Top

Published in:

01-12-2016 | Systemic Therapies (M Liu and T Haddad, Section Editors)

Management of Potential Long-Term Toxicities in Breast Cancer Patients

Authors: C. C. O’Sullivan, Kathryn J. Ruddy

Published in: Current Breast Cancer Reports | Issue 4/2016

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy among women, and there are over 3 million breast cancer survivors living in the USA today. Excellent cure rates with modern therapies are associated with substantial toxicities for many women; it is important that healthcare providers attend to the resulting symptoms and issues to optimize quality of life in this population. In this article, we review management options for potential long-term toxicities in breast cancer survivors, with a particular focus on bone health, fertility preservation, premature menopause, cardiac dysfunction, and cognitive impairment.

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(1):7–30.PubMedCrossRef

Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al., editors. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2012. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute; 2015. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr.1975-2012/.

Almstedt K, Schmidt M. Targeted therapies overcoming endocrine resistance in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast Care (Basel). 2015;10(3):168–72.CrossRef

Clines GA, Choksi P, Van Poznak C. Adjuvant endocrine therapy and bone health in breast cancer. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2015;13(5):263–73.PubMedCrossRef

Hagiwara M, Delea TE, Chung K. Healthcare costs associated with skeletal-related events in breast cancer patients with bone metastases. J Med Econ. 2014;17(3):223–30.PubMedCrossRef

Powles TJ, Hickish T, Kanis JA, Tidy A, Ashley S. Effect of tamoxifen on bone mineral density measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(1):78–84.PubMed

Paterson AH, Shea-Budgell MA. Bone health in patients with breast cancer: recommendations from an evidence-based Canadian guideline. J Clin Med. 2013;2(4):283–301.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Coleman R, Powles T, Paterson A, Gnant M, Anderson S, Diel I, et al. Adjuvant bisphosphonate treatment in early breast cancer: meta-analyses of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2015;386(10001):1353–61.PubMedCrossRef

Brufsky AM, Harker WG, Beck JT, Bosserman L, Vogel C, Seidler C, et al. Final 5-year results of Z-FAST trial: adjuvant zoledronic acid maintains bone mass in postmenopausal breast cancer patients receiving letrozole. Cancer. 2012;118(5):1192–201.PubMedCrossRef

10.

Eidtmann H, de Boer R, Bundred N, Llombart-Cussac A, Davidson N, Neven P, et al. Efficacy of zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant letrozole: 36-month results of the ZO-FAST Study. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(11):2188–94.PubMedCrossRef

11.

Gnant M, Mlineritsch B, Stoeger H, Luschin-Ebengreuth G, Heck D, Menzel C, et al. Adjuvant endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid in premenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer: 62-month follow-up from the ABCSG-12 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(7):631–41.PubMedCrossRef

12.

Coleman R, Cameron D, Dodwell D, Bell R, Wilson C, Rathbone E, et al. Adjuvant zoledronic acid in patients with early breast cancer: final efficacy analysis of the AZURE (BIG 01/04) randomised open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(9):997–1006.PubMedCrossRef

13.

Gnant M, Pfeiler G, Dubsky PC, Hubalek M, Greil R, Jakesz R, et al. Adjuvant denosumab in breast cancer (ABCSG-18): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9992):433–43.PubMedCrossRef

14.

Sulmasy D, Moy B. Debating the oncologist’s role in defining the value of cancer care: our duty is to our patients. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(36):4039–41.PubMedCrossRef

15.

Rizzoli R, Body JJ, DeCensi A, Reginster JY, Piscitelli P, Brandi ML. Guidance for the prevention of bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women treated with aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer: an ESCEO position paper. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(11):2567–76.PubMedCrossRef

16.

Hadji P, Coleman RE, Wilson C, Powles TJ, Clezardin P, Aapro M, et al. Adjuvant bisphosphonates in early breast cancer: consensus guidance for clinical practice from a European panel. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(3):379–90.PubMedCrossRef

17.

Gnant M. Role of bisphosphonates in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2014;40(3):476–84.PubMedCrossRef

18.

Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster JY. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(1):23–57.PubMedCrossRef

19.

Hadji P, Hartenfels M, Kyvernitakis J, Hars O, Baumann KH, Kalder M. Recommendations for antiresorptive therapy in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer: Marburg AIBL Guideline Evaluation Study (MAGES). Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;133(3):1089–96.PubMedCrossRef

20.

Cardonick E, Dougherty R, Grana G, Gilmandyar D, Ghaffar S, Usmani A. Breast cancer during pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes. Cancer J. 2010;16(1):76–82.PubMedCrossRef

21.

Cooke A, Mills TA, Lavender T. ‘Informed and uninformed decision making’—women’s reasoning, experiences and perceptions with regard to advanced maternal age and delayed childbearing: a meta-synthesis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47(10):1317–29.PubMedCrossRef

22.

Loren AW, Mangu PB, Beck LN, Brennan L, Magdalinski AJ, Partridge AH, et al. Fertility preservation for patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(19):2500–10.PubMedCrossRef

23.

Walshe JM, Denduluri N, Swain SM. Amenorrhea in premenopausal women after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(36):5769–79.PubMedCrossRef

24.

Hortobagyi GN, Buzdar AU, Marcus CE, Smith TL. Immediate and long-term toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy regimens containing doxorubicin in trials at M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. NCI Monogr. 1986;1:105–9.

25.

Johnston SR, Yeo B. The optimal duration of adjuvant endocrine therapy for early stage breast cancer—with what drugs and for how long? Curr Oncol Rep. 2014;16(1):358.PubMedCrossRef

26.

Pagani O, Azim Jr H. Pregnancy after breast cancer: myths and facts. Breast Care (Basel). 2012;7(3):210–4.CrossRef

27.

Christinat A, Pagani O. Fertility after breast cancer. Maturitas. 2012;73(3):191–6.PubMedCrossRef

28.•

Waks AG, Partridge AH. Fertility preservation in patients with breast cancer: necessity, methods, and safety. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2016;14(3):355–63. Review article summarizing best practices for fertility preservation in breast cancer patients.PubMed

29.

Lambertini M, Del Mastro L, Pescio MC, Andersen CY, Azim Jr HA, Peccatori FA, et al. Cancer and fertility preservation: international recommendations from an expert meeting. BMC Med. 2016;14:1.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

30.

Rudick B, Opper N, Paulson R, Bendikson K, Chung K. The status of oocyte cryopreservation in the United States. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(7):2642–6.PubMedCrossRef

31.

Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Oktay K. Fertility preservation and pregnancy in women with and without BRCA mutation-positive breast cancer. Oncologist. 2012;17(11):1409–17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

32.

Azim AA, Costantini-Ferrando M, Oktay K. Safety of fertility preservation by ovarian stimulation with letrozole and gonadotropins in patients with breast cancer: a prospective controlled study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(16):2630–5.PubMedCrossRef

33.

Oktay K, Buyuk E, Libertella N, Akar M, Rosenwaks Z. Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: a prospective controlled comparison of ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen and letrozole for embryo cryopreservation. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(19):4347–53.PubMedCrossRef

34.

Oktay K, Buyuk E, Davis O, Yermakova I, Veeck L, Rosenwaks Z. Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: IVF and embryo cryopreservation after ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen. Hum Reprod. 2003;18(1):90–5.PubMedCrossRef

35.

Oktay K, Turan V, Bedoschi G, Pacheco FS, Moy F. Fertility preservation success subsequent to concurrent aromatase inhibitor treatment and ovarian stimulation in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(22):2424–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

36.

Del Mastro L, Boni L, Michelotti A, Gamucci T, Olmeo N, Gori S, et al. Effect of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue triptorelin on the occurrence of chemotherapy-induced early menopause in premenopausal women with breast cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(3):269–76.PubMed

37.•

Moore HC, Unger JM, Phillips KA, Boyle F, Hitre E, Porter D, et al. Goserelin for ovarian protection during breast-cancer adjuvant chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(10):923–32. Randomized controlled trial showing some protection against ovarian dysfunction when goserelin was administered during chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

38.

Balthazar U, Deal AM, Fritz MA, Kondapalli LA, Kim JY, Mersereau JE. The current fertility preservation consultation model: are we adequately informing cancer patients of their options? Hum Reprod. 2012;27(8):2413–9.PubMedCrossRef

39.

Christianson MS, Yates MM, Woo I, Khafagy A, Garcia JE, Kolp LA. Women of reproductive age receiving gonadotoxic treatment: needs assessment and predictive patterns for fertility preservation. Presented at the American Society of Reproductive Medicine Annual Meeting. 2012.

40.

Kim J, Oktay K, Gracia C, Lee S, Morse C, Mersereau JE. Which patients pursue fertility preservation treatments? A multicenter analysis of the predictors of fertility preservation in women with breast cancer. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(3):671–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

41.

Stensheim H, Cvancarova M, Moller B, Fossa SD. Pregnancy after adolescent and adult cancer: a population-based matched cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2011;129(5):1225–36.PubMedCrossRef

42.

Lee S, Ozkavukcu S, Heytens E, Moy F, Oktay K. Value of early referral to fertility preservation in young women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(31):4683–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

43.

Quinn GP, Vadaparampil ST, Lee JH, Jacobsen PB, Bepler G, Lancaster J, et al. Physician referral for fertility preservation in oncology patients: a national study of practice behaviors. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(35):5952–7.PubMedCrossRef

44.

Clayman ML, Harper MM, Quinn GP, Reinecke J, Shah S. Oncofertility resources at NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centers. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2013;11(12):1504–9.PubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Lawrenz B, Jauckus J, Kupka MS, Strowitzki T, von Wolff M. Fertility preservation in >1,000 patients: patient’s characteristics, spectrum, efficacy and risks of applied preservation techniques. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;283(3):651–6.PubMedCrossRef

46.

Rodriguez S, Campo-Engelstein L, Emanuel L. Fertile future? Potential social implications of oncofertility. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(6):665–7.PubMedCrossRef

47.

Campo-Engelstein L. Consistency in insurance coverage for iatrogenic conditions resulting from cancer treatment including fertility preservation. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(8):1284–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

48.

Levine JM, Kelvin JF, Quinn GP, Gracia CR. Infertility in reproductive-age female cancer survivors. Cancer. 2015;121(10):1532–9.PubMedCrossRef

49.

Azim Jr HA, Santoro L, Pavlidis N, Gelber S, Kroman N, Azim H, et al. Safety of pregnancy following breast cancer diagnosis: a meta-analysis of 14 studies. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(1):74–83.PubMedCrossRef

50.

Madanat LM, Malila N, Dyba T, Hakulinen T, Sankila R, Boice Jr JD, et al. Probability of parenthood after early onset cancer: a population-based study. Int J Cancer. 2008;123(12):2891–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

51.

Goldfarb S, Mulhall J, Nelson C, Kelvin J, Dickler M, Carter J. Sexual and reproductive health in cancer survivors. Semin Oncol. 2013;40:726–44.PubMedCrossRef

52.

Kingsberg SA, Wysocki S, Magnus L, Krychman ML. Vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: findings from the REVIVE (REal Women’s VIews of Treatment Options for Menopausal Vaginal ChangEs) survey. J Sex Med. 2013;10:1790–9.PubMedCrossRef

53.

Simon JA, Nappi RE, Kingsberg SA, Maamari R, Brown V. Clarifying Vaginal Atrophy’s Impact on Sex and Relationships (CLOSER) survey: emotional and physical impact of vaginal discomfort on North American postmenopausal women and their partners. Menopause. 2014;21(2):137–42.PubMedCrossRef

54.

Holmberg L, Iversen OE, Rudenstam CM, Hammar M, Kumpulainen E, Jaskiewicz J, et al. Increased risk of recurrence after hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(7):475–82.PubMedCrossRef

55.

Caan BJ, Emond JA, Su HI, Patterson RE, Flatt SW, Gold EB, et al. Effect of postdiagnosis weight change on hot flash status among early-stage breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(13):1492–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

56.•

Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: 2015 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. 2015 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2015;22(11):1155–72. Review of non-hormonal management strategies for menopausal symptoms in the general population.CrossRef

57.

Freedman RR, Woodward S. Behavioral treatment of menopausal hot flushes: evaluation by ambulatory monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167(2):436–9.PubMedCrossRef

58.

Irvin JH, Domar AD, Clark C, Zuttermeister PC, Friedman R. The effects of relaxation response training on menopausal symptoms. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;17(4):202–7.PubMedCrossRef

59.

Wijma K, Melin A, Nedstrand E, Hammar M. Treatment of menopausal symptoms with applied relaxation: a pilot study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1997;28(4):251–61.PubMedCrossRef

60.

Carpenter JS, Burns DS, Wu J, Otte JL, Schneider B, Ryker K, et al. Paced respiration for vasomotor and other menopausal symptoms: a randomized, controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(2):193–200.PubMedCrossRef

61.

Sood R, Sood A, Wolf SL, Linquist BM, Liu H, Sloan JA, et al. Paced breathing compared with usual breathing for hot flashes. Menopause. 2013;20(2):179–84.PubMed

62.

Ayers B, Smith M, Hellier J, Mann E, Hunter MS. Effectiveness of group and self-help cognitive behavior therapy in reducing problematic menopausal hot flushes and night sweats (MENOS 2): a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2012;19(7):749–59.PubMedCrossRef

63.

Mann E, Smith MJ, Hellier J, Balabanovic JA, Hamed H, Grunfeld EA, et al. Cognitive behavioural treatment for women who have menopausal symptoms after breast cancer treatment (MENOS 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(3):309–18.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

64.

Elkins G, Marcus J, Palamara L, Stearns V. Can hypnosis reduce hot flashes in breast cancer survivors? A literature review. Am J Clin Hypn. 2004;47(1):29–42.PubMedCrossRef

65.

Elkins G, Marcus J, Stearns V, Hasan RM. Pilot evaluation of hypnosis for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors. Psychooncology. 2007;16(5):487–92.PubMedCrossRef

66.

Elkins G, Marcus J, Stearns V, Perfect M, Rajab MH, Ruud C, et al. Randomized trial of a hypnosis intervention for treatment of hot flashes among breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(31):5022–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

67.

Barton D, Free-Schroeder K, Linquist B, et al. Pilot study of a biobehavioral treatment for hot flashes. Ann Behav Med. 2013;45:Abstract A–130.

68.

Mao JJ, Bowman MA, Xie SX, Bruner D, DeMichele A, Farrar JT. Electroacupuncture versus gabapentin for hot flashes among breast cancer survivors: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(31):3615–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

69.

Fugh-Berman A, Kronenberg F. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in reproductive-age women: a review of randomized controlled trials. Reprod Toxicol. 2003;17(2):137–52.PubMedCrossRef

70.

Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Kronenberg F, Roberts H, Eden J, Brown J. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;12:Cd001395.

71.

Quella SK, Loprinzi CL, Barton DL, Knost JA, Sloan JA, LaVasseur BI, et al. Evaluation of soy phytoestrogens for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(5):1068–74.PubMed

72.

Pockaj BA, Gallagher JG, Loprinzi CL, Stella PJ, Barton DL, Sloan JA, et al. Phase III double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial of black cohosh in the management of hot flashes: NCCTG Trial N01CC1. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(18):2836–41.PubMedCrossRef

73.

Park H, Qin R, Smith TJ, Atherton PJ, Barton DL, Sturtz K, et al. North Central Cancer Treatment Group N10C2 (Alliance): a double-blind placebo-controlled study of magnesium supplements to reduce menopausal hot flashes. Menopause. 2015;22(6):627–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

74.

Pruthi S, Qin R, Terstreip SA, Liu H, Loprinzi CL, Shah TR, et al. A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of flaxseed for the treatment of hot flashes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group N08C7. Menopause. 2012;19(1):48–53.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

75.

Barton DL, Loprinzi CL, Quella SK, Sloan JA, Veeder MH, Egner JR, et al. Prospective evaluation of vitamin E for hot flashes in breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(2):495–500.PubMed

76.

Goldberg RM, Loprinzi CL, O’Fallon JR, Veeder MH, Miser AW, Mailliard JA, et al. Transdermal clonidine for ameliorating tamoxifen-induced hot flashes. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(1):155–8.PubMed

77.

Pandya KJ, Raubertas RF, Flynn PJ, Hynes HE, Rosenbluth RJ, Kirshner JJ, et al. Oral clonidine in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer experiencing tamoxifen-induced hot flashes: a University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program study. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(10):788–93.PubMedCrossRef

78.

Kimmick GG, Lovato J, McQuellon R, Robinson E, Muss HB. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of sertraline (Zoloft) for the treatment of hot flashes in women with early stage breast cancer taking tamoxifen. Breast J. 2006;12(2):114–22.PubMedCrossRef

79.

Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Perez EA, Quella SK, Stella PJ, Mailliard JA, et al. Phase III evaluation of fluoxetine for treatment of hot flashes. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(6):1578–83.PubMedCrossRef

80.

Stearns V, Beebe KL, Iyengar M, Dube E. Paroxetine controlled release in the treatment of menopausal hot flashes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289(21):2827–34.PubMedCrossRef

81.

Stearns V, Slack R, Greep N, Henry-Tilman R, Osborne M, Bunnell C, et al. Paroxetine is an effective treatment for hot flashes: results from a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(28):6919–30.PubMedCrossRef

82.

Archer DF, Seidman L, Constantine GD, Pickar JH, Olivier S. A double-blind, randomly assigned, placebo-controlled study of desvenlafaxine efficacy and safety for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(2):172.e1–10.CrossRef

83.

Barton DL, LaVasseur BI, Sloan JA, Stawis AN, Flynn KA, Dyar M, et al. Phase III, placebo-controlled trial of three doses of citalopram for the treatment of hot flashes: NCCTG trial N05C9. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(20):3278–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

84.

Carpenter JS, Guthrie KA, Larson JC, Freeman EW, Joffe H, Reed SD, et al. Effect of escitalopram on hot flash interference: a randomized, controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(6):1399–404.e1.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

85.

Freedman RR, Kruger ML, Tancer ME. Escitalopram treatment of menopausal hot flashes. Menopause. 2011;18(8):893–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

86.

Freeman EW, Guthrie KA, Caan B, Sternfeld B, Cohen LS, Joffe H, et al. Efficacy of escitalopram for hot flashes in healthy menopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011;305(3):267–74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

87.

Soares CN. Escitalopram reduced hot flashes in non-depressed perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Evid Based Med. 2011;16(5):159–60.PubMedCrossRef

88.

Simon JA, Portman DJ, Kaunitz AM, Mekonnen H, Kazempour K, Bhaskar S, et al. Low-dose paroxetine 7.5 mg for menopausal vasomotor symptoms: two randomized controlled trials. Menopause. 2013;20(10):1027–35.PubMedCrossRef

89.

Butt DA, Lock M, Lewis JE, Ross S, Moineddin R. Gabapentin for the treatment of menopausal hot flashes: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2008;15(2):310–8.PubMedCrossRef

90.

Pandya KJ, Morrow GR, Roscoe JA, Zhao H, Hickok JT, Pajon E, et al. Gabapentin for hot flashes in 420 women with breast cancer: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9488):818–24.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

91.

Reddy SY, Warner H, Guttuso Jr T, Messing S, DiGrazio W, Thornburg L, et al. Gabapentin, estrogen, and placebo for treating hot flushes: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(1):41–8.PubMedCrossRef

92.

Loprinzi CL, Qin R, Balcueva EP, Flynn KA, Rowland Jr KM, Graham DL, et al. Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of pregabalin for alleviating hot flashes, N07C1. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(4):641–7.PubMedCrossRef

93.

Bordeleau L, Pritchard KI, Loprinzi CL, Ennis M, Jugovic O, Warr D, et al. Multicenter, randomized, cross-over clinical trial of venlafaxine versus gabapentin for the management of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(35):5147–52.PubMedCrossRef

94.

Francis PA, Regan MM, Fleming GF, Lang I, Ciruelos E, Bellet M, et al. Adjuvant ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(5):436–46.PubMedCrossRef

95.

Pagani O, Regan MM, Walley BA, Fleming GF, Colleoni M, Lang I, et al. Adjuvant exemestane with ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(2):107–18.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

96.

Chen J, Geng L, Song X, Li H, Giordan N, Liao Q. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid vaginal gel to ease vaginal dryness: a multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label, parallel-group, clinical trial. J Sex Med. 2013;10(6):1575–84.PubMedCrossRef

97.

Salvatore S, Nappi RE, Parma M, Chionna R, Lagona F, Zerbinati N, et al. Sexual function after fractional microablative CO(2) laser in women with vulvovaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2015;18(2):219–25.PubMedCrossRef

98.

Salvatore S, Nappi RE, Zerbinati N, Calligaro A, Ferrero S, Origoni M, et al. A 12-week treatment with fractional CO2 laser for vulvovaginal atrophy: a pilot study. Climacteric. 2014;17(4):363–9.PubMedCrossRef

99.•

Goetsch MF, Lim JY, Caughey AB. A practical solution for dyspareunia in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(30):3394–400. Randomized controlled trial that found significant improvement in sexual functioning with the use of liquid lidocaine compresses before penetration.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

100.

Management of symptomatic vulvovaginal atrophy. 2013 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2013;20(9):888–902. quiz 3-4.CrossRef

101.

Kendall A, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Smith I. Caution: Vaginal estradiol appears to be contraindicated in postmenopausal women on adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. Ann Oncol. 2006;17(4):584–7.PubMedCrossRef

102.

Wills SRA, Venuturumilli M. The effects of vaginal estrogens (VE) on serum estradiol levels in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors receiving an aromatase inhibitor (AI) or a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Cancer Res Suppl. 2009;69:806.CrossRef

103.

Wills S, Ravipati A, Venuturumilli P, Kresge C, Folkerd E, Dowsett M, et al. Effects of vaginal estrogens on serum estradiol levels in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors and women at risk of breast cancer taking an aromatase inhibitor or a selective estrogen receptor modulator. J Oncol Pract. 2012;8(3):144–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

104.

Witherby S, Johnson J, Demers L, Mount S, Littenberg B, Maclean CD, et al. Topical testosterone for breast cancer patients with vaginal atrophy related to aromatase inhibitors: a phase I/II study. Oncologist. 2011;16(4):424–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

105.

Thavendiranathan P, Abdel-Qadir H, Fischer HD, Camacho X, Amir E, Austin PC, et al. Breast cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction in adult women treated in routine clinical practice: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(19):2239–46.PubMedCrossRef

106.

Bowles EJ, Wellman R, Feigelson HS, Onitilo AA, Freedman AN, Delate T, et al. Risk of heart failure in breast cancer patients after anthracycline and trastuzumab treatment: a retrospective cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(17):1293–305.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

107.

Doyle JJ, Neugut AI, Jacobson JS, Grann VR, Hershman DL. Chemotherapy and cardiotoxicity in older breast cancer patients: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(34):8597–605.PubMedCrossRef

108.

Zambetti M, Moliterni A, Materazzo C, Stefanelli M, Cipriani S, Valagussa P, et al. Long-term cardiac sequelae in operable breast cancer patients given adjuvant chemotherapy with or without doxorubicin and breast irradiation. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(1):37–43.PubMed

109.

Martin M, Pienkowski T, Mackey J, Pawlicki M, Guastalla JP, Weaver C, et al. Adjuvant docetaxel for node-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(22):2302–13.PubMedCrossRef

110.

Pinder MC, Duan Z, Goodwin JS, Hortobagyi GN, Giordano SH. Congestive heart failure in older women treated with adjuvant anthracycline chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(25):3808–15.PubMedCrossRef

111.

Jensen BV, Skovsgaard T, Nielsen SL. Functional monitoring of anthracycline cardiotoxicity: a prospective, blinded, long-term observational study of outcome in 120 patients. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(5):699–709.PubMedCrossRef

112.

Tallaj JA, Franco V, Rayburn BK, Pinderski L, Benza RL, Pamboukian S, et al. Response of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy to the current management strategy of heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24(12):2196–201.PubMedCrossRef

113.

Kalay N, Basar E, Ozdogru I, Er O, Cetinkaya Y, Dogan A, et al. Protective effects of carvedilol against anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(11):2258–62.PubMedCrossRef

114.

Hermelink K. Chemotherapy and cognitive function in breast cancer patients: the so-called chemo brain. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2015;2015(51):67–9.PubMedCrossRef

115.

Boykoff N, Moieni M, Subramanian SK. Confronting chemobrain: an in-depth look at survivors’ reports of impact on work, social networks, and health care response. J Cancer Surviv. 2009;3(4):223–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

116.

Schmidt JE, Beckjord E, Bovbjerg DH, Low CA, Posluszny DM, Lowery AE, et al. Prevalence of perceived cognitive dysfunction in survivors of a wide range of cancers: results from the 2010 LIVESTRONG survey. J Cancer Surviv. 2016;10(2):302–11.PubMedCrossRef

117.

Kesler SR, Blayney DW. Neurotoxic effects of anthracycline- vs nonanthracycline-based chemotherapy on cognition in breast cancer survivors. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(2):185–92.PubMedCrossRef

118.

Falleti MG, Sanfilippo A, Maruff P, Weih L, Phillips KA. The nature and severity of cognitive impairment associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer: a meta-analysis of the current literature. Brain Cogn. 2005;59(1):60–70.PubMedCrossRef

119.

Wefel JS, Lenzi R, Theriault R, Buzdar AU, Cruickshank S, Meyers CA. ‘Chemobrain’ in breast carcinoma?: a prologue. Cancer. 2004;101(3):466–75.PubMedCrossRef

120.

Lycke M, Pottel L, Pottel H, Ketelaars L, Stellamans K, Van Eygen K, et al. Predictors of baseline cancer-related cognitive impairment in cancer patients scheduled for a curative treatment. Psycho-oncology. 2016. doi:10.1002/pon.4200.

121.

Bender CM, Merriman JD, Gentry AL, Ahrendt GM, Berga SL, Brufsky AM, et al. Patterns of change in cognitive function with anastrozole therapy. Cancer. 2015;121(15):2627–36.PubMedCrossRef

122.

Ahles TA, Root JC, Ryan EL. Cancer- and cancer treatment-associated cognitive change: an update on the state of the science. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(30):3675–86.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

123.

Wefel JS, Saleeba AK, Buzdar AU, Meyers CA. Acute and late onset cognitive dysfunction associated with chemotherapy in women with breast cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(14):3348–56.PubMedCrossRef

124.

Jim HS, Phillips KM, Chait S, Faul LA, Popa MA, Lee YH, et al. Meta-analysis of cognitive functioning in breast cancer survivors previously treated with standard-dose chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(29):3578–87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

125.

Hutchinson AD, Hosking JR, Kichenadasse G, Mattiske JK, Wilson C. Objective and subjective cognitive impairment following chemotherapy for cancer: a systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev. 2012;38(7):926–34.PubMedCrossRef

126.

McDonald BC, Conroy SK, Smith DJ, West JD, Saykin AJ. Frontal gray matter reduction after breast cancer chemotherapy and association with executive symptoms: a replication and extension study. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;30(Suppl):S117–25.PubMedCrossRef

127.

Kesler SR, Kent JS, O’Hara R. Prefrontal cortex and executive function impairments in primary breast cancer. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(11):1447–53.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

128.

Morean DF, O’Dwyer L, Cherney LR. Therapies for cognitive deficits associated with chemotherapy for breast cancer: a systematic review of objective outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(10):1880–97.PubMedCrossRef

129.

Henneghan A. Modifiable factors and cognitive dysfunction in breast cancer survivors: a mixed-method systematic review. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(1):481–97.PubMedCrossRef

130.

Johns SA, Von Ah D, Brown LF, Beck-Coon K, Talib TL, Alyea JM, et al. Randomized controlled pilot trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction for breast and colorectal cancer survivors: effects on cancer-related cognitive impairment. J Cancer Surviv. 2016;10(3):437–48.PubMedCrossRef

131.•

Ferguson RJ, Sigmon ST, Pritchard AJ, LaBrie SL, Goetze RE, Fink CM, et al. A randomized trial of videoconference-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for survivors of breast cancer with self-reported cognitive dysfunction. Cancer. 2016;122(11):1782–91. Reports results from a randomized controlled trial showing benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy in treating cognitive dysfunction in breast cancer survivors.PubMedCrossRef

Title: Management of Potential Long-Term Toxicities in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: C. C. O’Sullivan
Kathryn J. Ruddy
Publication date: 01-12-2016
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Current Breast Cancer Reports / Issue 4/2016
Print ISSN: 1943-4588
Electronic ISSN: 1943-4596
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12609-016-0229-0

Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras

Prof. Fabrice Barlesi

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2016

Dedicated Breast CT: Screening Technique of the Future

Advanced Breast MRI Techniques: Helpful for Screening Breast Cancer?

Screening Breast Ultrasound: Where Are We Today?

Breast MRI Screening: Benefits and Limitations

Screening Breast Cancer: the Mammography War

Molecular Breast Imaging: Role as a Screening Modality

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer