Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Cancer Causes & Control 1/2007

01-02-2007 | Original Paper

Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism and risk of skin cancer (United States)

Authors: Jiali Han, Graham A. Colditz, David J. Hunter

Published in: Cancer Causes & Control | Issue 1/2007

Login to get access

Abstract

Objective

We assessed whether the functional V16A polymorphism in the MnSOD gene is associated with skin cancer risk.

Methods

We conducted a nested case–control study (219 melanoma, 286 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 300 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cases, and 873 matched controls) within the Nurses’ Health Study. Genotyping was performed by the 5′ nuclease assay (TaqMan®). We used logistic regression to model the association between the genotype and skin cancer risk.

Results and conclusions

Overall, there was no significant association between this polymorphism and the risk of each type of skin cancer. No significant interaction was observed between this polymorphism and sunburn history and constitutional susceptibility on skin cancer risk. For interactions between intakes of α-carotene and β-carotene and the MnSOD polymorphism on SCC, the inverse association of intake of either carotene with SCC risk was limited to the Val carriers, whereas no association was observed among women with the AA genotype. We observed an interaction between total vitamin C intake and the MnSOD polymorphism on melanoma risk. No interaction was observed for the intakes of other carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin A. Further research is needed to confirm these possible associations.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Hall M, Johnson RT (1996) The role of DNA repair in the prevention of cancer. Mol Aspects Med 17:235–283PubMedCrossRef Hall M, Johnson RT (1996) The role of DNA repair in the prevention of cancer. Mol Aspects Med 17:235–283PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Kielbassa C, Roza L, Epe B (1997) Wavelength dependence of oxidative DNA damage induced by UV and visible light. Carcinogenesis 18:811–816PubMedCrossRef Kielbassa C, Roza L, Epe B (1997) Wavelength dependence of oxidative DNA damage induced by UV and visible light. Carcinogenesis 18:811–816PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Kvam E, Tyrrell RM (1997) Induction of oxidative DNA base damage in human skin cells by UV and near visible radiation. Carcinogenesis 18:2379–2384PubMedCrossRef Kvam E, Tyrrell RM (1997) Induction of oxidative DNA base damage in human skin cells by UV and near visible radiation. Carcinogenesis 18:2379–2384PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Nishigori C, Hattori Y, Toyokuni S (2004) Role of reactive oxygen species in skin carcinogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 6:561–570PubMedCrossRef Nishigori C, Hattori Y, Toyokuni S (2004) Role of reactive oxygen species in skin carcinogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 6:561–570PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Sander CS, Chang H, Hamm F, Elsner P, Thiele JJ (2004) Role of oxidative stress and the antioxidant network in cutaneous carcinogenesis. Int J Dermatol 43:326–335PubMedCrossRef Sander CS, Chang H, Hamm F, Elsner P, Thiele JJ (2004) Role of oxidative stress and the antioxidant network in cutaneous carcinogenesis. Int J Dermatol 43:326–335PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Kahl R, Kampkotter A, Watjen W, Chovolou Y (2004) Antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis. Drug Metab Rev 36:747–762PubMedCrossRef Kahl R, Kampkotter A, Watjen W, Chovolou Y (2004) Antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis. Drug Metab Rev 36:747–762PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Macmillan-Crow LA, Cruthirds DL (2001) Invited review: manganese superoxide dismutase in disease. Free Radic Res 34:325–336PubMedCrossRef Macmillan-Crow LA, Cruthirds DL (2001) Invited review: manganese superoxide dismutase in disease. Free Radic Res 34:325–336PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Church SL, Grant JW, Ridnour LA, et al (1993) Increased manganese superoxide dismutase expression suppresses the malignant phenotype of human melanoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:3113–3117PubMedCrossRef Church SL, Grant JW, Ridnour LA, et al (1993) Increased manganese superoxide dismutase expression suppresses the malignant phenotype of human melanoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:3113–3117PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Rosenblum JS, Gilula NB, Lerner RA (1996) On signal sequence polymorphisms and diseases of distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:4471–4473PubMedCrossRef Rosenblum JS, Gilula NB, Lerner RA (1996) On signal sequence polymorphisms and diseases of distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:4471–4473PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Sutton A, Khoury H, Prip-Buus C, et al (2003) The Ala16Val genetic dimorphism modulates the import of human manganese superoxide dismutase into rat liver mitochondria. Pharmacogenetics 13:145–157PubMedCrossRef Sutton A, Khoury H, Prip-Buus C, et al (2003) The Ala16Val genetic dimorphism modulates the import of human manganese superoxide dismutase into rat liver mitochondria. Pharmacogenetics 13:145–157PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Sutton A, Imbert A, Igoudjil A, et al (2005) The manganese superoxide dismutase Ala16Val dimorphism modulates both mitochondrial import and mRNA stability. Pharmacogenet Genomics 15:311–319PubMedCrossRef Sutton A, Imbert A, Igoudjil A, et al (2005) The manganese superoxide dismutase Ala16Val dimorphism modulates both mitochondrial import and mRNA stability. Pharmacogenet Genomics 15:311–319PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Colditz GA, Hankinson SE (2005) The Nurses’ Health Study: lifestyle and health among women. Nat Rev Cancer 5:388–396PubMedCrossRef Colditz GA, Hankinson SE (2005) The Nurses’ Health Study: lifestyle and health among women. Nat Rev Cancer 5:388–396PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Colditz GA, Martin P, Stampfer MJ, et al (1986) Validation of questionnaire information on risk factors and disease outcomes in a prospective cohort study of women. Am J Epidemiol 123:894–900PubMed Colditz GA, Martin P, Stampfer MJ, et al (1986) Validation of questionnaire information on risk factors and disease outcomes in a prospective cohort study of women. Am J Epidemiol 123:894–900PubMed
15.
go back to reference National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1983) Climatic Atlas of the United States. Washington, DC National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1983) Climatic Atlas of the United States. Washington, DC
16.
go back to reference Willett WC, Sampson L, Browne ML, et al (1988) The use of a self-administered questionnaire to assess diet four years in the past. Am J Epidemiol 127:188–199PubMed Willett WC, Sampson L, Browne ML, et al (1988) The use of a self-administered questionnaire to assess diet four years in the past. Am J Epidemiol 127:188–199PubMed
17.
go back to reference U.S. Department of Agriculture (1992) Composition of foods-raw, processed, and prepared, 1963–1991 Agricultural Handbook No.8 Series. Department of Agriculture, Govt Print Off, Washington (DC) U.S. Department of Agriculture (1992) Composition of foods-raw, processed, and prepared, 1963–1991 Agricultural Handbook No.8 Series. Department of Agriculture, Govt Print Off, Washington (DC)
18.
go back to reference Willett WC, Stampfer MJ (1986) Total energy intake: implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am J Epidemiol 124:17–27PubMed Willett WC, Stampfer MJ (1986) Total energy intake: implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am J Epidemiol 124:17–27PubMed
19.
go back to reference Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, et al (1999) Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: a comparison of approaches for adjusting for total energy intake and modeling repeated dietary measurements. Am J Epidemiol 149:531–540PubMed Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, et al (1999) Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: a comparison of approaches for adjusting for total energy intake and modeling repeated dietary measurements. Am J Epidemiol 149:531–540PubMed
20.
go back to reference Willett WC (1998) Nutritional epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York Willett WC (1998) Nutritional epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York
21.
go back to reference Stryker WS, Kaplan LA, Stein EA, et al (1988) The relation of diet, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption to plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels. Am J Epidemiol 127:283–296PubMed Stryker WS, Kaplan LA, Stein EA, et al (1988) The relation of diet, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption to plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels. Am J Epidemiol 127:283–296PubMed
22.
go back to reference Michaud DS, Giovannucci EL, Ascherio A, et al (1998) Associations of plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary intake of specific carotenoids in samples of two prospective cohort studies using a new carotenoid database. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7:283–290PubMed Michaud DS, Giovannucci EL, Ascherio A, et al (1998) Associations of plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary intake of specific carotenoids in samples of two prospective cohort studies using a new carotenoid database. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7:283–290PubMed
23.
go back to reference Miettinen OS (1976) Stratification by a multivariate confounder score. Am J Epidemiol 104:609–620PubMed Miettinen OS (1976) Stratification by a multivariate confounder score. Am J Epidemiol 104:609–620PubMed
24.
go back to reference Ambrosone CB, Freudenheim JL, Thompson PA, et al (1999) Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genetic polymorphisms, dietary antioxidants, and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Res 59:602–606PubMed Ambrosone CB, Freudenheim JL, Thompson PA, et al (1999) Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genetic polymorphisms, dietary antioxidants, and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Res 59:602–606PubMed
25.
go back to reference Li H, Kantoff PW, Giovannucci E, et al (2005) Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism, prediagnostic antioxidant status, and risk of clinical significant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 65:2498–2504PubMedCrossRef Li H, Kantoff PW, Giovannucci E, et al (2005) Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism, prediagnostic antioxidant status, and risk of clinical significant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 65:2498–2504PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Han J, Colditz GA, Liu JS, Hunter DJ (2005) Genetic variation in XPD, sun exposure, and risk of skin cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:1539–1544PubMedCrossRef Han J, Colditz GA, Liu JS, Hunter DJ (2005) Genetic variation in XPD, sun exposure, and risk of skin cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:1539–1544PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Myhrstad MC, et al (2002) A systematic screening of total antioxidants in dietary plants. J Nutr 132:461–471PubMed Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Myhrstad MC, et al (2002) A systematic screening of total antioxidants in dietary plants. J Nutr 132:461–471PubMed
28.
go back to reference Fuchs J, Huflejt ME, Rothfuss LM, et al (1989) Acute effects of near ultraviolet and visible light on the cutaneous antioxidant defense system. Photochem Photobiol 50:739–744PubMed Fuchs J, Huflejt ME, Rothfuss LM, et al (1989) Acute effects of near ultraviolet and visible light on the cutaneous antioxidant defense system. Photochem Photobiol 50:739–744PubMed
29.
go back to reference Fuchs J, Huflejt ME, Rothfuss LM, et al (1989) Impairment of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants in skin by UVB irradiation. J Invest Dermatol 93:769–773PubMedCrossRef Fuchs J, Huflejt ME, Rothfuss LM, et al (1989) Impairment of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants in skin by UVB irradiation. J Invest Dermatol 93:769–773PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Sander CS, Chang H, Salzmann S, et al (2002) Photoaging is associated with protein oxidation in human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 118:618–625PubMedCrossRef Sander CS, Chang H, Salzmann S, et al (2002) Photoaging is associated with protein oxidation in human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 118:618–625PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kobayashi T, Matsumoto M, Iizuka H, Suzuki K, Taniguchi N (1991) Superoxide dismutase in psoriasis, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell epithelioma: an immunohistochemical study. Br J Dermatol 124:555–559PubMedCrossRef Kobayashi T, Matsumoto M, Iizuka H, Suzuki K, Taniguchi N (1991) Superoxide dismutase in psoriasis, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell epithelioma: an immunohistochemical study. Br J Dermatol 124:555–559PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference St Clair D, Zhao Y, Chaiswing L, Oberley T (2005) Modulation of skin tumorigenesis by SOD. Biomed Pharmacother 59:209–214. Epub 2005 Mar 17CrossRef St Clair D, Zhao Y, Chaiswing L, Oberley T (2005) Modulation of skin tumorigenesis by SOD. Biomed Pharmacother 59:209–214. Epub 2005 Mar 17CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Zhao Y, Chaiswing L, Oberley TD, et al (2005) A mechanism-based antioxidant approach for the reduction of skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 65:1401–1405PubMedCrossRef Zhao Y, Chaiswing L, Oberley TD, et al (2005) A mechanism-based antioxidant approach for the reduction of skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 65:1401–1405PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Zhao Y, Xue Y, Oberley TD, et al (2001) Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase suppresses tumor formation by modulation of activator protein-1 signaling in a multistage skin carcinogenesis model. Cancer Res 61:6082–6088PubMed Zhao Y, Xue Y, Oberley TD, et al (2001) Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase suppresses tumor formation by modulation of activator protein-1 signaling in a multistage skin carcinogenesis model. Cancer Res 61:6082–6088PubMed
35.
go back to reference Alaluf S, Heinrich U, Stahl W, Tronnier H, Wiseman S (2002) Dietary carotenoids contribute to normal human skin color and UV photosensitivity. J Nutr 132:399–403PubMed Alaluf S, Heinrich U, Stahl W, Tronnier H, Wiseman S (2002) Dietary carotenoids contribute to normal human skin color and UV photosensitivity. J Nutr 132:399–403PubMed
36.
go back to reference Peng YM, Peng YS, Lin Y, Moon T, Baier M (1993) Micronutrient concentrations in paired skin and plasma of patients with actinic keratoses: effect of prolonged retinol supplementation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2:145–150PubMed Peng YM, Peng YS, Lin Y, Moon T, Baier M (1993) Micronutrient concentrations in paired skin and plasma of patients with actinic keratoses: effect of prolonged retinol supplementation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2:145–150PubMed
37.
go back to reference Wingerath T, Sies H, Stahl W (1998) Xanthophyll esters in human skin. Arch Biochem Biophys 355:271–274PubMedCrossRef Wingerath T, Sies H, Stahl W (1998) Xanthophyll esters in human skin. Arch Biochem Biophys 355:271–274PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Stahl W, Heinrich U, Jungmann H, et al (1998) Increased dermal carotenoid levels assessed by noninvasive reflection spectrophotometry correlate with serum levels in women ingesting Betatene. J Nutr 128:903–907PubMed Stahl W, Heinrich U, Jungmann H, et al (1998) Increased dermal carotenoid levels assessed by noninvasive reflection spectrophotometry correlate with serum levels in women ingesting Betatene. J Nutr 128:903–907PubMed
39.
go back to reference Nishino H, Murakosh M, Ii T, et al (2002) Carotenoids in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 21:257–264PubMedCrossRef Nishino H, Murakosh M, Ii T, et al (2002) Carotenoids in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 21:257–264PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Mathews-Roth MM, Krinsky NI (1987) Carotenoids affect development of UV-B induced skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol 46:507–509PubMed Mathews-Roth MM, Krinsky NI (1987) Carotenoids affect development of UV-B induced skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol 46:507–509PubMed
41.
go back to reference Breslow RA, Alberg AJ, Helzlsouer KJ, et al (1995) Serological precursors of cancer: malignant melanoma, basal and squamous cell skin cancer, and prediagnostic levels of retinol, beta-carotene, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4:837–842PubMed Breslow RA, Alberg AJ, Helzlsouer KJ, et al (1995) Serological precursors of cancer: malignant melanoma, basal and squamous cell skin cancer, and prediagnostic levels of retinol, beta-carotene, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4:837–842PubMed
42.
go back to reference Davies TW, Treasure FP, Welch AA, Day NE (2002) Diet and basal cell skin cancer: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort. Br J Dermatol 146:1017–1022PubMedCrossRef Davies TW, Treasure FP, Welch AA, Day NE (2002) Diet and basal cell skin cancer: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort. Br J Dermatol 146:1017–1022PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Wald NJ, Thompson SG, Densem JW, Boreham J, Bailey A (1988) Serum beta-carotene and subsequent risk of cancer: results from the BUPA Study. Br J Cancer 57:428–433PubMed Wald NJ, Thompson SG, Densem JW, Boreham J, Bailey A (1988) Serum beta-carotene and subsequent risk of cancer: results from the BUPA Study. Br J Cancer 57:428–433PubMed
44.
go back to reference Fung TT, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, et al (2002) Vitamins and carotenoids intake and the risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin in women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 13:221–230PubMedCrossRef Fung TT, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, et al (2002) Vitamins and carotenoids intake and the risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin in women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 13:221–230PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference van Dam RM, Huang Z, Giovannucci E, et al (2000) Diet and basal cell carcinoma of the skin in a prospective cohort of men. Am J Clin Nutr 71:135–141PubMed van Dam RM, Huang Z, Giovannucci E, et al (2000) Diet and basal cell carcinoma of the skin in a prospective cohort of men. Am J Clin Nutr 71:135–141PubMed
46.
go back to reference Kune GA, Bannerman S, Field B, et al (1992) Diet, alcohol, smoking, serum beta-carotene, and vitamin A in male nonmelanocytic skin cancer patients and controls. Nutr Cancer 18:237–244PubMedCrossRef Kune GA, Bannerman S, Field B, et al (1992) Diet, alcohol, smoking, serum beta-carotene, and vitamin A in male nonmelanocytic skin cancer patients and controls. Nutr Cancer 18:237–244PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Karagas MR, Greenberg ER, Nierenberg D, et al (1997) Risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in relation to plasma selenium, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and retinol: a nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:25–29PubMed Karagas MR, Greenberg ER, Nierenberg D, et al (1997) Risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in relation to plasma selenium, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and retinol: a nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:25–29PubMed
48.
go back to reference Fung TT, Spiegelman D, Egan KM, et al (2003) Vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Int J Cancer 103:110–115PubMedCrossRef Fung TT, Spiegelman D, Egan KM, et al (2003) Vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Int J Cancer 103:110–115PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Stukel TA, et al (1990) A clinical trial of beta carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous-cell cancers of the skin. The Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 323:789–795PubMedCrossRef Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Stukel TA, et al (1990) A clinical trial of beta carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous-cell cancers of the skin. The Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 323:789–795PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Green A, Williams G, Neale R, et al (1999) Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 354:723–729PubMedCrossRef Green A, Williams G, Neale R, et al (1999) Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 354:723–729PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Frieling UM, Schaumberg DA, Kupper TS, Muntwyler J, Hennekens CH (2000) A randomized, 12-year primary-prevention trial of beta carotene supplementation for nonmelanoma skin cancer in the physician’s health study. Arch Dermatol 136:179–184PubMedCrossRef Frieling UM, Schaumberg DA, Kupper TS, Muntwyler J, Hennekens CH (2000) A randomized, 12-year primary-prevention trial of beta carotene supplementation for nonmelanoma skin cancer in the physician’s health study. Arch Dermatol 136:179–184PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference McNaughton SA, Marks GC, Gaffney P, Williams G, Green AC (2005) Antioxidants and basal cell carcinoma of the skin: a nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 16:609–618PubMedCrossRef McNaughton SA, Marks GC, Gaffney P, Williams G, Green AC (2005) Antioxidants and basal cell carcinoma of the skin: a nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 16:609–618PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Millen AE, Tucker MA, Hartge P, et al (2004) Diet and melanoma in a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:1042–1051PubMed Millen AE, Tucker MA, Hartge P, et al (2004) Diet and melanoma in a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:1042–1051PubMed
54.
go back to reference Stryker WS, Stampfer MJ, Stein EA, et al (1990) Diet, plasma levels of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, and risk of malignant melanoma. Am J Epidemiol 131:597–611PubMed Stryker WS, Stampfer MJ, Stein EA, et al (1990) Diet, plasma levels of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, and risk of malignant melanoma. Am J Epidemiol 131:597–611PubMed
55.
go back to reference Bain C, Green A, Siskind V, Alexander J, Harvey P (1993) Diet and melanoma. An exploratory case-control study. Ann Epidemiol 3:235–238PubMedCrossRef Bain C, Green A, Siskind V, Alexander J, Harvey P (1993) Diet and melanoma. An exploratory case-control study. Ann Epidemiol 3:235–238PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Holman CD, Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ, et al (1986) The causes of malignant melanoma: results from the West Australian Lions Melanoma Research Project. Recent Results Cancer Res 102:18–37PubMed Holman CD, Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ, et al (1986) The causes of malignant melanoma: results from the West Australian Lions Melanoma Research Project. Recent Results Cancer Res 102:18–37PubMed
57.
go back to reference Kirkpatrick CS, White E, Lee JA (1994) Case-control study of malignant melanoma in Washington State. II. Diet, alcohol, and obesity. Am J Epidemiol 139:869–880PubMed Kirkpatrick CS, White E, Lee JA (1994) Case-control study of malignant melanoma in Washington State. II. Diet, alcohol, and obesity. Am J Epidemiol 139:869–880PubMed
58.
go back to reference Feskanich D, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA (2003) Dietary intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and risk of melanoma in two cohorts of women. Br J Cancer 88:1381–1387PubMedCrossRef Feskanich D, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA (2003) Dietary intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and risk of melanoma in two cohorts of women. Br J Cancer 88:1381–1387PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Veierod MB, Thelle DS, Laake P (1997) Diet and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a prospective study of 50,757 Norwegian men and women. Int J Cancer 71:600–604PubMedCrossRef Veierod MB, Thelle DS, Laake P (1997) Diet and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a prospective study of 50,757 Norwegian men and women. Int J Cancer 71:600–604PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism and risk of skin cancer (United States)
Authors
Jiali Han
Graham A. Colditz
David J. Hunter
Publication date
01-02-2007
Publisher
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Published in
Cancer Causes & Control / Issue 1/2007
Print ISSN: 0957-5243
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7225
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-006-0079-6

Other articles of this Issue 1/2007

Cancer Causes & Control 1/2007 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine