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Open Access 01-12-2010 | Research article

Low level exposure to cadmium increases the risk of chronic kidney disease: analysis of the NHANES 1999-2006

Authors: Pietro Manuel Ferraro, Stefano Costanzi, Alessandro Naticchia, Antonio Sturniolo, Giovanni Gambaro

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2010

Abstract

Background

Environmental factors have been associated with the outbreak of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We evaluated the association of Cadmium (Cd) exposure with the risk of CKD in U.S. adults who participated in the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES).

Methods

5426 subjects ≥ 20 years were stratified for values of urinary and blood Cd and a multivariate logistic regression was performed to test the association between blood and urinary Cd, CKD and albuminuria (ALB) after adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, body mass index and smoking habits.

Results

Subjects with urinary Cd > 1 mcg/g and subjects with blood Cd > 1 mcg/L showed a higher association with ALB (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.23, 2.16; P = 0.001). Subjects with blood Cd > 1 mcg/L showed a higher association with both CKD (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.01, 2.17; P = 0.046) and ALB (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.10, 1.82; P = 0.007). An interaction effect on ALB was found for high levels of urinary and blood Cd (P = 0.014).

Conclusions

Moderately high levels of urinary and blood Cd are associated with a higher proportion of CKD and ALB in the United States population.

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The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/304/prepub

Title: Low level exposure to cadmium increases the risk of chronic kidney disease: analysis of the NHANES 1999-2006
Authors: Pietro Manuel Ferraro
Stefano Costanzi
Alessandro Naticchia
Antonio Sturniolo
Giovanni Gambaro
Publication date: 01-12-2010
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-304

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Low level exposure to cadmium increases the risk of chronic kidney disease: analysis of the NHANES 1999-2006

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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