Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Clinical and Translational Oncology
Published in: Clinical and Translational Oncology 6/2014

01-06-2014 | EDUCATIONAL SERIES—RED SERIES

Lung cancer in women: an overview with special focus on Spanish women

Authors: J. Remon, E. Molina-Montes, M. Majem, P. Lianes, D. Isla, P. Garrido, E. Felip, N. Viñolas, J. de Castro, A. Artal, M.-J. Sánchez

Published in: Clinical and Translational Oncology | Issue 6/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Lung cancer incidence is decreasing worldwide among men but rising among women due to recent changes in smoking patterns in both sexes. In Europe, the smoking epidemic has evolved different rates and times, and policy responses to it, vary substantially between countries. Differences in smoking prevalence are much more evident among European women reflecting the heterogeneity in cancer incidence rates. Other factors rather than smoking and linked to sex may increase women’s susceptibility to lung cancer, such as genetic predisposition, exposure to sex hormones and molecular features, all of them linked to epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of lung cancer in women. However, biological bases of sex-specific differences are controversial and need further evaluation. This review focuses on the epidemiology and outcome concerning non-small cell lung cancer in women, with emphasis given to the Spanish population.
Literature
1.
2.
Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010;12:2893–917.CrossRef
3.
Youlden DR, Cramb SM, Baade PD. The International Epidemiology of Lung Cancer: geographical distribution and secular trends. J Thorac Oncol. 2008;3:819–31.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, Rosso S, Coebergh JW, Comber H, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:1374–403.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Steliarova-Foucher E, O’callaghan M, Ferlay J, Massuyer E, Forman D, Comber H et al. European cancer observatory: cancer incidence, mortality, prevalence and survival in Europe. Version 1.0 (September 2012) European Network of Cancer Registries, International Agency for Research on Cancer. http://​eco.​iarc.​fr. Accessed on 23/2/2013.
6.
Sanchez MJ, Payer T, De Angelis R, Larrannaga N, Capocaccia R, Martínez C, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in Spain: estimates and projections for the period 1981–2012. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(Suppl 3):iii30–6.PubMed
7.
Izarzugaza MI, Ardanaz E, Chirlaque MD, Font C, Ameijide A, Linares C, et al. Tobacco-related tumours of the lung, bladder and larynx: changes in Spain. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(Suppl 3):iii52–60.PubMed
8.
La Vecchia C, Bosetti C, Lucchini F, Bertuccio P, Negri E, Boyle P, et al. Cancer mortality in Europe, 2000–2004, and an overview of trends since 1975. Ann Oncol. 2010;21:1323–60.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Malvezzi M, Bertuccio P, Levi F, La Vecchia C, Negri E. European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2013. Ann Oncol. 2013;24:792–800.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Bosetti C, Malvezzi M, Rosso T, Bertuccio P, Gallus S, Chatenoud L, et al. Lung cancer mortality in European women: trends and predictions. Lung Cancer. 2012;78:171–8.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Bray FI, Weiderpass E. Lung cancer mortality trends in 36 European countries: secular trends and birth cohort patterns by sex and region 1970–2007. Int J Cancer. 2010;126:1454–66.PubMed
12.
13.
Papadopoulous A, Guida F, Cénée S, Cyr D, Schmaus A, Radoï L, et al. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in women: results of the French ICARE case-control study. Lung Cancer. 2011;74:369–77.CrossRef
14.
Agudo A, Bonet C, Travier N, González A, Vineis P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, et al. Impact of cigarette smoking on cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:4550–7.PubMedCrossRef
15.
16.
17.
18.
Boniol M, Autier P. Prevalence of main cancer lifestyle risk factors in Europe in 2000. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46:2534–44.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Fernandez E, Schiaffino A, Borràs JM, Shafey O, Villabí JR, La Vecchia C. Prevalence of cigarette smoking by birth cohort among males and females in Spain 1910–1990. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003;12:57–62.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Khuder SA, Mutgi AB. Effect of smoking cessation on major histologic types of lung cancer. Chest. 2001;120:1577–83.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Martinez-Sanchez JM, Fernandez E, Fu M, Gallus S, Martínez C, Sureda X, et al. Smoking behaviour, involuntary smoking, attitudes towards smoke-free legislations, and tobacco control activities in the European Union. PLoS One. 2010;5(11):e13881.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
22.
Schaap MM, Kunst AE, Leinsalu M, Regidor E, Ekholm O, Dzurova D, et al. Effect of nationwide tobacco control policies on smoking cessation in high and low educated groups in 18 European countries. Tob Control. 2008;17:248–55.PubMedCrossRef
23.
24.
Li Q, Dresler C, Heck JE, Allwright S, Haglund M, Sanchez S, et al. Knowledge and beliefs about smoking and cancer among women in five European countries. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19:2811–20.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Dresler C, Wei M, Heck JE, Allwright S, Haglund M, Sanchez S, et al. Attitudes of women from five European countries regarding tobacco control policies. Scand J Public Health. 2013;41:126–33.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
26.
Majem M, Artal A, De Castro J, Felip E, Isla D, Garrido P, et al. Population survey to assess the knowledge of smoking habit and its consequences on women in Spain. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(suppl; abstract e12000).
27.
28.
Banegas JR, Diez-Gañán L, Buñuelos-Marco B, Gonzalez-Enriquez J, Villar-Alvarez F, Martin-Moreno JM, et al. Smoking-attributable deaths in Spain 2006. Med Clin. 2011;136:97–102.CrossRef
29.
Warren CW, Jones NR, Eriksen MP, Asma S. Patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults. Lancet. 2006;367:749–53.PubMedCrossRef
30.
31.
Mendoza R, López P, Sagrera MR. Diferencias de género en la evolución del tabaquismo adolescente en España (1986-2002). Adicciones. 2007;19:273–88.PubMed
32.
Hublet A, Schmid H, Clays E, Godeau E, Gabbhainn SN, Joossens L, et al. Association between tobacco control policies and smoking behaviour among adolescents in 29 European countries. Addiction. 2009;104:1918–26.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Khuder SA. Effect of cigarette smoking on major histological types of lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Lung Cancer. 2001;31:139–48.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Ries LAG, Young JL, Keel GE, Eisner MP, Lin YD, Horner MJ, editors. SEER survival monograph: cancer survival among adults: US SEER program, 1988–2001: patient and tumor characteristics. NIH Publications No 07-6215. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute; 2007. http://​seer.​cancer.​gov/​publications/​survival/​. Accessed on 23/07/2013.
35.
Zang EA, Wynder EL. Differences in lung cancer risk between men and women: examination of the evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:183–92.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Hsu LH, Chu NM, Liu CC, Tsai SY, You DL, Ko JS, et al. Sex-associated differences in non-small cell lung cancer in the new era: is gender an independent prognostic factor? Lung Cancer. 2009;66:262–7.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Ferguson MK, Skosey C, Hoffman PC, Golomb HM. Sex-associated differences in presentation and survival in patients with lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8:1402–7.PubMed
38.
De Perrot M, Licker M, Bouchardy C, Usel M, Robert J, Spiliopoulos A. Sex differences in presentation, management, and prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;119:21–6.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Fu JB, Kau TY, Severson RK, Kalemkerian GP. Lung cancer in women: analysis of the national surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database. Chest. 2005;127:768–77.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Minami H, Yoshimura M, Miyamoto Y, Matsuoka H, Tsubota N. Lung cancer in women: sex-associated differences in survival of patients undergoing resection for lung cancer. Chest. 2000;118:1603–9.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Visbal AL, Williams BA, Nichols FC 3rd, Marks RS, Jett JR, Aubry MC, et al. Gender differences in non-small-cell lung cancer survival: an analysis of 4,618 patients diagnosed between 1997 and 2002. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:209–15.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Sagerup CM, Smastuen M, Johannesen TB, Helland A, Brustugun OT. Sex-specific trends in lung cancer incidence and survival: a population study of 40,118 cases. Thorax. 2001;66:301–7.CrossRef
43.
Dresler C. The changing epidemic of lung cancer and occupational and environmental risk factors. Thorac Surg Clin. 2012;23:113–22.CrossRef
44.
Owonikoko TK, Ragin CC, Belani CP, Oton AB, Gooding WE, Taioli E, et al. Lung cancer in elderly patients: an analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5570–7.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Radzikowska E, Glaz P, Roszkowski K. Lung cancer in women: age, smoking, histology, performance status, stage, initial treatment and survival. Population-based study of 20 561 cases. Ann Oncol. 2002;13:1087–93.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Salmeron D, Chirlaque MD, Izarzugaza MI, x MJ, Marcos-Gragera R, Ardanaz E, et al. Lung cancer prognosis in Spain: the role of histology, age and sex. Respir Med. 2012;106:1301–8.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Parente I, Abal J, García MJ. Cáncer de pulmón en mujeres, comparativo con hombres: análisis de los casos diagnosticados en el Complexo Hospitalario de Ourense entre 1999–2006. Archivos de Bronconeumología. 2011;47:61–5.
48.
Isla D, Provencio M, Majem M, Felip E, Garrido P, Viñolas N, et al. Never-smoking women with lung cancer from the Spanish WORLD07 database. J Clin Oncol. 2012;(Suppl 30; abstract 1531).
49.
International Early Lung Cancer Action Program I, Henschke CI, Yip R, Miettinen OS. Women’s susceptibility to tobacco carcinogens and survival after diagnosis of lung cancer. JAMA. 2006;296:180–4.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Powell HA, Iyen-Omofoman B, Hubbard RB, Baldwin DR, Tata JL. The association between smoking quantity and lung cancer in men and women. Chest. 2013;143:123–9.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Higashi E, Fukami T, Itoh M, Kyo S, Inoue E, Yokoi T, et al. Human CYP2A6 is induced by estrogen via estrogen receptor. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007;35:1935–41.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Xu W, Zhou Y, Hang X, Shen D. Current evidence on the relationship between CYP1B1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39:2821–9.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Dresler CM, Fratelli C, Babb J, Everley L, Evans AA, Clapper ML. Gender differences in genetic susceptibility for lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2000;30:153–60.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Cote ML, Yoo W, Wenzlaff AS, Prysak GM, Santer SK, Claeys GB, et al. Tobacco and estrogen metabolic polymorphisms and risk of non-small cell lung cancer in women. Carcinogenesis. 2009;30:626–35.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
55.
Shriver SP, Bourdeau HA, Gubish CT, Tirpak DL, Davis AL, Luketich JD, et al. Sex-specific expression of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor: relationship to smoking history and risk of lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:24–33.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Freedman ND, Leitzmann MF, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC. Cigarette smoking and subsequent risk of lung cancer in men and women: analysis of a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:649–56.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
57.
De Matteis S, Consonni D, Pesatori AC, Bergen AW, Bertazzi PA, Caporaso NE, et al. Are women who smoke at higher risk for lung cancer than men who smoke? Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177:601–12.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
58.
Couraud S, Zalcman G, Milleron B, Morin F, Souquet PJ. Lung cancer in never smokers—a review. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:1299–311.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Sun S, Schiller JH, Gazdar AF. Lung cancer in never smokers—a different disease. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7:778–90.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL, Boffetta P, Buring JE, Feskanich D, et al. Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies. PLoS Med. 2008;5(9):e185.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
61.
62.
Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Burns D, Jemal A, Shanks TG, Calle EE. Lung cancer death rate in lifelong nonsmokers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:691–9.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Rouquette I, Lauwers-Cances V, Allera C, Brouchet L, Milia J, Nicaise Y, et al. Characteristics of lung cancer in women: importance of hormonal and growth factors. Lung Cancer. 2012;76:280–5.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Brinton LA, Gierach GL, Andaya A, Park Y, Schatzkin A, Hollenbeck AR, et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors and lung cancer risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20:900–11.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
65.
Pesatori AC, Carugno M, Consonni D, Caporaso NE, Wacholder S, Tucker M, et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors and the risk of lung cancer: the EAGLE study. Int J Cancer. 2013;132:2630–9.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zhang Y, Yin Z, Shen L, Wan Y, Zhou B. Menstrual factors, reproductive factors and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi. 2012;15:701–19.PubMed
67.
Greiser CM, Greiser EM, Doren M. Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2010;65:198–204.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Oh SW, Myung SK, Park JY, Lym YL, Ju W. Hormone therapy and risk of lung cancer: a meta-analysis. J Womens Health. 2010;19:279–88.CrossRef
69.
Chlebowski RT, Schwartz AG, Wakelee H, Anderson GL, Stefanick ML, Manson JE, et al. Oestrogen plus progestin and lung cancer in postmenopausal women (Women’s Health Initiative trial): a post hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:1243–51.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
70.
Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Manson JE, Schwartz AG, Wakelee H, Gass M, et al. Lung cancer among postmenopausal women treated with estrogen alone in the women’s health initiative randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102:1413–21.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
71.
Bouchardy C, Benhamou S, Schaffar R, Verkooijen HM, Floretta G, Schubert H, et al. Lung cancer mortality risk among breast cancer patients treated with anti-estrogens. Cancer. 2011;117:1288–95.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Cote ML, Liu M, Bonassi S, Neri N, Schwartz AG, Christiani DC, et al. Increased risk of lung cancer in individuals with a family history of the disease: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:1957–68.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
73.
Klein F, Amin-Kotb WF, Petersen I. Incidence of human papilloma virus in lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2009;65:13–8.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Lee JY, Jeon I, Lee JM, Yoon JM, Park SM. Diabetes mellitus as an independent risk factor for lung cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:2411–23.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Johnson BE, Kris MG, Berry LD, Kwiatkowski DJ, Iafrate AJ, Variella-Garcia M, et al. A multicentre effort to identify driver mutation and employ targeted therapy in patients with lung adenocarcinomas: The Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium (LCMC). J Clin Oncol. 2013;(Suppl 31; abstract 8019).
76.
Rosell R, Moran T, Queralt C, Porta R, Cardenal F, Camps C, et al. Screening for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:958–67.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Bria E, Milella M, Cuppone F, Novello S, Ceribelli A, Vaccaro V, et al. Outcome of advanced NSCLC patients harboring sensitizing EGFR mutations randomized to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors or chemotherapy as first-line treatment: a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2011;22:2277–85.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
78.
Zeng Z, Chen HJ, Yan HH, Yang JJ, Zhang XC, Wu YL. Sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in male, smoker and non-adenocarcinoma lung cancer patients with EGFR mutations. Int J Biol Markers. 2013 (Epub ahead of print).
79.
Tanaka T, Matsuoka M, Sutani A, Gemma A, Maemondo M, Inoue A, et al. Frequency of and variables associated with the EGFR mutation and its subtypes. Int J Cancer. 2010;126:651–5.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Mazieres J, Rouquette I, Lepage B, Milia J, Brouchet L, Gubert N, et al. Specificities of lung adenocarcinoma in women who have never smoked. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8:923–9.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Traynor AM, Schiller JH, Stabile LP, Kolesar JM, Eickhoff JC, Dacic S, et al. Pilot study of gefitinib and fulvestrant in the treatment of post-menopausal women with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2009;64:51–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
82.
Mazieres J, Peters S, Lepage B, Cortot AB, Barlesi F, Beau-Faller M, et al. Lung cancer that harbors an HER2 mutation: epidemiologic characteristics and therapeutic perspectives. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1997–2003.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Arcila ME, Chaft JE, Nafa K, Roy-Chowdhuri S, Lau C, Zaidinski M, et al. Prevalence, clinicopathologic associations, and molecular spectrum of ERBB2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase mutations in lung adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:4910–8.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Dogan S, Shen R, Ang DC, Johnson ML, D’Angelo SP, Paik PK, et al. Molecular epidemiology of EGFR and KRAS mutations in 3,026 lung adenocarcinomas: higher susceptibility of women to smoking-related KRAS-mutant cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:6169–77.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
85.
Marchetti A, Felicioni L, Malatesta S, Grazia Sciarrotta M, Guetti L, Chella A, et al. Clinical features and outcome of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harboring BRAF mutations. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3574–9.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Paik PK, Arcila ME, Fara M, Sima CS, Miller VA, Kris MG, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with lung adenocarcinomas harboring BRAF mutations. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2046–51.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
87.
Cardarella S, Ogino A, Nishino M, Buthaney M, Shen J, Lydon C, et al. Clinical, pathological and biological features associated with BRAF mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:4532–40.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Shaw AT, Kim DW, Nakagawa K, Seto T, Crinó L, Ahn MJ, et al. Crizotinib versus chemotherapy in advanced ALK-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2385–94.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Gainor JF, Shaw AT. Novel targets in non-small cell lung cancer: ROS1 and RET fusions. Oncologist. 2013;18:865–75.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Micheli A, Ciampichini R, Oberaigner W, Ciccolallo L, de Vries E, Izarzugaza I, et al. The advantage of women in cancer survival: an analysis of EUROCARE-4 data. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45:1017–27.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Cantos B, Majem M, Garrido P, Isla D, Garrido P, Felip E, et al. Menstrual status and lung cancer in female patients from the Spanish WORLD07 database. J Clin Oncol. 2012;(Suppl 30; abstract e12012).
92.
Wisnivesky JP, Halm EA. Sex differences in lung cancer survival: do tumors behave differently in elderly women? J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1705–12.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Peters S, Dafni U, Bubendorf L, O’Byrne KJ, Wrona A, Dooms C, et al. The European Thoracic Oncology Platform (ETOP) Lungscape project: a way to bridge NSCLC to molecular characteristics and clinical data. J Clin Oncol. 2013;(Suppl 31; abstract 7514).
94.
Wakelee HA, Wang W, Schiller JH, Langer CJ, Sandler AB, Belani CP, et al. Survival differences by sex for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial 1594. J Thorac Oncol. 2006;1:441–6.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Wakelee HA, Dahlberg SE, Brahmer JR, Schiller JH, Perry MC, Langer CJ, et al. Differential effect of age on survival in advanced NSCLC in women versus men: analysis of recent Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) studies, with and without bevacizumab. Lung Cancer. 2012;76:410–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
96.
Chirlaque MD, Salmeron D, Ardanaz E, Galceran J, Martinez R, Marcos-Gragera R, et al. Cancer survival in Spain: estimate for nine major cancers. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(suppl 3):iii21–9.PubMed
97.
Isla D, Felip E, Garrido P, Rosell R, Camps C, Viñolas N, et al. Sex differences in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (p) participating in Spanish Lung Cancer Group (SLCG) trials. J Clin Oncol 2007;(Suppl 25(18S); abstract 7679).
98.
Wheatley-Price P, Blackhall F, Lee SM, Ma C, Ashcroft L, Jitlal M, et al. The influence of sex and histology on outcomes in non-small-cell lung cancer: a pooled analysis of five randomized trials. Ann Oncol. 2010;21:2023–8.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Nakamura H, Ando K, Shinmyo T, Morita K, Mochizuki A, Kurimoto N, et al. Female gender is an independent prognostic factor in non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;17:469–80.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Janjigian YY, Mcdonnell K, Kris MG, Shen CS, Sima CS, Bach PB, et al. Pack-years of cigarette smoking as a prognostic factor in patients with stage IIIB/IV nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2010;116:670–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
101.
Paik PK, Johnson ML, D’Angelo SP, Sima CS, Ang D, Dogan S, et al. Driver mutations determine survival in smokers and never-smokers with stage IIIB/IV lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer. 2012;118:5840–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Lung cancer in women: an overview with special focus on Spanish women
Authors
J. Remon
E. Molina-Montes
M. Majem
P. Lianes
D. Isla
P. Garrido
E. Felip
N. Viñolas
J. de Castro
A. Artal
M.-J. Sánchez
Publication date
01-06-2014
Publisher
Springer Milan
Published in
Clinical and Translational Oncology / Issue 6/2014
Print ISSN: 1699-048X
Electronic ISSN: 1699-3055
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-013-1137-7

Other articles of this Issue 6/2014

Clinical and Translational Oncology 6/2014 Go to the issue

Research Article

Peroxiredoxin 3 is resistant to oxidation-induced apoptosis of Hep-3b cells

Research Article

Post-chemoradiation anastomotic recurrence in locally advanced rectal cancer: no increased risk associated with distal margin

Research Article

p53 pathway activation by telomere attrition in X-DC primary fibroblasts occurs in the absence of ribosome biogenesis failure and as a consequence of DNA damage

Correspondence

Methodological flaws of the best evidence on cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy in peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal cancer

Research Article

High interstitial fluid pressure promotes tumor progression through inducing lymphatic metastasis-related protein expressions in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Research Article

Final results of a phase II single-institutional trial with hyperfractionated radiation therapy (HFX) and four-weekly continuous cisplatin in locally advanced head and neck carcinoma
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits