Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 1/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Review

Magnetic resonance angiography: current status and future directions

Authors: Michael P Hartung, Thomas M Grist, Christopher J François

Published in: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance | Issue 1/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

With recent improvement in hardware and software techniques, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has undergone significant changes in technique and approach. The advent of 3.0 T magnets has allowed reduction in exogenous contrast dose without compromising overall image quality. The use of novel intravascular contrast agents substantially increases the image windows and decreases contrast dose. Additionally, the lower risk and cost in non-contrast enhanced (NCE) MRA has sparked renewed interest in these methods. This article discusses the current state of both contrast-enhanced (CE) and NCE-MRA. New CE-MRA methods take advantage of dose reduction at 3.0 T, novel contrast agents, and parallel imaging methods. The risks of gadolinium-based contrast media, and the NCE-MRA methods of time-of-flight, steady-state free precession, and phase contrast are discussed.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Brenner DJ, Hall EJ: Computed tomography--an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007, 357: 2277-2284. 10.1056/NEJMra072149.CrossRefPubMed Brenner DJ, Hall EJ: Computed tomography--an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007, 357: 2277-2284. 10.1056/NEJMra072149.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Barth MM, Smith MP, Pedrosa I, Lenkinski RE, Rofsky NM: Body MR imaging at 3.0 T: understanding the opportunities and challenges. Radiographics. 2007, 27: 1445-1462. 10.1148/rg.275065204. discussion 1462-1444CrossRefPubMed Barth MM, Smith MP, Pedrosa I, Lenkinski RE, Rofsky NM: Body MR imaging at 3.0 T: understanding the opportunities and challenges. Radiographics. 2007, 27: 1445-1462. 10.1148/rg.275065204. discussion 1462-1444CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Huang BY, Castillo M: Neurovascular imaging at 1.5 tesla versus 3.0 tesla. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2009, 17: 29-46. 10.1016/j.mric.2008.12.005.CrossRefPubMed Huang BY, Castillo M: Neurovascular imaging at 1.5 tesla versus 3.0 tesla. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2009, 17: 29-46. 10.1016/j.mric.2008.12.005.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Kramer U, Wiskirchen J, Fenchel MC, Seeger A, Laub G, Tepe G, Finn JP, Claussen CD, Miller S: Isotropic high-spatial-resolution contrast-enhanced 3.0-T MR angiography in patients suspected of having renal artery stenosis. Radiology. 2008, 247: 228-240. 10.1148/radiol.2471070565.CrossRefPubMed Kramer U, Wiskirchen J, Fenchel MC, Seeger A, Laub G, Tepe G, Finn JP, Claussen CD, Miller S: Isotropic high-spatial-resolution contrast-enhanced 3.0-T MR angiography in patients suspected of having renal artery stenosis. Radiology. 2008, 247: 228-240. 10.1148/radiol.2471070565.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Tomasian A, Salamon N, Lohan DG, Jalili M, Villablanca JP, Finn JP: Supraaortic arteries: contrast material dose reduction at 3.0-T high-spatial-resolution MR angiography--feasibility study. Radiology. 2008, 249: 980-990. 10.1148/radiol.2493080209.CrossRefPubMed Tomasian A, Salamon N, Lohan DG, Jalili M, Villablanca JP, Finn JP: Supraaortic arteries: contrast material dose reduction at 3.0-T high-spatial-resolution MR angiography--feasibility study. Radiology. 2008, 249: 980-990. 10.1148/radiol.2493080209.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Perazella MA: Advanced kidney disease, gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: the perfect storm. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2009, 18: 519-525. 10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283309660.CrossRefPubMed Perazella MA: Advanced kidney disease, gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: the perfect storm. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2009, 18: 519-525. 10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283309660.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Perazella MA, Rodby RA: Gadolinium-induced nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with kidney disease. Am J Med. 2007, 120: 561-562. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.01.032.CrossRefPubMed Perazella MA, Rodby RA: Gadolinium-induced nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with kidney disease. Am J Med. 2007, 120: 561-562. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.01.032.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Sadowski EA, Bennett LK, Chan MR, Wentland AL, Garrett AL, Garrett RW, Djamali A: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: risk factors and incidence estimation. Radiology. 2007, 243: 148-157. 10.1148/radiol.2431062144.CrossRefPubMed Sadowski EA, Bennett LK, Chan MR, Wentland AL, Garrett AL, Garrett RW, Djamali A: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: risk factors and incidence estimation. Radiology. 2007, 243: 148-157. 10.1148/radiol.2431062144.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Krautmacher C, Willinek WA, Tschampa HJ, Born M, Traber F, Gieseke J, Textor HJ, Schild HH, Kuhl CK: Brain tumors: full- and half-dose contrast-enhanced MR imaging at 3.0 T compared with 1.5 T--Initial Experience. Radiology. 2005, 237: 1014-1019. 10.1148/radiol.2373041672.CrossRefPubMed Krautmacher C, Willinek WA, Tschampa HJ, Born M, Traber F, Gieseke J, Textor HJ, Schild HH, Kuhl CK: Brain tumors: full- and half-dose contrast-enhanced MR imaging at 3.0 T compared with 1.5 T--Initial Experience. Radiology. 2005, 237: 1014-1019. 10.1148/radiol.2373041672.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Borisch I, Horn M, Butz B, Zorger N, Draganski B, Hoelscher T, Bogdahn U, Link J: Preoperative evaluation of carotid artery stenosis: comparison of contrast-enhanced MR angiography and duplex sonography with digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003, 24: 1117-1122.PubMed Borisch I, Horn M, Butz B, Zorger N, Draganski B, Hoelscher T, Bogdahn U, Link J: Preoperative evaluation of carotid artery stenosis: comparison of contrast-enhanced MR angiography and duplex sonography with digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003, 24: 1117-1122.PubMed
11.
go back to reference De Cobelli F, Venturini M, Vanzulli A, Sironi S, Salvioni M, Angeli E, Scifo P, Garancini MP, Quartagno R, Bianchi G, Del Maschio A: Renal arterial stenosis: prospective comparison of color Doppler US and breath-hold, three-dimensional, dynamic, gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology. 2000, 214: 373-380.CrossRefPubMed De Cobelli F, Venturini M, Vanzulli A, Sironi S, Salvioni M, Angeli E, Scifo P, Garancini MP, Quartagno R, Bianchi G, Del Maschio A: Renal arterial stenosis: prospective comparison of color Doppler US and breath-hold, three-dimensional, dynamic, gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology. 2000, 214: 373-380.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Randoux B, Marro B, Koskas F, Chiras J, Dormont D, Marsault C: Proximal great vessels of aortic arch: comparison of three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography. Radiology. 2003, 229: 697-702. 10.1148/radiol.2292011648.CrossRefPubMed Randoux B, Marro B, Koskas F, Chiras J, Dormont D, Marsault C: Proximal great vessels of aortic arch: comparison of three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography. Radiology. 2003, 229: 697-702. 10.1148/radiol.2292011648.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Pleszewski B, Chartrand-Lefebvre C, Qanadli SD, Dery R, Perreault P, Oliva VL, Prenovault J, Belblidia A, Soulez G: Gadolinium-enhanced pulmonary magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism: a prospective study on 48 patients. Clin Imaging. 2006, 30: 166-172. 10.1016/j.clinimag.2005.10.005.CrossRefPubMed Pleszewski B, Chartrand-Lefebvre C, Qanadli SD, Dery R, Perreault P, Oliva VL, Prenovault J, Belblidia A, Soulez G: Gadolinium-enhanced pulmonary magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism: a prospective study on 48 patients. Clin Imaging. 2006, 30: 166-172. 10.1016/j.clinimag.2005.10.005.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Ersoy H, Zhang H, Prince MR: Peripheral MR angiography. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2006, 8: 517-528. 10.1080/10976640600604963.CrossRefPubMed Ersoy H, Zhang H, Prince MR: Peripheral MR angiography. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2006, 8: 517-528. 10.1080/10976640600604963.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Habibi R, Krishnam MS, Lohan DG, Barkhordarian F, Jalili M, Saleh RS, Ruehm SG, Finn JP: High-spatial-resolution lower extremity MR angiography at 3.0 T: contrast agent dose comparison study. Radiology. 2008, 248: 680-692. 10.1148/radiol.2482071505.CrossRefPubMed Habibi R, Krishnam MS, Lohan DG, Barkhordarian F, Jalili M, Saleh RS, Ruehm SG, Finn JP: High-spatial-resolution lower extremity MR angiography at 3.0 T: contrast agent dose comparison study. Radiology. 2008, 248: 680-692. 10.1148/radiol.2482071505.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Rofsky NM, Johnson G, Adelman MA, Rosen RJ, Krinsky GA, Weinreb JC: Peripheral vascular disease evaluated with reduced-dose gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology. 1997, 205: 163-169.CrossRefPubMed Rofsky NM, Johnson G, Adelman MA, Rosen RJ, Krinsky GA, Weinreb JC: Peripheral vascular disease evaluated with reduced-dose gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology. 1997, 205: 163-169.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Attenberger UI, Michaely HJ, Wintersperger BJ, Sourbron SP, Lodemann KP, Reiser MF, Schoenberg SO: Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic-resonance angiography of the renal arteries: interindividual comparison of 0.2 mmol/kg gadobutrol at 1.5 T and 0.1 mmol/kg gadobenate dimeglumine at 3.0 T. Eur Radiol. 2008, 18: 1260-1268. 10.1007/s00330-008-0873-5.CrossRefPubMed Attenberger UI, Michaely HJ, Wintersperger BJ, Sourbron SP, Lodemann KP, Reiser MF, Schoenberg SO: Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic-resonance angiography of the renal arteries: interindividual comparison of 0.2 mmol/kg gadobutrol at 1.5 T and 0.1 mmol/kg gadobenate dimeglumine at 3.0 T. Eur Radiol. 2008, 18: 1260-1268. 10.1007/s00330-008-0873-5.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Klessen C, Hein PA, Huppertz A, Voth M, Wagner M, Elgeti T, Kroll H, Hamm B, Taupitz M, Asbach P: First-pass whole-body magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) using the blood-pool contrast medium gadofosveset trisodium: comparison to gadopentetate dimeglumine. Invest Radiol. 2007, 42: 659-664. 10.1097/RLI.0b013e318063c635.CrossRefPubMed Klessen C, Hein PA, Huppertz A, Voth M, Wagner M, Elgeti T, Kroll H, Hamm B, Taupitz M, Asbach P: First-pass whole-body magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) using the blood-pool contrast medium gadofosveset trisodium: comparison to gadopentetate dimeglumine. Invest Radiol. 2007, 42: 659-664. 10.1097/RLI.0b013e318063c635.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Wilson GJ, Hoogeveen RM, Willinek WA, Muthupillai R, Maki JH: Parallel imaging in MR angiography. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2004, 15: 169-185. 10.1097/01.rmr.0000134199.94874.70.CrossRefPubMed Wilson GJ, Hoogeveen RM, Willinek WA, Muthupillai R, Maki JH: Parallel imaging in MR angiography. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2004, 15: 169-185. 10.1097/01.rmr.0000134199.94874.70.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Fenchel M, Doering J, Seeger A, Kramer U, Rittig K, Klumpp B, Claussen CD, Miller S: Ultrafast whole-body MR angiography with two-dimensional parallel imaging at 3.0 T: feasibility study. Radiology. 2009, 250: 254-263. 10.1148/radiol.2501080494.CrossRefPubMed Fenchel M, Doering J, Seeger A, Kramer U, Rittig K, Klumpp B, Claussen CD, Miller S: Ultrafast whole-body MR angiography with two-dimensional parallel imaging at 3.0 T: feasibility study. Radiology. 2009, 250: 254-263. 10.1148/radiol.2501080494.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Lum DP, Busse RF, Francois CJ, Brau AC, Beatty PJ, Huff J, Brittain JH, Reeder SB: Increased volume of coverage for abdominal contrast-enhanced MR angiography with two-dimensional autocalibrating parallel imaging: initial experience at 3.0 Tesla. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009, 30: 1093-1100. 10.1002/jmri.21964.CrossRefPubMed Lum DP, Busse RF, Francois CJ, Brau AC, Beatty PJ, Huff J, Brittain JH, Reeder SB: Increased volume of coverage for abdominal contrast-enhanced MR angiography with two-dimensional autocalibrating parallel imaging: initial experience at 3.0 Tesla. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009, 30: 1093-1100. 10.1002/jmri.21964.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Collins CM, Liu W, Schreiber W, Yang QX, Smith MB: Central brightening due to constructive interference with, without, and despite dielectric resonance. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005, 21: 192-196. 10.1002/jmri.20245.CrossRefPubMed Collins CM, Liu W, Schreiber W, Yang QX, Smith MB: Central brightening due to constructive interference with, without, and despite dielectric resonance. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005, 21: 192-196. 10.1002/jmri.20245.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Kangarlu A, Baertlein BA, Lee R, Ibrahim T, Yang L, Abduljalil AM, Robitaille PM: Dielectric resonance phenomena in ultra high field MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999, 23: 821-831. 10.1097/00004728-199911000-00003.CrossRefPubMed Kangarlu A, Baertlein BA, Lee R, Ibrahim T, Yang L, Abduljalil AM, Robitaille PM: Dielectric resonance phenomena in ultra high field MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999, 23: 821-831. 10.1097/00004728-199911000-00003.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Vaughan JT, Adriany G, Snyder CJ, Tian J, Thiel T, Bolinger L, Liu H, DelaBarre L, Ugurbil K: Efficient high-frequency body coil for high-field MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2004, 52: 851-859. 10.1002/mrm.20177.CrossRefPubMed Vaughan JT, Adriany G, Snyder CJ, Tian J, Thiel T, Bolinger L, Liu H, DelaBarre L, Ugurbil K: Efficient high-frequency body coil for high-field MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2004, 52: 851-859. 10.1002/mrm.20177.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Saekho S, Yip CY, Noll DC, Boada FE, Stenger VA: Fast-kz three-dimensional tailored radiofrequency pulse for reduced B1 inhomogeneity. Magn Reson Med. 2006, 55: 719-724. 10.1002/mrm.20840.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Saekho S, Yip CY, Noll DC, Boada FE, Stenger VA: Fast-kz three-dimensional tailored radiofrequency pulse for reduced B1 inhomogeneity. Magn Reson Med. 2006, 55: 719-724. 10.1002/mrm.20840.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Shellock FG, Crues JV: MR procedures: biologic effects, safety, and patient care. Radiology. 2004, 232: 635-652. 10.1148/radiol.2323030830.CrossRefPubMed Shellock FG, Crues JV: MR procedures: biologic effects, safety, and patient care. Radiology. 2004, 232: 635-652. 10.1148/radiol.2323030830.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Shellock FG, Shields CL: Radiofrequency energy-induced heating of bovine articular cartilage using a bipolar radiofrequency electrode. Am J Sports Med. 2000, 28: 720-724.PubMed Shellock FG, Shields CL: Radiofrequency energy-induced heating of bovine articular cartilage using a bipolar radiofrequency electrode. Am J Sports Med. 2000, 28: 720-724.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Agarwal R, Brunelli SM, Williams K, Mitchell MD, Feldman HI, Umscheid CA: Gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009, 24: 856-863. 10.1093/ndt/gfn593.CrossRefPubMed Agarwal R, Brunelli SM, Williams K, Mitchell MD, Feldman HI, Umscheid CA: Gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009, 24: 856-863. 10.1093/ndt/gfn593.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, Van Pelt RE, Wang H, Eckel RH: The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008, 29: 777-822. 10.1210/er.2008-0024.CrossRefPubMed Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, Van Pelt RE, Wang H, Eckel RH: The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008, 29: 777-822. 10.1210/er.2008-0024.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Miyazaki M, Lee VS: Nonenhanced MR angiography. Radiology. 2008, 248: 20-43. 10.1148/radiol.2481071497.CrossRefPubMed Miyazaki M, Lee VS: Nonenhanced MR angiography. Radiology. 2008, 248: 20-43. 10.1148/radiol.2481071497.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Provenzale JM, Sarikaya B: Comparison of test performance characteristics of MRI, MR angiography, and CT angiography in the diagnosis of carotid and vertebral artery dissection: a review of the medical literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009, 193: 1167-1174. 10.2214/AJR.08.1688.CrossRefPubMed Provenzale JM, Sarikaya B: Comparison of test performance characteristics of MRI, MR angiography, and CT angiography in the diagnosis of carotid and vertebral artery dissection: a review of the medical literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009, 193: 1167-1174. 10.2214/AJR.08.1688.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Buhk JH, Kallenberg K, Mohr A, Dechent P, Knauth M: Evaluation of angiographic computed tomography in the follow-up after endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms--a comparative study with DSA and TOF-MRA. Eur Radiol. 2009, 19: 430-436. 10.1007/s00330-008-1171-y.CrossRefPubMed Buhk JH, Kallenberg K, Mohr A, Dechent P, Knauth M: Evaluation of angiographic computed tomography in the follow-up after endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms--a comparative study with DSA and TOF-MRA. Eur Radiol. 2009, 19: 430-436. 10.1007/s00330-008-1171-y.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference McCarthy RM, Deshpande VS, Beohar N, Meyers SN, Shea SM, Green JD, Liu X, Bi X, Pereles FS, Finn JP, et al: Three-dimensional breathhold magnetization-prepared TrueFISP: a pilot study for magnetic resonance imaging of the coronary artery disease. Invest Radiol. 2007, 42: 665-670. 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3180661a77.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed McCarthy RM, Deshpande VS, Beohar N, Meyers SN, Shea SM, Green JD, Liu X, Bi X, Pereles FS, Finn JP, et al: Three-dimensional breathhold magnetization-prepared TrueFISP: a pilot study for magnetic resonance imaging of the coronary artery disease. Invest Radiol. 2007, 42: 665-670. 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3180661a77.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Bi X, Deshpande V, Carr J, Li D: Coronary artery magnetic resonance angiography (MRA): a comparison between the whole-heart and volume-targeted methods using a T2-prepared SSFP sequence. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2006, 8: 703-707. 10.1080/10976640600723706.CrossRefPubMed Bi X, Deshpande V, Carr J, Li D: Coronary artery magnetic resonance angiography (MRA): a comparison between the whole-heart and volume-targeted methods using a T2-prepared SSFP sequence. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2006, 8: 703-707. 10.1080/10976640600723706.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Deshpande VS, Cavagna F, Maggioni F, Schirf BE, Omary RA, Li D: Comparison of gradient-echo and steady-state free precession for coronary artery magnetic resonance angiography using a gadolinium-based intravascular contrast agent. Invest Radiol. 2006, 41: 292-298. 10.1097/01.rli.0000186566.38619.6d.CrossRefPubMed Deshpande VS, Cavagna F, Maggioni F, Schirf BE, Omary RA, Li D: Comparison of gradient-echo and steady-state free precession for coronary artery magnetic resonance angiography using a gadolinium-based intravascular contrast agent. Invest Radiol. 2006, 41: 292-298. 10.1097/01.rli.0000186566.38619.6d.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Shea SM, Deshpande VS, Chung YC, Li D: Three-dimensional true-FISP imaging of the coronary arteries: improved contrast with T2-preparation. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002, 15: 597-602. 10.1002/jmri.10106.CrossRefPubMed Shea SM, Deshpande VS, Chung YC, Li D: Three-dimensional true-FISP imaging of the coronary arteries: improved contrast with T2-preparation. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002, 15: 597-602. 10.1002/jmri.10106.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Li D, Deshpande V: Magnetic resonance imaging of coronary arteries. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2001, 12: 337-347. 10.1097/00002142-200110000-00004.CrossRefPubMed Li D, Deshpande V: Magnetic resonance imaging of coronary arteries. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2001, 12: 337-347. 10.1097/00002142-200110000-00004.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Kim WY, Danias PG, Stuber M, Flamm SD, Plein S, Nagel E, Langerak SE, Weber OM, Pedersen EM, Schmidt M, et al: Coronary magnetic resonance angiography for the detection of coronary stenoses. N Engl J Med. 2001, 345: 1863-1869. 10.1056/NEJMoa010866.CrossRefPubMed Kim WY, Danias PG, Stuber M, Flamm SD, Plein S, Nagel E, Langerak SE, Weber OM, Pedersen EM, Schmidt M, et al: Coronary magnetic resonance angiography for the detection of coronary stenoses. N Engl J Med. 2001, 345: 1863-1869. 10.1056/NEJMoa010866.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Liu X, Zhao X, Huang J, Francois CJ, Tuite D, Bi X, Li D, Carr JC: Comparison of 3D free-breathing coronary MR angiography and 64-MDCT angiography for detection of coronary stenosis in patients with high calcium scores. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007, 189: 1326-1332. 10.2214/AJR.07.2805.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Liu X, Zhao X, Huang J, Francois CJ, Tuite D, Bi X, Li D, Carr JC: Comparison of 3D free-breathing coronary MR angiography and 64-MDCT angiography for detection of coronary stenosis in patients with high calcium scores. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007, 189: 1326-1332. 10.2214/AJR.07.2805.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Chang S, Cham MD, Hu S, Wang Y: 3-T navigator parallel-imaging coronary MR angiography: targeted-volume versus whole-heart acquisition. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008, 191: 38-42. 10.2214/AJR.07.2503.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Chang S, Cham MD, Hu S, Wang Y: 3-T navigator parallel-imaging coronary MR angiography: targeted-volume versus whole-heart acquisition. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008, 191: 38-42. 10.2214/AJR.07.2503.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Yang Q, Li K, Liu X, Bi X, Liu Z, An J, Zhang A, Jerecic R, Li D: Contrast-enhanced whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography at 3.0-T: a comparative study with X-ray angiography in a single center. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009, 54: 69-76. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.016.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Yang Q, Li K, Liu X, Bi X, Liu Z, An J, Zhang A, Jerecic R, Li D: Contrast-enhanced whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography at 3.0-T: a comparative study with X-ray angiography in a single center. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009, 54: 69-76. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.016.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Liu X, Bi X, Huang J, Jerecic R, Carr J, Li D: Contrast-enhanced whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography at 3.0 T: comparison with steady-state free precession technique at 1.5 T. Invest Radiol. 2008, 43: 663-668. 10.1097/RLI.0b013e31817ed1ff.CrossRefPubMed Liu X, Bi X, Huang J, Jerecic R, Carr J, Li D: Contrast-enhanced whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography at 3.0 T: comparison with steady-state free precession technique at 1.5 T. Invest Radiol. 2008, 43: 663-668. 10.1097/RLI.0b013e31817ed1ff.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Bi X, Carr JC, Li D: Whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography at 3 Tesla in 5 minutes with slow infusion of Gd-BOPTA, a high-relaxivity clinical contrast agent. Magn Reson Med. 2007, 58: 1-7. 10.1002/mrm.21224.CrossRefPubMed Bi X, Carr JC, Li D: Whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography at 3 Tesla in 5 minutes with slow infusion of Gd-BOPTA, a high-relaxivity clinical contrast agent. Magn Reson Med. 2007, 58: 1-7. 10.1002/mrm.21224.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Bi X, Park J, Larson AC, Zhang Q, Simonetti O, Li D: Contrast-enhanced 4D radial coronary artery imaging at 3.0 T within a single breath-hold. Magn Reson Med. 2005, 54: 470-475. 10.1002/mrm.20575.CrossRefPubMed Bi X, Park J, Larson AC, Zhang Q, Simonetti O, Li D: Contrast-enhanced 4D radial coronary artery imaging at 3.0 T within a single breath-hold. Magn Reson Med. 2005, 54: 470-475. 10.1002/mrm.20575.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Bi X, Li D: Coronary arteries at 3.0 T: Contrast-enhanced magnetization-prepared three-dimensional breathhold MR angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005, 21: 133-139. 10.1002/jmri.20250.CrossRefPubMed Bi X, Li D: Coronary arteries at 3.0 T: Contrast-enhanced magnetization-prepared three-dimensional breathhold MR angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005, 21: 133-139. 10.1002/jmri.20250.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Laub GA: Time-of-flight method of MR angiography. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1995, 3: 391-398.PubMed Laub GA: Time-of-flight method of MR angiography. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1995, 3: 391-398.PubMed
47.
go back to reference McCauley TR, Monib A, Dickey KW, Clemett J, Meier GH, Egglin TK, Gusberg RJ, Rosenblatt M, Pollak JS: Peripheral vascular occlusive disease: accuracy and reliability of time-of-flight MR angiography. Radiology. 1994, 192: 351-357.CrossRefPubMed McCauley TR, Monib A, Dickey KW, Clemett J, Meier GH, Egglin TK, Gusberg RJ, Rosenblatt M, Pollak JS: Peripheral vascular occlusive disease: accuracy and reliability of time-of-flight MR angiography. Radiology. 1994, 192: 351-357.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Atkinson D, Brant-Zawadzki M, Gillan G, Purdy D, Laub G: Improved MR angiography: magnetization transfer suppression with variable flip angle excitation and increased resolution. Radiology. 1994, 190: 890-894.CrossRefPubMed Atkinson D, Brant-Zawadzki M, Gillan G, Purdy D, Laub G: Improved MR angiography: magnetization transfer suppression with variable flip angle excitation and increased resolution. Radiology. 1994, 190: 890-894.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Parker DL, Yuan C, Blatter DD: MR angiography by multiple thin slab 3D acquisition. Magn Reson Med. 1991, 17: 434-451. 10.1002/mrm.1910170215.CrossRefPubMed Parker DL, Yuan C, Blatter DD: MR angiography by multiple thin slab 3D acquisition. Magn Reson Med. 1991, 17: 434-451. 10.1002/mrm.1910170215.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Groves EM, Bireley W, Dill K, Carroll TJ, Carr JC: Quantitative analysis of ECG-gated high-resolution contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the thoracic aorta. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007, 188: 522-528. 10.2214/AJR.05.1467.CrossRefPubMed Groves EM, Bireley W, Dill K, Carroll TJ, Carr JC: Quantitative analysis of ECG-gated high-resolution contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the thoracic aorta. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007, 188: 522-528. 10.2214/AJR.05.1467.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Lanzman RS, Blondin D, Schmitt P, Orzechowski D, Godehardt E, Scherer A, Modder U, Kropil P: Non-Enhanced 3D MR Angiography of the Lower Extremity using ECG-Gated TSE Imaging with Non-Selective Refocusing Pulses - Initial Experience. Rofo. 2010 Lanzman RS, Blondin D, Schmitt P, Orzechowski D, Godehardt E, Scherer A, Modder U, Kropil P: Non-Enhanced 3D MR Angiography of the Lower Extremity using ECG-Gated TSE Imaging with Non-Selective Refocusing Pulses - Initial Experience. Rofo. 2010
52.
go back to reference Francois CJ, Tuite D, Deshpande V, Jerecic R, Weale P, Carr JC: Unenhanced MR angiography of the thoracic aorta: initial clinical evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008, 190: 902-906. 10.2214/AJR.07.2997.CrossRefPubMed Francois CJ, Tuite D, Deshpande V, Jerecic R, Weale P, Carr JC: Unenhanced MR angiography of the thoracic aorta: initial clinical evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008, 190: 902-906. 10.2214/AJR.07.2997.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Francois CJ, Tuite D, Deshpande V, Jerecic R, Weale P, Carr JC: Pulmonary vein imaging with unenhanced three-dimensional balanced steady-state free precession MR angiography: initial clinical evaluation. Radiology. 2009, 250: 932-939. 10.1148/radiol.2502072137.CrossRefPubMed Francois CJ, Tuite D, Deshpande V, Jerecic R, Weale P, Carr JC: Pulmonary vein imaging with unenhanced three-dimensional balanced steady-state free precession MR angiography: initial clinical evaluation. Radiology. 2009, 250: 932-939. 10.1148/radiol.2502072137.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Krishnam MS, Tomasian A, Malik S, Desphande V, Laub G, Ruehm SG: Image quality and diagnostic accuracy of unenhanced SSFP MR angiography compared with conventional contrast-enhanced MR angiography for the assessment of thoracic aortic diseases. Eur Radiol. 2010, 20: 1311-1320. 10.1007/s00330-009-1672-3.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Krishnam MS, Tomasian A, Malik S, Desphande V, Laub G, Ruehm SG: Image quality and diagnostic accuracy of unenhanced SSFP MR angiography compared with conventional contrast-enhanced MR angiography for the assessment of thoracic aortic diseases. Eur Radiol. 2010, 20: 1311-1320. 10.1007/s00330-009-1672-3.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Maki JH, Wilson GJ, Eubank WB, Glickerman DJ, Millan JA, Hoogeveen RM: Navigator-gated MR angiography of the renal arteries: a potential screening tool for renal artery stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007, 188: W540-546. 10.2214/AJR.06.1138.CrossRefPubMed Maki JH, Wilson GJ, Eubank WB, Glickerman DJ, Millan JA, Hoogeveen RM: Navigator-gated MR angiography of the renal arteries: a potential screening tool for renal artery stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007, 188: W540-546. 10.2214/AJR.06.1138.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Wyttenbach R, Corti R, Alerci M, Cozzi L, Di Valentino M, Segatto JM, Badimon JJ, Fuster V, Gallino A: Effects of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and endovascular brachytherapy on vascular remodeling of human femoropopliteal artery: 2 years follow-up by noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007, 34: 416-423. 10.1016/j.ejvs.2007.05.017.CrossRefPubMed Wyttenbach R, Corti R, Alerci M, Cozzi L, Di Valentino M, Segatto JM, Badimon JJ, Fuster V, Gallino A: Effects of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and endovascular brachytherapy on vascular remodeling of human femoropopliteal artery: 2 years follow-up by noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007, 34: 416-423. 10.1016/j.ejvs.2007.05.017.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Lanzman RS, Kropil P, Schmitt P, Freitag SM, Ringelstein A, Wittsack HJ, Blondin D: Nonenhanced free-breathing ECG-gated steady-state free precession 3D MR angiography of the renal arteries: comparison between 1.5 T and 3 T. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010, 194: 794-798. 10.2214/AJR.09.2814.CrossRefPubMed Lanzman RS, Kropil P, Schmitt P, Freitag SM, Ringelstein A, Wittsack HJ, Blondin D: Nonenhanced free-breathing ECG-gated steady-state free precession 3D MR angiography of the renal arteries: comparison between 1.5 T and 3 T. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010, 194: 794-798. 10.2214/AJR.09.2814.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Nishimura DG, Macovski A, Pauly JM, Conolly SM: MR angiography by selective inversion recovery. Magn Reson Med. 1987, 4: 193-202. 10.1002/mrm.1910040214.CrossRefPubMed Nishimura DG, Macovski A, Pauly JM, Conolly SM: MR angiography by selective inversion recovery. Magn Reson Med. 1987, 4: 193-202. 10.1002/mrm.1910040214.CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Spuentrup E, Bornert P, Botnar RM, Groen JP, Manning WJ, Stuber M: Navigator-gated free-breathing three-dimensional balanced fast field echo (TrueFISP) coronary magnetic resonance angiography. Invest Radiol. 2002, 37: 637-642. 10.1097/00004424-200211000-00008.CrossRefPubMed Spuentrup E, Bornert P, Botnar RM, Groen JP, Manning WJ, Stuber M: Navigator-gated free-breathing three-dimensional balanced fast field echo (TrueFISP) coronary magnetic resonance angiography. Invest Radiol. 2002, 37: 637-642. 10.1097/00004424-200211000-00008.CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Spuentrup E, Manning WJ, Bornert P, Kissinger KV, Botnar RM, Stuber M: Renal arteries: navigator-gated balanced fast field-echo projection MR angiography with aortic spin labeling: initial experience. Radiology. 2002, 225: 589-596. 10.1148/radiol.2252011366.CrossRefPubMed Spuentrup E, Manning WJ, Bornert P, Kissinger KV, Botnar RM, Stuber M: Renal arteries: navigator-gated balanced fast field-echo projection MR angiography with aortic spin labeling: initial experience. Radiology. 2002, 225: 589-596. 10.1148/radiol.2252011366.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Glockner JF, Takahashi N, Kawashima A, Woodrum DA, Stanley DW, Takei N, Miyoshi M, Sun W: Non-contrast renal artery MRA using an inflow inversion recovery steady state free precession technique (Inhance): comparison with 3D contrast-enhanced MRA. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010, 31: 1411-1418. 10.1002/jmri.22194.CrossRefPubMed Glockner JF, Takahashi N, Kawashima A, Woodrum DA, Stanley DW, Takei N, Miyoshi M, Sun W: Non-contrast renal artery MRA using an inflow inversion recovery steady state free precession technique (Inhance): comparison with 3D contrast-enhanced MRA. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010, 31: 1411-1418. 10.1002/jmri.22194.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Stahlberg F, Sondergaard L, Thomsen C, Henriksen O: Quantification of complex flow using MR phase imaging--a study of parameters influencing the phase/velocity relation. Magn Reson Imaging. 1992, 10: 13-23. 10.1016/0730-725X(92)90368-A.CrossRefPubMed Stahlberg F, Sondergaard L, Thomsen C, Henriksen O: Quantification of complex flow using MR phase imaging--a study of parameters influencing the phase/velocity relation. Magn Reson Imaging. 1992, 10: 13-23. 10.1016/0730-725X(92)90368-A.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference DeLano MC, DeMarco JK: 3.0 T versus 1.5 T MR angiography of the head and neck. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2006, 16: 321-341. 10.1016/j.nic.2006.03.002. xiCrossRefPubMed DeLano MC, DeMarco JK: 3.0 T versus 1.5 T MR angiography of the head and neck. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2006, 16: 321-341. 10.1016/j.nic.2006.03.002. xiCrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Lotz J, Doker R, Noeske R, Schuttert M, Felix R, Galanski M, Gutberlet M, Meyer GP: In vitro validation of phase-contrast flow measurements at 3 T in comparison to 1.5 T: precision, accuracy, and signal-to-noise ratios. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005, 21: 604-610. 10.1002/jmri.20275.CrossRefPubMed Lotz J, Doker R, Noeske R, Schuttert M, Felix R, Galanski M, Gutberlet M, Meyer GP: In vitro validation of phase-contrast flow measurements at 3 T in comparison to 1.5 T: precision, accuracy, and signal-to-noise ratios. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005, 21: 604-610. 10.1002/jmri.20275.CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Markl M, Harloff A, Bley TA, Zaitsev M, Jung B, Weigang E, Langer M, Hennig J, Frydrychowicz A: Time-resolved 3D MR velocity mapping at 3T: improved navigator-gated assessment of vascular anatomy and blood flow. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007, 25: 824-831. 10.1002/jmri.20871.CrossRefPubMed Markl M, Harloff A, Bley TA, Zaitsev M, Jung B, Weigang E, Langer M, Hennig J, Frydrychowicz A: Time-resolved 3D MR velocity mapping at 3T: improved navigator-gated assessment of vascular anatomy and blood flow. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007, 25: 824-831. 10.1002/jmri.20871.CrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Gu T, Korosec FR, Block WF, Fain SB, Turk Q, Lum D, Zhou Y, Grist TM, Haughton V, Mistretta CA: PC VIPR: a high-speed 3D phase-contrast method for flow quantification and high-resolution angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005, 26: 743-749.PubMed Gu T, Korosec FR, Block WF, Fain SB, Turk Q, Lum D, Zhou Y, Grist TM, Haughton V, Mistretta CA: PC VIPR: a high-speed 3D phase-contrast method for flow quantification and high-resolution angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005, 26: 743-749.PubMed
67.
go back to reference Frydrychowicz A, Landgraf B, Wieben O, Francois CJ: Images in Cardiovascular Medicine. Scimitar syndrome: added value by isotropic flow-sensitive four-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging with PC-VIPR (phase-contrast vastly undersampled isotropic projection reconstruction). Circulation. 2010, 121: e434-436. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.931857.CrossRefPubMed Frydrychowicz A, Landgraf B, Wieben O, Francois CJ: Images in Cardiovascular Medicine. Scimitar syndrome: added value by isotropic flow-sensitive four-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging with PC-VIPR (phase-contrast vastly undersampled isotropic projection reconstruction). Circulation. 2010, 121: e434-436. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.931857.CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Frydrychowicz A, Markl M, Harloff A, Stalder AF, Bock J, Bley TA, Berger A, Russe MF, Schlensak C, Hennig J, Langer M: [Flow-sensitive in-vivo 4D MR imaging at 3T for the analysis of aortic hemodynamics and derived vessel wall parameters]. Rofo. 2007, 179: 463-472.CrossRefPubMed Frydrychowicz A, Markl M, Harloff A, Stalder AF, Bock J, Bley TA, Berger A, Russe MF, Schlensak C, Hennig J, Langer M: [Flow-sensitive in-vivo 4D MR imaging at 3T for the analysis of aortic hemodynamics and derived vessel wall parameters]. Rofo. 2007, 179: 463-472.CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Hope TA, Markl M, Wigstrom L, Alley MT, Miller DC, Herfkens RJ: Comparison of flow patterns in ascending aortic aneurysms and volunteers using four-dimensional magnetic resonance velocity mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007, 26: 1471-1479. 10.1002/jmri.21082.CrossRefPubMed Hope TA, Markl M, Wigstrom L, Alley MT, Miller DC, Herfkens RJ: Comparison of flow patterns in ascending aortic aneurysms and volunteers using four-dimensional magnetic resonance velocity mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007, 26: 1471-1479. 10.1002/jmri.21082.CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Lum DP, Johnson KM, Paul RK, Turk AS, Consigny DW, Grinde JR, Mistretta CA, Grist TM: Transstenotic pressure gradients: measurement in swine--retrospectively ECG-gated 3D phase-contrast MR angiography versus endovascular pressure-sensing guidewires. Radiology. 2007, 245: 751-760. 10.1148/radiol.2453061946.CrossRefPubMed Lum DP, Johnson KM, Paul RK, Turk AS, Consigny DW, Grinde JR, Mistretta CA, Grist TM: Transstenotic pressure gradients: measurement in swine--retrospectively ECG-gated 3D phase-contrast MR angiography versus endovascular pressure-sensing guidewires. Radiology. 2007, 245: 751-760. 10.1148/radiol.2453061946.CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Turk AS, Johnson KM, Lum D, Niemann D, Aagaard-Kienitz B, Consigny D, Grinde J, Turski P, Haughton V, Mistretta C: Physiologic and anatomic assessment of a canine carotid artery stenosis model utilizing phase contrast with vastly undersampled isotropic projection imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007, 28: 111-115. 10.3174/ajnr.A0713.PubMed Turk AS, Johnson KM, Lum D, Niemann D, Aagaard-Kienitz B, Consigny D, Grinde J, Turski P, Haughton V, Mistretta C: Physiologic and anatomic assessment of a canine carotid artery stenosis model utilizing phase contrast with vastly undersampled isotropic projection imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007, 28: 111-115. 10.3174/ajnr.A0713.PubMed
72.
go back to reference Stalder AF, Russe MF, Frydrychowicz A, Bock J, Hennig J, Markl M: Quantitative 2D and 3D phase contrast MRI: optimized analysis of blood flow and vessel wall parameters. Magn Reson Med. 2008, 60: 1218-1231. 10.1002/mrm.21778.CrossRefPubMed Stalder AF, Russe MF, Frydrychowicz A, Bock J, Hennig J, Markl M: Quantitative 2D and 3D phase contrast MRI: optimized analysis of blood flow and vessel wall parameters. Magn Reson Med. 2008, 60: 1218-1231. 10.1002/mrm.21778.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Magnetic resonance angiography: current status and future directions
Authors
Michael P Hartung
Thomas M Grist
Christopher J François
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance / Issue 1/2011
Electronic ISSN: 1532-429X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-13-19

Other articles of this Issue 1/2011

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 1/2011 Go to the issue