following Liposuction with Dry and Tumescent Technique: An Experimental Study on Rats

Aesthetic Surgery and Religion: Islamic Law Perspective

Transaxillary Breast Augmentation: A Prospective Comparison of Subglandular, Subfascial, and Submuscular Implant Insertion

Effect of Botulinum Toxin Type A on the Capsule Around a Subpectoral Implant for Breast Augmentation