Voiding dysfunction due to female urethral carcinoma

Excerpt

Urethral carcinomas account for 0.02% of female cancers. They are most prevalent between the 5th and 6th decade of life [1]. The most common subtypes are squamous cell carcinomas (60%), urothelial carcinoma (16–22%) and adenocarcinoma (10–16%) [1]. Risk factors are chronic inflammation, urethral stricture and urethral diverticula [1]. Common symptoms in women are hematuria, dyspareunia, chronic pain and dysuria [2]. Diagnostic tools include physical examination, cystourethroscopy, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transurethral biopsy [1, 2]. Treatment of localized disease involves surgery (partial or total urethrectomy and radical cystectomy) [3]. Multimodal therapy is used for locally advanced disease. It consists of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by cystourethrectomy. Metastatic disease management includes systemic therapy [1‐3]. …