Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Medical Imaging 1/2023

Open Access 01-12-2023 | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Research

Evaluation of convolutional neural networks for the detection of inter-breath-hold motion from a stack of cardiac short axis slice images

Authors: Yoon-Chul Kim, Min Woo Kim

Published in: BMC Medical Imaging | Issue 1/2023

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed to develop and validate a deep learning-based method that detects inter-breath-hold motion from an estimated cardiac long axis image reconstructed from a stack of short axis cardiac cine images.

Methods

Cardiac cine magnetic resonance image data from all short axis slices and 2-/3-/4-chamber long axis slices were considered for the study. Data from 740 subjects were used for model development, and data from 491 subjects were used for testing. The method utilized the slice orientation information to calculate the intersection line of a short axis plane and a long axis plane. An estimated long axis image is shown along with a long axis image as a motion-free reference image, which enables visual assessment of the inter-breath-hold motion from the estimated long axis image. The estimated long axis image was labeled as either a motion-corrupted or a motion-free image. Deep convolutional neural network (CNN) models were developed and validated using the labeled data.

Results

The method was fully automatic in obtaining long axis images reformatted from a 3D stack of short axis slices and predicting the presence/absence of inter-breath-hold motion. The deep CNN model with EfficientNet-B0 as a feature extractor was effective at motion detection with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve of 0.87 for the testing data.

Conclusion

The proposed method can automatically assess inter-breath-hold motion in a stack of cardiac cine short axis slices. The method can help prospectively reacquire problematic short axis slices or retrospectively correct motion.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
3.
go back to reference Schulz-Menger J, et al. Standardized image interpretation and post-processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance – 2020 update: Society for Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (SCMR): Board of Trustees Task Force on standardized post-processing. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. Mar 12 2020;22(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-020-00610-6. Schulz-Menger J, et al. Standardized image interpretation and post-processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance – 2020 update: Society for Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (SCMR): Board of Trustees Task Force on standardized post-processing. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. Mar 12 2020;22(1):19. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s12968-020-00610-6.
8.
go back to reference Wan M, et al. Correcting motion in multiplanar cardiac magnetic resonance images. Biomed Eng Online. 2016;15(1):1–16.CrossRef Wan M, et al. Correcting motion in multiplanar cardiac magnetic resonance images. Biomed Eng Online. 2016;15(1):1–16.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Seetharam K, Brito D, Farjo PD, Sengupta PP. The role of artificial intelligence in cardiovascular imaging: state of the art review. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:618849.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Seetharam K, Brito D, Farjo PD, Sengupta PP. The role of artificial intelligence in cardiovascular imaging: state of the art review. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:618849.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
go back to reference Kusunose K, Haga A, Inoue M, Fukuda D, Yamada H, Sata M. “Clinically Feasible and Accurate View Classification of Echocardiographic Images Using Deep Learning,“ Biomolecules, vol. 10, no. 5, Apr 25 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10050665. Kusunose K, Haga A, Inoue M, Fukuda D, Yamada H, Sata M. “Clinically Feasible and Accurate View Classification of Echocardiographic Images Using Deep Learning,“ Biomolecules, vol. 10, no. 5, Apr 25 2020, doi: https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​biom10050665.
15.
go back to reference Mildenberger P, Eichelberg M, Martin E. Introduction to the DICOM standard. Eur Radiol. 2002;12(4):920–7.CrossRefPubMed Mildenberger P, Eichelberg M, Martin E. Introduction to the DICOM standard. Eur Radiol. 2002;12(4):920–7.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Plotly Technologies Inc. Plotly, charting tool for online collaborative data science. Montréal, QC; 2015. Plotly Technologies Inc. Plotly, charting tool for online collaborative data science. Montréal, QC; 2015.
18.
go back to reference MATLAB. Version 9.12.0 (R2022a). The MathWorks Inc.; 2022. MATLAB. Version 9.12.0 (R2022a). The MathWorks Inc.; 2022.
19.
go back to reference Chollet F. “Keras: The python deep learning library,“ Astrophysics source code library, p. ascl: 1806.022, 2018. Chollet F. “Keras: The python deep learning library,“ Astrophysics source code library, p. ascl: 1806.022, 2018.
20.
go back to reference Ioffe S, Szegedy C. “Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift,“ in International Conference on Machine Learning, 2015: PMLR, pp. 448–456. Ioffe S, Szegedy C. “Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift,“ in International Conference on Machine Learning, 2015: PMLR, pp. 448–456.
21.
go back to reference Srivastava N, Hinton G, Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Salakhutdinov R. Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. J Mach Learn Res. 2014;15(1):1929–58. Srivastava N, Hinton G, Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Salakhutdinov R. Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. J Mach Learn Res. 2014;15(1):1929–58.
22.
go back to reference Tan MX, Le QV. “EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networks,“ (in English), Pr Mach Learn Res, vol. 97, 2019. [Online]. Available: ://WOS:000684034306026. Tan MX, Le QV. “EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networks,“ (in English), Pr Mach Learn Res, vol. 97, 2019. [Online]. Available: ://WOS:000684034306026.
23.
go back to reference Howard AG et al. “Mobilenets: Efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications,“ arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.04861, 2017. Howard AG et al. “Mobilenets: Efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications,“ arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.04861, 2017.
26.
go back to reference Simonyan K, Zisserman A. “Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition,“ arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556, 2014. Simonyan K, Zisserman A. “Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition,“ arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556, 2014.
27.
go back to reference Tan M, Le Q. “Efficientnet: Rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks,“ in International Conference on Machine Learning, 2019: PMLR, pp. 6105–6114. Tan M, Le Q. “Efficientnet: Rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks,“ in International Conference on Machine Learning, 2019: PMLR, pp. 6105–6114.
28.
go back to reference Deng J, Dong W, Socher R, Li L-J, Li K, Fei-Fei L. “Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database,“ in 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009: Ieee, pp. 248–255. Deng J, Dong W, Socher R, Li L-J, Li K, Fei-Fei L. “Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database,“ in 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009: Ieee, pp. 248–255.
30.
go back to reference Kingma DP, Ba J. “Adam: A method for stochastic optimization,“ arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980, 2014. Kingma DP, Ba J. “Adam: A method for stochastic optimization,“ arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980, 2014.
31.
go back to reference Pedregosa F, et al. Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. J Mach Learn Res. 2011;12:2825–30. Pedregosa F, et al. Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. J Mach Learn Res. 2011;12:2825–30.
Metadata
Title
Evaluation of convolutional neural networks for the detection of inter-breath-hold motion from a stack of cardiac short axis slice images
Authors
Yoon-Chul Kim
Min Woo Kim
Publication date
01-12-2023
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Medical Imaging / Issue 1/2023
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2342
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-023-01070-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2023

BMC Medical Imaging 1/2023 Go to the issue