Maximizing safe resections: the roles of 5-aminolevulinic acid and intraoperative MR imaging in glioma surgery—review of the literature

Malignant glioma surgery involves the challenge of preserving the neurological status of patients harboring these lesions while pursuing a maximal tumor resection, which is correlated with overall and progression-free survival. Presently, several tools exist for assisting neurosurgeons in visualizing malignant tissue. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has increasingly been used during the last decade for identifying malignant glioma. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI), first introduced in the mid-1990s, is being evaluated as a further tool to maximize the extent of resection. We aimed to evaluate the literature and discuss synergies and differences between FGS with 5-ALA and iMRI. We conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. After excluding non-relevant articles, 16 articles were evaluated and included in the qualitative analysis, comprising 2 (n = 2) reviews of the literatures, 1 (n = 1) book chapter, and 13 (n = 13) clinical articles. ALA-induced fluorescence goes beyond the borders of gadolinium contrast enhancement. Several studies stress the synergy between both tools, enabling increase in extent of resection. We point out advantages of combining both methods. iMRI, however, is not widely available, is expensive, and is not recommended as sole resection control tool in high-grade glioma. For these centers, FGS together with mapping and monitoring techniques, neuronavigation and, when needed, intraoperative ultrasound provides an excellent setting for achieving state-of-the-art gross total resection of high-grade gliomas.