Top

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

Published in:

01-09-2017 | Original Paper

Low emotion-oriented coping and informal help-seeking behaviour as major predictive factors for improvement in major depression at 5-year follow-up in the adult community

Authors: S. Rodgers, C. L. Vandeleur, M.-P. F. Strippoli, E. Castelao, A. Tesic, J. Glaus, A. M. Lasserre, M. Müller, W. Rössler, V. Ajdacic-Gross, M. Preisig

Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | Issue 9/2017

Abstract

Purpose

Given the broad range of biopsychosocial difficulties resulting from major depressive disorder (MDD), reliable evidence for predictors of improved mental health is essential, particularly from unbiased prospective community samples. Consequently, a broad spectrum of potential clinical and non-clinical predictors of improved mental health, defined as an absence of current major depressive episode (MDE) at follow-up, were examined over a 5-year period in an adult community sample.

Methods

The longitudinal population-based PsyCoLaus study from the city of Lausanne, Switzerland, was used. Subjects having a lifetime MDD with a current MDE at baseline assessment were selected, resulting in a subsample of 210 subjects. Logistic regressions were applied to the data.

Results

Coping styles were the most important predictive factors in the present study. More specifically, low emotion-oriented coping and informal help-seeking behaviour at baseline were associated with the absence of an MDD diagnosis at follow-up. Surprisingly, neither formal help-seeking behaviour, nor psychopharmacological treatment, nor childhood adversities, nor depression subtypes turned out to be relevant predictors in the current study.

Conclusions

The paramount role of coping styles as predictors of improvement in depression found in the present study might be a valuable target for resource-oriented therapeutic models. On the one hand, the positive impact of low emotion-oriented coping highlights the utility of clinical interventions interrupting excessive mental ruminations during MDE. On the other hand, the importance of informal social networks raises questions regarding how to enlarge the personal network of affected subjects and on how to best support informal caregivers.

Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jacobi F, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Beghi E, Dodel R, Ekman M, Faravelli C, Fratiglioni L, Gannon B, Jones DH, Jennum P, Jordanova A, Jonsson L, Karampampa K, Knapp M, Kobelt G, Kurth T, Lieb R, Linde M, Ljungcrantz C, Maercker A, Melin B, Moscarelli M, Musayev A, Norwood F, Preisig M, Pugliatti M, Rehm J, Salvador-Carulla L, Schlehofer B, Simon R, Steinhausen HC, Stovner LJ, Vallat JM, Van den Bergh P, van Os J, Vos P, Xu W, Wittchen HU, Jonsson B, Olesen J (2011) Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 21(10):718–779. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.08.008 PubMedCrossRef

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, Rush AJ, Walters EE, Wang PS (2003) The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). JAMA 289(23):3095–3105. doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 PubMedCrossRef

DeRubeis RJ, Siegle GJ, Hollon SD (2008) Cognitive therapy versus medication for depression: treatment outcomes and neural mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 9(10):788–796. doi:10.1038/nrn2345 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Keller MB, Shapiro RW, Lavori PW, Wolfe N (1982) Relapse in major depressive disorder: analysis with the life table. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39(8):911–915PubMedCrossRef

Kanai T, Takeuchi H, Furukawa TA, Yoshimura R, Imaizumi T, Kitamura T, Takahashi K (2003) Time to recurrence after recovery from major depressive episodes and its predictors. Psychol Med 33(5):839–845PubMedCrossRef

Lin EH, Katon WJ, VonKorff M, Russo JE, Simon GE, Bush TM, Rutter CM, Walker EA, Ludman E (1998) Relapse of depression in primary care. Rate and clinical predictors. Arch Fam Med 7(5):443–449PubMedCrossRef

Judd LL, Paulus MJ, Schettler PJ, Akiskal HS, Endicott J, Leon AC, Maser JD, Mueller T, Solomon DA, Keller MB (2000) Does incomplete recovery from first lifetime major depressive episode herald a chronic course of illness? Am J Psychiatry 157(9):1501–1504. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.9.1501 PubMedCrossRef

Richards D (2011) Prevalence and clinical course of depression: a review. Clin Psychol Rev 31(7):1117–1125. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.004 PubMedCrossRef

Weissman MM, Kasl SV (1976) Help-seeking in depressed out-patients following maintenance therapy. Br J Psychiatry 129:252–260PubMedCrossRef

10.

Angst J (1986) The course of major depression, atypical bipolar disorder, and bipolar disorder. In: Hippius H, Klerman GL, Matussek N (eds) New results in depression research. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 26–35CrossRef

11.

Mueller TI, Leon AC, Keller MB, Solomon DA, Endicott J, Coryell W, Warshaw M, Maser JD (1999) Recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder during 15 years of observational follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 156(7):1000–1006. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.7.1000 PubMed

12.

Spijker J, de Graaf R, Bijl RV, Beekman AT, Ormel J, Nolen WA (2004) Determinants of persistence of major depressive episodes in the general population. Results from the Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study (NEMESIS). J Affect Disord 81(3):231–240. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.08.005 PubMedCrossRef

13.

Sargeant JK, Bruce ML, Florio LP, Weissman MM (1990) Factors associated with 1-year outcome of major depression in the community. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47(6):519–526PubMedCrossRef

14.

Furukawa TA, Kitamura T, Takahashi K (2000) Time to recovery of an inception cohort with hitherto untreated unipolar major depressive episodes. Br J Psychiatry 177:331–335PubMedCrossRef

15.

De Raedt R, Koster EH (2010) Understanding vulnerability for depression from a cognitive neuroscience perspective: a reappraisal of attentional factors and a new conceptual framework. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 10(1):50–70. doi:10.3758/CABN.10.1.50 PubMedCrossRef

16.

Hoorelbeke K, Marchetti I, De Schryver M, Koster EH (2016) The interplay between cognitive risk and resilience factors in remitted depression: a network analysis. J Affect Disord 195:96–104. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.001 PubMedCrossRef

17.

Marchetti I, Koster EH, Sonuga-Barke EJ, De Raedt R (2012) The default mode network and recurrent depression: a neurobiological model of cognitive risk factors. Neuropsychol Rev 22(3):229–251. doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9199-9 PubMedCrossRef

18.

Steinert C, Hofmann M, Kruse J, Leichsenring F (2014) The prospective long-term course of adult depression in general practice and the community. A systematic literature review. J Affect Disord 152–154:65–75. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.017 PubMedCrossRef

19.

Priebe S, Omer S, Giacco D, Slade M (2014) Resource-oriented therapeutic models in psychiatry: conceptual review. Br J Psychiatry 204:256–261. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.135038 PubMedCrossRef

20.

Harbeck S, Kliem S, Wollburg E, Braukhaus C, Kroger C (2013) Remission, response, and its prediction in depressive inpatients. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 63(7):272–279. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1327715 PubMedCrossRef

21.

Sotsky SM, Glass DR, Shea MT, Pilkonis PA, Collins JF, Elkin I, Watkins JT, Imber SD, Leber WR, Moyer J et al (1991) Patient predictors of response to psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy: findings in the NIMH treatment of depression collaborative research program. Am J Psychiatry 148(8):997–1008. doi:10.1176/ajp.148.8.997 PubMedCrossRef

22.

DeRubeis RJ, Gelfand LA, Tang TZ, Simons AD (1999) Medications versus cognitive behavior therapy for severely depressed outpatients: mega-analysis of four randomized comparisons. Am J Psychiatry 156(7):1007–1013. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.7.1007 PubMed

23.

Carragher N, Adamson G, Bunting B, McCann S (2009) Subtypes of depression in a nationally representative sample. J Affect Disord 113(1–2):88–99. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.05.015 PubMedCrossRef

24.

Kendler KS, Eaves LJ, Walters EE, Neale MC, Heath AC, Kessler RC (1996) The identification and validation of distinct depressive syndromes in a population-based sample of female twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53(5):391–399PubMedCrossRef

25.

Moss HB, Chen CM, Yi HY (2007) Subtypes of alcohol dependence in a nationally representative sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 91(2–3):149–158. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.05.016 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

26.

Fuller-Thomson E, Battiston M, Gadalla TM, Brennenstuhl S (2014) Bouncing back: remission from depression in a 12-year panel study of a representative Canadian community sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(6):903–910. doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0814-8 PubMedCrossRef

27.

Keller MB, Klerman GL, Lavori PW, Coryell W, Endicott J, Taylor J (1984) Long-term outcome of episodes of major depression. Clinical and public health significance. JAMA 252(6):788–792PubMedCrossRef

28.

Conradi HJ, de Jonge P, Ormel J (2008) Prediction of the 3-year course of recurrent depression in primary care patients: different risk factors for different outcomes. J Affect Disord 105(1–3):267–271. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.04.017 PubMedCrossRef

29.

Rhebergen D, Lamers F, Spijker J, de Graaf R, Beekman AT, Penninx BW (2012) Course trajectories of unipolar depressive disorders identified by latent class growth analysis. Psychol Med 42(7):1383–1396. doi:10.1017/S0033291711002509 PubMedCrossRef

30.

Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Spinhoven P (2001) Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personal Individ Differ 30:1311–1327CrossRef

31.

Ravindran AV, Griffiths J, Waddell C, Anisman H (1995) Stressful life events and coping styles in relation to dysthymia and major depressive disorder: variations associated with alleviation of symptoms following pharmacotherapy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 19(4):637–653PubMedCrossRef

32.

Endler NS, Parker JDA (1990) State and trait anxiety, depression and coping styles. Aust J Psychol 42(2):207–220CrossRef

33.

O’Brien TB, DeLongis A (1996) The interactional context of problem-, emotion-, and relationship-focused coping: the role of the big five personality factors. J Pers 64(4):775–813PubMedCrossRef

34.

Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Curtis J, Ward PB (2014) Physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 75(9):964–974. doi:10.4088/JCP.13r08765 PubMedCrossRef

35.

Kaniasty K, Norris FH (2000) Help-seeking comfort and receiving social support: the role of ethnicity and context of need. Am J Community Psychol 28(4):545–581PubMedCrossRef

36.

Schomerus G, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC (2009) Attitudes that determine willingness to seek psychiatric help for depression: a representative population survey applying the theory of planned behaviour. Psychol Med 39(11):1855–1865. doi:10.1017/S0033291709005832 PubMedCrossRef

37.

Wang PS, Angermeyer M, Borges G, Bruffaerts R, Tat Chiu W, Girolamo DEG, Fayyad J, Gureje O, Haro JM, Huang Y, Kessler RC, Kovess V, Levinson D, Nakane Y, Oakley Brown MA, Ormel JH, Posada-Villa J, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Lee S, Heeringa S, Pennell BE, Chatterji S, Ustun TB (2007) Delay and failure in treatment seeking after first onset of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World mental health survey initiative. World Psychiatry 6(3):177–185PubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Andrews G, Sanderson K, Slade T, Issakidis C (2000) Why does the burden of disease persist? Relating the burden of anxiety and depression to effectiveness of treatment. Bull World Health Organ 78(4):446–454PubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Roness A, Mykletun A, Dahl AA (2005) Help-seeking behaviour in patients with anxiety disorder and depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 111(1):51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00433.x PubMedCrossRef

40.

Oliver MI, Pearson N, Coe N, Gunnell D (2005) Help-seeking behaviour in men and women with common mental health problems: cross-sectional study. Br J Psychiatry 186:297–301. doi:10.1192/bjp.186.4.297 PubMedCrossRef

41.

Brown J, Evans-Lacko S, Aschan L, Henderson MJ, Hatch SL, Hotopf M (2014) Seeking informal and formal help for mental health problems in the community: a secondary analysis from a psychiatric morbidity survey in South London. BMC Psychiatry 14(1):275PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

42.

Bebbington PE, Meltzer H, Brugha TS, Farrell M, Jenkins R, Ceresa C, Lewis G (2000) Unequal access and unmet need: neurotic disorders and the use of primary care services. Psychol Med 30(6):1359–1367PubMedCrossRef

43.

Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Sampson NA, Jin R, Druss B, Wang PS, Wells KB, Pincus HA, Kessler RC (2011) Barriers to mental health treatment: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Psychol Med 41(8):1751–1761PubMedCrossRef

44.

Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6):617–627PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

45.

Baumeister H, Parker G (2012) Meta-review of depressive subtyping models. J Affect Disord 139:126–140CrossRef

46.

Ulbricht CM, Rothschild AJ, Lapane KL (2015) The association between latent depression subtypes and remission after treatment with citalopram: a latent class analysis with distal outcome. J Affect Disord 188:270–277. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.039 PubMedCrossRef

47.

Arnow BA, Blasey C, Williams LM, Palmer DM, Rekshan W, Schatzberg AF, Etkin A, Kulkarni J, Luther JF, Rush AJ (2015) Depression subtypes in predicting antidepressant response: a report from the iSPOT-D trial. Am J Psychiatry 172(8):743–750. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14020181 PubMedCrossRef

48.

Uher R, Dernovsek MZ, Mors O, Hauser J, Souery D, Zobel A, Maier W, Henigsberg N, Kalember P, Rietschel M, Placentino A, Mendlewicz J, Aitchison KJ, McGuffin P, Farmer A (2011) Melancholic, atypical and anxious depression subtypes and outcome of treatment with escitalopram and nortriptyline. J Affect Disord 132(1–2):112–120. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.014 PubMedCrossRef

49.

Gili M, Roca M, Armengol S, Asensio D, Garcia-Campayo J, Parker G (2012) Clinical patterns and treatment outcome in patients with melancholic, atypical and non-melancholic depressions. PLoS One 7(10):e48200. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048200 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

50.

Lamers F, Beekman AT, van Hemert AM, Schoevers RA, Penninx BW (2016) Six-year longitudinal course and outcomes of subtypes of depression. Br J Psychiatry 208(1):62–68. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.153098 PubMedCrossRef

51.

Firmann M, Mayor V, Vidal PM, Bochud M, Pecoud A, Hayoz D, Paccaud F, Preisig M, Song KS, Yuan X, Danoff TM, Stirnadel HA, Waterworth D, Mooser V, Waeber G, Vollenweider P (2008) The CoLaus study: a population-based study to investigate the epidemiology and genetic determinants of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 8:6. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-8-6 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

52.

Preisig M, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Bovet P, Rothen S, Vandeleur C, Guex P, Middleton L, Waterworth D, Mooser V, Tozzi F, Muglia P (2009) The PsyCoLaus study: methodology and characteristics of the sample of a population-based survey on psychiatric disorders and their association with genetic and cardiovascular risk factors. BMC Psychiatry 9:9. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-9-9 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

53.

Preisig M, Fenton BT, Matthey ML, Berney A, Ferrero F (1999) Diagnostic interview for genetic studies (DIGS): inter-rater and test–retest reliability of the French version. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249(4):174–179PubMedCrossRef

54.

Nurnberger JI Jr, Blehar MC, Kaufmann CA, York-Cooler C, Simpson SG, Harkavy-Friedman J, Severe JB, Malaspina D, Reich T (1994) Diagnostic interview for genetic studies. Rationale, unique features, and training. NIMH genetics initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51(11):849–859 (discussion 863–844) PubMedCrossRef

55.

APA (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (text revision), 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

56.

Endicott J, Spitzer RL (1978) A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35(7):837–844PubMedCrossRef

57.

Leboyer M, Barbe B, Gorwood P, Teherani M, Allilaire JF, Preisig M, Matthey ML, Poyetton V, Ferrero F (1995) Interview diagnostique pour les etudes génétiques. INSERM, Paris

58.

Berney A, Preisig M, Matthey ML, Ferrero F, Fenton BT (2002) Diagnostic interview for genetic studies (DIGS): inter-rater and test–retest reliability of alcohol and drug diagnoses. Drug Alcohol Depend 65(2):149–158PubMedCrossRef

59.

Rougemont-Buecking A, Rothen S, Jeanpretre N, Lustenberger Y, Vandeleur CL, Ferrero F, Preisig M (2008) Inter-informant agreement on diagnoses and prevalence estimates of anxiety disorders: direct interview versus family history method. Psychiatry Res 157(1–3):211–223. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.022 PubMedCrossRef

60.

Leboyer M, Maier W, Teherani M, Lichtermann D, D’Amato T, Franke P, Lepine JP, Minges J, McGuffin P (1991) The reliability of the SADS-LA in a family study setting. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 241(3):165–169PubMedCrossRef

61.

APA (2000) Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (revision). Am J Psychiatry 157:1–45CrossRef

62.

Glaus J, Vandeleur C, Gholam-Rezaee M, Castelao E, Perrin M, Rothen S, Bovet P, Marques-Vidal P, von Kanel R, Merikangas K, Mooser V, Waterworth DM, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Preisig M (2013) Atypical depression and alcohol misuse are related to the cardiovascular risk in the general population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 128(4):282–293. doi:10.1111/acps.12057 PubMed

63.

Hollingshead AB (1975) Four factor index of social status. Yale University Press, New Haven

64.

Grob A, Bodmer N, Flammer A (1993) Living conditions and the development of adolescents in Europe: the case of Switzerland. Research Report (Nr. 5). Institute of Psychology. University of Berne, Switzerland

65.

Bodmer NM, Grob A (1996) Bien-être et contraintes d’adolescents: une comparaison entre adolescents de familles monoparentales et de familles biparentales. Int J Psychol 31:39–48CrossRef

66.

Perrin M, Vandeleur CL, Castelao E, Rothen S, Glaus J, Vollenweider P, Preisig M (2014) Determinants of the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, in the general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(3):447–457. doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0762-3 PubMedCrossRef

67.

Nelder JA, Wedderburn RWM (1972) Generalized linear models. J R Stat Soc Series A (General) 135(3):370–384CrossRef

68.

Budtz-Jorgensen E, Keiding N, Grandjean P, Weihe P (2007) Confounder selection in environmental epidemiology: assessment of health effects of prenatal mercury exposure. Ann Epidemiol 17(1):27–35PubMedCrossRef

69.

Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S (2000) Applied logistic regression. Wiley, New YorkCrossRef

70.

Bhopal RS (2016) Concepts of epidemiology: integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, New YorkCrossRef

71.

Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL (2008) Modern epidemiology, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

72.

Lorant V, Deliege D, Eaton W, Robert A, Philippot P, Ansseau M (2003) Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 157(2):98–112PubMedCrossRef

73.

Smith JM, Alloy LB (2009) A roadmap to rumination: a review of the definition, assessment, and conceptualization of this multifaceted construct. Clin Psychol Rev 29(2):116–128. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.003 PubMedCrossRef

74.

Nolen-Hoeksema S, Morrow J (1993) Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood. Cogn Emot 7:561–570CrossRef

75.

Nolen-Hoeksema S (2000) The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. J Abnorm Psychol 109(3):504–511PubMedCrossRef

76.

Lyubomirsky S, Nolen-Hoeksema S (1993) Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination. J Pers Soc Psychol 65(2):339–349PubMedCrossRef

77.

Disner SG, Beevers CG, Haigh EA, Beck AT (2011) Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression. Nat Rev Neurosci 12(8):467–477. doi:10.1038/nrn3027 PubMedCrossRef

78.

Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Schweizer S (2010) Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 30(2):217–237. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004 PubMedCrossRef

79.

Roy-Byrne PP, Vitaliano PP, Cowley DS, Luciano G, Zheng Y, Dunner DL (1992) Coping in panic and major depressive disorder. Relative effects of symptom severity and diagnostic comorbidity. J Nerv Ment Dis 180(3):179–183PubMedCrossRef

80.

Beck AT (1967) Depression: clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Harper & Row, New York

81.

Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S (2012) The influence of context on the implementation of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Behav Res Ther 50(7–8):493–501. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.04.004 PubMedCrossRef

82.

Jorm AF, Griffiths KM (2006) Population promotion of informal self-help strategies for early intervention against depression and anxiety. Psychol Med 36(1):3–6PubMedCrossRef

83.

Jorm AF, Griffiths KM, Christensen H, Parslow RA, Rogers B (2004) Actions taken to cope with depression at different levels of severity: a community survey. Psychol Med 34(2):293–299PubMedCrossRef

84.

Barker C, Pistrang N, Shapiro DA, Shaw I (1990) Coping and help-seeking in the UK adult population. Br J Clin Psychol 29(Pt 3):271–285PubMedCrossRef

85.

Nasser EH, Overholser JC (2005) Recovery from major depression: the role of support from family, friends, and spiritual beliefs. Acta Psychiatr Scand 111(2):125–132. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00423.x PubMedCrossRef

86.

Clement S, Schauman O, Graham T, Maggioni F, Evans-Lacko S, Bezborodovs N, Morgan C, Rusch N, Brown JS, Thornicroft G (2015) What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychol Med 45(1):11–27. doi:10.1017/S0033291714000129 PubMedCrossRef

87.

Barney LJ, Griffiths KM, Jorm AF, Christensen H (2006) Stigma about depression and its impact on help-seeking intentions. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 40(1):51–54. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01741.x PubMedCrossRef

88.

Griffiths KM, Crisp DA, Barney L, Reid R (2011) Seeking help for depression from family and friends: a qualitative analysis of perceived advantages and disadvantages. BMC Psychiatry 11:196. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-196 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

89.

Kleinman A, Eisenberg L, Good B (1978) Culture, illness, and care: clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research. Ann Intern Med 88(2):251–258PubMedCrossRef

90.

van Wijngaarden B, Schene AH, Koeter MW (2004) Family caregiving in depression: impact on caregivers’ daily life, distress, and help seeking. J Affect Disord 81(3):211–222. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00168-X PubMedCrossRef

91.

Kirsch I (1990) Changing expectations: a keyto effectivepsychotherapy. Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove

92.

Kirsch IE (1999) How expectancies shape experience. American Psychological Association, Washington, DCCrossRef

93.

Mischel W, Shoda Y (1994) Personality psychology has two goals: must it be two fields? Psychol Inquiry 5:156–158CrossRef

94.

Catanzaro SJ, Wasch HH, Kirsch I, Mearns J (2000) Coping-related expectancies and dispositions as prospective predictors of coping responses and symptoms. J Pers 68(4):757–788PubMedCrossRef

95.

Blake H (2012) Physical activity and exercise in the treatment of depression. Front Psychiatry 3:106. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00106 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

96.

Rethorst CD, Wipfli BM, Landers DM (2009) The antidepressive effects of exercise: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Sports Med 39(6):491–511. doi:10.2165/00007256-200939060-00004 PubMedCrossRef

97.

Fox KR (1999) The influence of physical activity on mental well-being. Public Health Nutr 2(3A):411–418PubMedCrossRef

98.

Mammen G, Faulkner G (2013) Physical activity and the prevention of depression: a systematic review of prospective studies. Am J Prev Med 45(5):649–657. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.001 PubMedCrossRef

99.

Ortega E (2016) The “bioregulatory effect of exercise” on the innate/inflammatory responses. J Physiol Biochem. doi:10.1007/s13105-016-0478-4 PubMed

100.

Balchin R, Linde J, Blackhurst D, Rauch HL, Schonbachler G (2016) Sweating away depression? The impact of intensive exercise on depression. J Affect Disord 200:218–221. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.030 PubMedCrossRef

101.

Krogh J, Nordentoft M, Sterne JA, Lawlor DA (2011) The effect of exercise in clinically depressed adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 72(4):529–538. doi:10.4088/JCP.08r04913blu PubMedCrossRef

102.

Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi F, Ajdacic V, Rossler W (2007) Melancholia and atypical depression in the Zurich study: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, course, comorbidity and personality. Acta Psychiatr Scand 115(Suppl 433):72–84. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.00965.x CrossRef

103.

Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, Fava M, Wisniewski SR, Zisook S, Cook I, Nierenberg AA, Trivedi MH, Balasubramani GK, Warden D, Lesser I, John Rush A (2010) Do atypical features affect outcome in depressed outpatients treated with citalopram? Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13(1):15–30. doi:10.1017/S1461145709000182 PubMedCrossRef

104.

Lasserre AM, Glaus J, Vandeleur CL, Marques-Vidal P, Vaucher J, Bastardot F, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Preisig M (2014) Depression with atypical features and increase in obesity, body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass: a prospective, population-based study. JAMA Psychiatry 71(8):880–888. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.411 PubMedCrossRef

105.

Lasserre AM, Strippoli MF, Glaus J, Gholam-Rezaee M, Vandeleur CL, Castelao E, Marques-Vidal P, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Preisig M (2017) Prospective associations of depression subtypes with cardio-metabolic risk factors in the general population. Mol Psychiatry 22(7):1026–1034. doi:10.1038/mp.2016.178 PubMedCrossRef

106.

Undurraga J, Baldessarini RJ (2012) Randomized, placebo-controlled trials of antidepressants for acute major depression: thirty-year meta-analytic review. Neuropsychopharmacology 37(4):851–864PubMedCrossRef

107.

Frank E, Prien RF, Jarrett RB, Keller MB, Kupfer DJ, Lavori PW, Rush AJ, Weissman MM (1991) Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depressive disorder. Remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48(9):851–855PubMedCrossRef

108.

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6):593–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 PubMedCrossRef

109.

Dawson MY, Michalak EE, Waraich P, Anderson JE, Lam RW (2004) Is remission of depressive symptoms in primary care a realistic goal? A meta-analysis. BMC Fam Pract 5:19. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-5-19 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

110.

Santini ZI, Koyanagi A, Tyrovolas S, Mason C, Haro JM (2015) The association between social relationships and depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 175:53–65PubMedCrossRef

111.

Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S (2010) Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: a transdiagnostic examination. Behav Res Ther 48(10):974–983PubMedCrossRef

112.

Robinson MD, Clore GL (2002) Episodic and semantic knowledge in emotional self-report: evidence for two judgment processes. J Pers Soc Psychol 83(1):198–215PubMedCrossRef

Title: Low emotion-oriented coping and informal help-seeking behaviour as major predictive factors for improvement in major depression at 5-year follow-up in the adult community
Authors: S. Rodgers
C. L. Vandeleur
M.-P. F. Strippoli
E. Castelao
A. Tesic
J. Glaus
A. M. Lasserre
M. Müller
W. Rössler
V. Ajdacic-Gross
M. Preisig
Publication date: 01-09-2017
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology / Issue 9/2017
Print ISSN: 0933-7954
Electronic ISSN: 1433-9285
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1421-x

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Low emotion-oriented coping and informal help-seeking behaviour as major predictive factors for improvement in major depression at 5-year follow-up in the adult community

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 9/2017

Nightmares in the general population: identifying potential causal factors

Income inequality among American states and the conditional risk of post-traumatic stress disorder

Patterns of illness and care over the 5 years following onset of psychosis in different ethnic groups; the GAP-5 study

Suicide mortality among male veterans discharged from Veterans Health Administration acute psychiatric units from 2005 to 2010

Time trends in mental well-being: the polarisation of young people’s psychological distress

Homotypic and heterotypic psychopathological continuity: a child cohort study