Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Sports Medicine 7/2011

01-07-2011 | Review Article

Sex Differences in Proximal Control of the Knee Joint

Authors: Jurdan Mendiguchia, Kevin R. Ford, Carmen E. Quatman, Eduard Alentorn-Geli, Dr Timothy E. Hewett, PhD

Published in: Sports Medicine | Issue 7/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Following the onset of maturation, female athletes have a significantly higher risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury compared with male athletes. While multiple sex differences in lower-extremity neuromuscular control and biomechanics have been identified as potential risk factors for ACL injury in females, the majority of these studies have focused specifically on the knee joint. However, increasing evidence in the literature indicates that lumbo-pelvic (core) control may have a large effect on knee-joint control and injury risk. This review examines the published evidence on the contributions of the trunk and hip to knee-joint control. Specifically, the sex differences in potential proximal controllers of the knee as risk factors for ACL injury are identified and discussed. Sex differences in trunk and hip biomechanics have been identified in all planes of motion (sagittal, coronal and transverse). Essentially, female athletes show greater lateral trunk displacement, altered trunk and hip flexion angles, greater ranges of trunk motion, and increased hip adduction and internal rotation during sport manoeuvres, compared with their male counterparts. These differences may increase the risk of ACL injury among female athletes. Prevention programmes targeted towards trunk and hip neuromuscular control may decrease the risk for ACL injuries.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Arendt E, Dick R. Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basketball and soccer: NCAA data andreview of literature. Am J Sports Med 1995; 23 (6): 694–701PubMedCrossRef Arendt E, Dick R. Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basketball and soccer: NCAA data andreview of literature. Am J Sports Med 1995; 23 (6): 694–701PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Malone TR, Hardaker WT, Garrett WE, et al. Relationship of gender to anterior cruciate ligament injuries in intercollegiatebasketball players. J South Orthop Assoc 1993; 2 (1): 36–9 Malone TR, Hardaker WT, Garrett WE, et al. Relationship of gender to anterior cruciate ligament injuries in intercollegiatebasketball players. J South Orthop Assoc 1993; 2 (1): 36–9
4.
go back to reference Myklebust G, Maehlum S, Holm I, et al. A prospective cohort study of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in eliteNorwegian team handball. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1998; 8 (3): 149–53PubMedCrossRef Myklebust G, Maehlum S, Holm I, et al. A prospective cohort study of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in eliteNorwegian team handball. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1998; 8 (3): 149–53PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Gillquist J, Messner K. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and the long-term incidence of gonarthrosis. Sports Med 1999 Mar; 27 (3): 143–56PubMedCrossRef Gillquist J, Messner K. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and the long-term incidence of gonarthrosis. Sports Med 1999 Mar; 27 (3): 143–56PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Lohmander LS, Englund PM, Dahl LL, et al. The longterm consequence of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscusinjuries: osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med 2007 Oct; 35 (10): 1756–69PubMedCrossRef Lohmander LS, Englund PM, Dahl LL, et al. The longterm consequence of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscusinjuries: osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med 2007 Oct; 35 (10): 1756–69PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Braekken IH, et al. Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female teamhandball players: a prospective intervention study overthree seasons. Clin J Sport Med 2003 Mar; 13 (2): 71–8PubMedCrossRef Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Braekken IH, et al. Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female teamhandball players: a prospective intervention study overthree seasons. Clin J Sport Med 2003 Mar; 13 (2): 71–8PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference von Porat A, Roos EM, Roos H. High prevalence of osteoarthritis 14 years after an anterior cruciate ligamenttear in male soccer players: a study of radiographic andpatient relevant outcomes. Ann Rheum Dis 2004 Mar; 63 (3): 269–73CrossRef von Porat A, Roos EM, Roos H. High prevalence of osteoarthritis 14 years after an anterior cruciate ligamenttear in male soccer players: a study of radiographic andpatient relevant outcomes. Ann Rheum Dis 2004 Mar; 63 (3): 269–73CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Cumps E, Verhagen E, Annemans L, et al. Injury rate and socioeconomic costs resulting from sports injuries inFlanders: data derived from sports insurance statistics2003. Br J Sports Med 2008 Sep; 42 (9): 767–72PubMedCrossRef Cumps E, Verhagen E, Annemans L, et al. Injury rate and socioeconomic costs resulting from sports injuries inFlanders: data derived from sports insurance statistics2003. Br J Sports Med 2008 Sep; 42 (9): 767–72PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference de Loes M, Dahlstedt LJ, Thomee R. A 7-year study on risks and costs of knee injuries in male and female youthparticipants in 12 sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2000; 10 (2): 90–7PubMedCrossRef de Loes M, Dahlstedt LJ, Thomee R. A 7-year study on risks and costs of knee injuries in male and female youthparticipants in 12 sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2000; 10 (2): 90–7PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Hewett TE, Stroupe AL, Nance TA, et al. Plyometric training in female athletes: decreased impact forces andincreased hamstring torques. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24 (6): 765–73PubMedCrossRef Hewett TE, Stroupe AL, Nance TA, et al. Plyometric training in female athletes: decreased impact forces andincreased hamstring torques. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24 (6): 765–73PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Knowles SB, Marshall SW, Miller T, et al. Cost of injuries from a prospective cohort study of North Carolina highschool athletes. Inj Prev 2007 Dec; 13 (6): 416–21PubMedCrossRef Knowles SB, Marshall SW, Miller T, et al. Cost of injuries from a prospective cohort study of North Carolina highschool athletes. Inj Prev 2007 Dec; 13 (6): 416–21PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Freedman KB, Glasgow MT, Glasgow SG, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction amonguniversity students. Clin Orthop Related Res 1998; 356: 208–12CrossRef Freedman KB, Glasgow MT, Glasgow SG, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction amonguniversity students. Clin Orthop Related Res 1998; 356: 208–12CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Trentacosta N, Vitale M, Ahmad C. The effects of timing of pediatric knee ligament surgery on short-term academicperformance in school-aged athletes. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37 (9): 1684–91PubMedCrossRef Trentacosta N, Vitale M, Ahmad C. The effects of timing of pediatric knee ligament surgery on short-term academicperformance in school-aged athletes. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37 (9): 1684–91PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Allen MK, Glasoe WM. Metrecom measurement of navicular drop in subjects with anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Athl Train 2000 Oct; 35 (4): 403–6PubMed Allen MK, Glasoe WM. Metrecom measurement of navicular drop in subjects with anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Athl Train 2000 Oct; 35 (4): 403–6PubMed
16.
go back to reference Gray J, Taunton JE, McKenzie DC, et al. A survey of injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee in femalebasketball players. Int J Sports Med 1985 Dec; 6 (6): 314–6PubMedCrossRef Gray J, Taunton JE, McKenzie DC, et al. A survey of injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee in femalebasketball players. Int J Sports Med 1985 Dec; 6 (6): 314–6PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Haycock CE, Gillette JV. Susceptibility of women athletes to injury: myth vs. reality. JAMA 1976; 236 (2): 163–5PubMedCrossRef Haycock CE, Gillette JV. Susceptibility of women athletes to injury: myth vs. reality. JAMA 1976; 236 (2): 163–5PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Loudon JK, Jenkins W, Loudon KL. The relationship between static posture and ACL injury in female athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1996 Aug; 24 (2): 91–7PubMed Loudon JK, Jenkins W, Loudon KL. The relationship between static posture and ACL injury in female athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1996 Aug; 24 (2): 91–7PubMed
19.
go back to reference Muneta T, Ezura Y, Sekiya I, et al. Anterior knee laxity and loss of extension after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med 1996 Sep-Oct; 24 (5): 603–7PubMedCrossRef Muneta T, Ezura Y, Sekiya I, et al. Anterior knee laxity and loss of extension after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med 1996 Sep-Oct; 24 (5): 603–7PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Nguyen AD. Effects of lower extremity posture on hip strength and their influence on lower extremity motionduring a single leg squat [dissertation]. Greensboro (NC): University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007 Nguyen AD. Effects of lower extremity posture on hip strength and their influence on lower extremity motionduring a single leg squat [dissertation]. Greensboro (NC): University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007
21.
go back to reference Rizzo M, Holler SB, Bassett 3rd FH. Comparison of males’ and females’ ratios of anterior-cruciate-ligament width tofemoral-intercondylar-notch width: a cadaveric study. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2001 Aug; 30 (8): 660–4 Rizzo M, Holler SB, Bassett 3rd FH. Comparison of males’ and females’ ratios of anterior-cruciate-ligament width tofemoral-intercondylar-notch width: a cadaveric study. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2001 Aug; 30 (8): 660–4
22.
go back to reference Tillman MD, Bauer JA, Cauraugh JH, et al. Differences in lower extremity alignment between males and females:potential predisposing factors for knee injury. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2005 Sep; 45 (3): 355–9PubMed Tillman MD, Bauer JA, Cauraugh JH, et al. Differences in lower extremity alignment between males and females:potential predisposing factors for knee injury. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2005 Sep; 45 (3): 355–9PubMed
23.
go back to reference Zelisko JA, Noble HB, Porter M. A comparison of men’s and women’s professional basketball injuries. Am JSports Med 1982 Sep-Oct; 10 (5): 297–9CrossRef Zelisko JA, Noble HB, Porter M. A comparison of men’s and women’s professional basketball injuries. Am JSports Med 1982 Sep-Oct; 10 (5): 297–9CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Arendt EA, Agel J, Dick R. Anterior cruciate ligament injury patterns among collegiate men and women. J Athl Train 1999; 34: 86–92PubMed Arendt EA, Agel J, Dick R. Anterior cruciate ligament injury patterns among collegiate men and women. J Athl Train 1999; 34: 86–92PubMed
25.
go back to reference Chaudhari AM, Lindenfeld TN, Andriacchi TP, et al. Knee and hip loading patterns at different phases in the menstrualcycle: implications for the gender difference inanterior cruciate ligament injury rates. Am J Sports Med 2007 May; 35 (5): 793–800PubMedCrossRef Chaudhari AM, Lindenfeld TN, Andriacchi TP, et al. Knee and hip loading patterns at different phases in the menstrualcycle: implications for the gender difference inanterior cruciate ligament injury rates. Am J Sports Med 2007 May; 35 (5): 793–800PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Hewett TE, Zazulak BT, Myer GD. Effects of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injury risk: asystematic review. Am J Sports Med 2007 Feb 9; 35 (4): 659–68PubMedCrossRef Hewett TE, Zazulak BT, Myer GD. Effects of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injury risk: asystematic review. Am J Sports Med 2007 Feb 9; 35 (4): 659–68PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Shultz SJ, Windley TC, Kulas AS, et al. Low levels of anterior tibial loading enhance knee extensor reflex responsecharacteristics. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2005 Feb; 15 (1): 61–71PubMedCrossRef Shultz SJ, Windley TC, Kulas AS, et al. Low levels of anterior tibial loading enhance knee extensor reflex responsecharacteristics. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2005 Feb; 15 (1): 61–71PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Slauterbeck JL, Fuzie SF, Smith MP, et al. The menstrual cycle, sex hormones, and anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Athl Train 2002; 37 (3): 275–8PubMed Slauterbeck JL, Fuzie SF, Smith MP, et al. The menstrual cycle, sex hormones, and anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Athl Train 2002; 37 (3): 275–8PubMed
29.
go back to reference Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Boynton MD, et al. The effect of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injuriesin women as determined by hormone levels. Am J Sports Med 2002 Mar-Apr; 30 (2): 182–8PubMed Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Boynton MD, et al. The effect of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injuriesin women as determined by hormone levels. Am J Sports Med 2002 Mar-Apr; 30 (2): 182–8PubMed
30.
go back to reference Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Lindenfeld TN, et al. Association between the menstrual cycle and anterior cruciate ligamentinjuries in female athletes. Am J Sports Med 1998 Sep-Oct; 26 (5): 614–9PubMed Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Lindenfeld TN, et al. Association between the menstrual cycle and anterior cruciate ligamentinjuries in female athletes. Am J Sports Med 1998 Sep-Oct; 26 (5): 614–9PubMed
31.
go back to reference Boden BP, Dean GS, Feagin JA, et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Orthopedics 2000; 23 (6): 573–8PubMed Boden BP, Dean GS, Feagin JA, et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Orthopedics 2000; 23 (6): 573–8PubMed
32.
go back to reference Ford KR, Myer GD, Hewett TE. Valgus knee motion during landing in high school female and male basketballplayers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003 Oct; 35 (10): 1745–50PubMedCrossRef Ford KR, Myer GD, Hewett TE. Valgus knee motion during landing in high school female and male basketballplayers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003 Oct; 35 (10): 1745–50PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Hewett TE, Lindenfeld TN, Riccobene JV, et al. The effect of neuromuscular training on the incidence of knee injuryin female athletes: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med 1999 Nov-Dec; 27 (6): 699–706PubMed Hewett TE, Lindenfeld TN, Riccobene JV, et al. The effect of neuromuscular training on the incidence of knee injuryin female athletes: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med 1999 Nov-Dec; 27 (6): 699–706PubMed
34.
go back to reference Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading ofthe knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk infemale athletes: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med 2005 Feb; 33 (4): 492–501PubMedCrossRef Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading ofthe knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk infemale athletes: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med 2005 Feb; 33 (4): 492–501PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Griffin LY, Albohm MJ, Arendt EA, et al. Understanding and preventing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries:a review of the Hunt Valley II meeting, Jan 2005. Am J Sports Med 2006 Sep; 34 (9): 1512–32PubMedCrossRef Griffin LY, Albohm MJ, Arendt EA, et al. Understanding and preventing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries:a review of the Hunt Valley II meeting, Jan 2005. Am J Sports Med 2006 Sep; 34 (9): 1512–32PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Gilchrist JR, Mandelbaum BR, Melancon H, et al. A randomized controlled trial to prevent non-contact ACL injuryin female collegiate soccer players. Am J Sports Med 2008; 36 (8): 1476–83PubMedCrossRef Gilchrist JR, Mandelbaum BR, Melancon H, et al. A randomized controlled trial to prevent non-contact ACL injuryin female collegiate soccer players. Am J Sports Med 2008; 36 (8): 1476–83PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Hewett TE, Ford KR, Myer GD. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: part 2 — ameta-analysis ofneuromuscular interventions aimed at injury prevention. Am J Sports Med 2006 Dec 28; 34 (3): 490–8PubMedCrossRef Hewett TE, Ford KR, Myer GD. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: part 2 — ameta-analysis ofneuromuscular interventions aimed at injury prevention. Am J Sports Med 2006 Dec 28; 34 (3): 490–8PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe D, et al. Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive trainingprogram in preventing the incidence of ACL injuries infemale athletes: two-year follow up. Am J Sport Med 2005; 33 (6): 1003–10CrossRef Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe D, et al. Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive trainingprogram in preventing the incidence of ACL injuries infemale athletes: two-year follow up. Am J Sport Med 2005; 33 (6): 1003–10CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Zazulak B, Cholewicki J, Reeves NP. Neuromuscular control of trunk stability: clinical implications for sportsinjury prevention. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2008 Sep; 16 (9): 497–505PubMed Zazulak B, Cholewicki J, Reeves NP. Neuromuscular control of trunk stability: clinical implications for sportsinjury prevention. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2008 Sep; 16 (9): 497–505PubMed
40.
go back to reference Putnam CA. Sequential motions of body segments in striking and throwing skills: descriptions and explanations. J Biomech 1993; 26 Suppl.1: 125–35CrossRef Putnam CA. Sequential motions of body segments in striking and throwing skills: descriptions and explanations. J Biomech 1993; 26 Suppl.1: 125–35CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Zazulak BT, Hewett TE, Reeves NP, et al. The effects of core proprioception on knee injury: a prospective biomechanical-epidemiological study. AmJ Sports Med 2007 Mar; 35 (3): 368–73CrossRef Zazulak BT, Hewett TE, Reeves NP, et al. The effects of core proprioception on knee injury: a prospective biomechanical-epidemiological study. AmJ Sports Med 2007 Mar; 35 (3): 368–73CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Granata KP, Slota GP, Bennett BC. Paraspinal muscle reflex dynamics. J Biomech 2004 Feb; 37 (2): 241–7PubMedCrossRef Granata KP, Slota GP, Bennett BC. Paraspinal muscle reflex dynamics. J Biomech 2004 Feb; 37 (2): 241–7PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Moorhouse KM, Granata KP. Role of reflex dynamics in spinal stability: intrinsic muscle stiffness alone is insufficientfor stability. J Biomech 2007; 40 (5): 1058–65PubMedCrossRef Moorhouse KM, Granata KP. Role of reflex dynamics in spinal stability: intrinsic muscle stiffness alone is insufficientfor stability. J Biomech 2007; 40 (5): 1058–65PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Reeves NP, Narendra KS, Cholewicki J. Spine stability: the six blind men and the elephant. Clin Biomech (Bristol,Avon) 2007 Mar; 22 (3): 266–74CrossRef Reeves NP, Narendra KS, Cholewicki J. Spine stability: the six blind men and the elephant. Clin Biomech (Bristol,Avon) 2007 Mar; 22 (3): 266–74CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Kibler WB, Press J, Sciascia A. The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Med 2006; 36 (3): 189–98PubMedCrossRef Kibler WB, Press J, Sciascia A. The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Med 2006; 36 (3): 189–98PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Amaro A, Amado F, Duarte JA, et al. Gluteus medius muscle atrophy is related to contralateral and ipsilateralhip joint osteoarthritis. Int J Sports Med 2007 Dec; 28 (12): 1035–9PubMedCrossRef Amaro A, Amado F, Duarte JA, et al. Gluteus medius muscle atrophy is related to contralateral and ipsilateralhip joint osteoarthritis. Int J Sports Med 2007 Dec; 28 (12): 1035–9PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Fredericson M, Cookingham CL, Chaudhari AM, et al. Hip abductor weakness in distance runners with iliotibialband syndrome. Clin J Sport Med 2000 Jul; 10 (3): 169–75PubMedCrossRef Fredericson M, Cookingham CL, Chaudhari AM, et al. Hip abductor weakness in distance runners with iliotibialband syndrome. Clin J Sport Med 2000 Jul; 10 (3): 169–75PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Leetun DT, Ireland ML, Willson JD, et al. Core stability measures as risk factors for lower extremity injury inathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004 Jun; 36 (6): 926–34PubMedCrossRef Leetun DT, Ireland ML, Willson JD, et al. Core stability measures as risk factors for lower extremity injury inathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004 Jun; 36 (6): 926–34PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Maffey L, Emery C. What are the risk factors for groin strain injury in sport? A systematic review of the literature. Sports Med 2007; 37 (10): 881–94PubMedCrossRef Maffey L, Emery C. What are the risk factors for groin strain injury in sport? A systematic review of the literature. Sports Med 2007; 37 (10): 881–94PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Nadler SF, Malanga GA, DePrince M, et al. The relationship between lower extremity injury, low back pain, andhip muscle strength in male and female collegiate athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2000 Apr; 10 (2): 89–97PubMedCrossRef Nadler SF, Malanga GA, DePrince M, et al. The relationship between lower extremity injury, low back pain, andhip muscle strength in male and female collegiate athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2000 Apr; 10 (2): 89–97PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Noehren B, Davis I, Hamill J. ASB clinical biomechanics award winner 2006 prospective study of the biomechanicalfactors associated with iliotibial band syndrome. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2007 Nov; 22 (9): 951–6CrossRef Noehren B, Davis I, Hamill J. ASB clinical biomechanics award winner 2006 prospective study of the biomechanicalfactors associated with iliotibial band syndrome. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2007 Nov; 22 (9): 951–6CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Robinson RL, Nee RJ. Analysis of hip strength in females seeking physical therapy treatment for unilateral patellofemoralpain syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007 May; 37 (5): 232–8PubMed Robinson RL, Nee RJ. Analysis of hip strength in females seeking physical therapy treatment for unilateral patellofemoralpain syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007 May; 37 (5): 232–8PubMed
54.
go back to reference Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Dynamic neuromuscular analysis training for preventing anterior cruciateligament injury in female athletes. Instr Course Lect 2007; 56: 397–406PubMed Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Dynamic neuromuscular analysis training for preventing anterior cruciateligament injury in female athletes. Instr Course Lect 2007; 56: 397–406PubMed
55.
go back to reference Mascal CL, Landel R, Powers C. Management of patellofemoral pain targeting hip, pelvis, and trunk musclefunction: 2 case reports. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003 Nov; 33 (11): 647–60PubMed Mascal CL, Landel R, Powers C. Management of patellofemoral pain targeting hip, pelvis, and trunk musclefunction: 2 case reports. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003 Nov; 33 (11): 647–60PubMed
56.
go back to reference Myer GD, Brent JL, Ford KR, et al. A pilot study to determine the effect of trunk and hip focused neuromusculartraining on hip and knee isokinetic strength. Br J Sports Med 2008; 42 (7): 614–9PubMedCrossRef Myer GD, Brent JL, Ford KR, et al. A pilot study to determine the effect of trunk and hip focused neuromusculartraining on hip and knee isokinetic strength. Br J Sports Med 2008; 42 (7): 614–9PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Sherry MA, Best TM. A comparison of 2 rehabilitation programs in the treatment of acute hamstring strains. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004 Mar; 34 (3): 116–25PubMed Sherry MA, Best TM. A comparison of 2 rehabilitation programs in the treatment of acute hamstring strains. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004 Mar; 34 (3): 116–25PubMed
58.
go back to reference Tyler TF, Nicholas SJ, Mullaney MJ, et al. The role of hip muscle function in the treatment of patellofemoral painsyndrome. Am J Sports Med 2006 Apr; 34 (4): 630–6PubMedCrossRef Tyler TF, Nicholas SJ, Mullaney MJ, et al. The role of hip muscle function in the treatment of patellofemoral painsyndrome. Am J Sports Med 2006 Apr; 34 (4): 630–6PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Verrall GM, Slavotinek JP, Fon GT, et al. Outcome of conservative management of athletic chronic groin injurydiagnosed as pubic bone stress injury. Am J Sports Med 2007 Mar; 35 (3): 467–74PubMedCrossRef Verrall GM, Slavotinek JP, Fon GT, et al. Outcome of conservative management of athletic chronic groin injurydiagnosed as pubic bone stress injury. Am J Sports Med 2007 Mar; 35 (3): 467–74PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Brown SH, Vera-Garcia FJ, McGill SM. Effects of abdominal muscle coactivation on the externally preloadedtrunk: variations in motor control and its effect onspine stability. Spine 2006 Jun 1; 31 (13): E387–93PubMedCrossRef Brown SH, Vera-Garcia FJ, McGill SM. Effects of abdominal muscle coactivation on the externally preloadedtrunk: variations in motor control and its effect onspine stability. Spine 2006 Jun 1; 31 (13): E387–93PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Ireland ML. Anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: epidemiology. J Athl Train 1999 Apr; 34 (2): 150–4PubMed Ireland ML. Anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: epidemiology. J Athl Train 1999 Apr; 34 (2): 150–4PubMed
62.
go back to reference de Leva P. Joint center longitudinal positions computed from a selected subset of Chandler’s data. J Biomech 1996 Sep; 29 (9): 1231–3PubMedCrossRef de Leva P. Joint center longitudinal positions computed from a selected subset of Chandler’s data. J Biomech 1996 Sep; 29 (9): 1231–3PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Tanner JM, Davies PS. Clinical longitudinal standards for height and height velocity for North American children. J Pediatr 1985; 107 (3): 317–29PubMedCrossRef Tanner JM, Davies PS. Clinical longitudinal standards for height and height velocity for North American children. J Pediatr 1985; 107 (3): 317–29PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference DeVita P, Skelly WA. Effect of landing stiffness on joint kinetics and energetics in the lower extremity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24 (1): 108–15 DeVita P, Skelly WA. Effect of landing stiffness on joint kinetics and energetics in the lower extremity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24 (1): 108–15
65.
go back to reference Blackburn JT, Padua DA. Influence of trunk flexion on hip and knee joint kinematics during a controlled drop landing. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2008 Mar; 23 (3): 313–9CrossRef Blackburn JT, Padua DA. Influence of trunk flexion on hip and knee joint kinematics during a controlled drop landing. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2008 Mar; 23 (3): 313–9CrossRef
66.
go back to reference Blackburn JT, Padua DA. Sagittal-plane trunk position, landing forces, and quadriceps electromyographic activity. J Athl Train 2009 Mar-Apr; 44 (2): 174–9PubMedCrossRef Blackburn JT, Padua DA. Sagittal-plane trunk position, landing forces, and quadriceps electromyographic activity. J Athl Train 2009 Mar-Apr; 44 (2): 174–9PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Ohkoshi Y, Yasuda K, Kaneda K, et al. Biomechanical analysis of rehabilitation in the standing position. Am JSports Med 1991 Nov-Dec; 19 (6): 605–11CrossRef Ohkoshi Y, Yasuda K, Kaneda K, et al. Biomechanical analysis of rehabilitation in the standing position. Am JSports Med 1991 Nov-Dec; 19 (6): 605–11CrossRef
68.
go back to reference Withrow TJ, Huston LJ, Wojtys EM, et al. Effect of varying hamstring tension on anterior cruciate ligament strainduring in vitro impulsive knee flexion and compressionloading. J Bone Joint Surg 2008 Apr; 90 (4): 815–23PubMedCrossRef Withrow TJ, Huston LJ, Wojtys EM, et al. Effect of varying hamstring tension on anterior cruciate ligament strainduring in vitro impulsive knee flexion and compressionloading. J Bone Joint Surg 2008 Apr; 90 (4): 815–23PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Cramer JT, Housh TJ, Weir JP, et al. The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output,electromyography, and mechanomyography. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005 Mar; 93 (5-6): 530–9PubMedCrossRef Cramer JT, Housh TJ, Weir JP, et al. The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output,electromyography, and mechanomyography. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005 Mar; 93 (5-6): 530–9PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Nelson AG, Allen JD, Cornwell A, et al. Inhibition of maximal voluntary isometric torque production by acutestretching is joint-angle specific. Res Q Exerc Sport 2001 Mar; 72 (1): 68–70PubMed Nelson AG, Allen JD, Cornwell A, et al. Inhibition of maximal voluntary isometric torque production by acutestretching is joint-angle specific. Res Q Exerc Sport 2001 Mar; 72 (1): 68–70PubMed
71.
go back to reference Behm DG, Bambury A, Cahill F, et al. Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time, and movementtime. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004 Aug; 36 (8): 1397–402PubMedCrossRef Behm DG, Bambury A, Cahill F, et al. Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time, and movementtime. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004 Aug; 36 (8): 1397–402PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Cramer JT, Beck TW, Housh TJ, et al. Acute effects of static stretching on characteristics of the isokinetic angletorquerelationship, surface electromyography, and mechanomyography. J Sports Sci 2007 Apr; 25 (6): 687–98PubMedCrossRef Cramer JT, Beck TW, Housh TJ, et al. Acute effects of static stretching on characteristics of the isokinetic angletorquerelationship, surface electromyography, and mechanomyography. J Sports Sci 2007 Apr; 25 (6): 687–98PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Evetovich TK, Nauman NJ, Conley DS, et al. Effect of static stretching of the biceps brachii on torque, electromyography,and mechanomyography during concentricisokinetic muscle actions. J Strength Cond Res 2003 Aug; 17 (3): 484–8PubMed Evetovich TK, Nauman NJ, Conley DS, et al. Effect of static stretching of the biceps brachii on torque, electromyography,and mechanomyography during concentricisokinetic muscle actions. J Strength Cond Res 2003 Aug; 17 (3): 484–8PubMed
74.
go back to reference Ford KR. A comparison of knee joint kinematics and related muscle onset patterns observed during a 180° cuttingmaneuver executed by male and female soccer players. Lexington (KY): University of Kentucky, 1997 Ford KR. A comparison of knee joint kinematics and related muscle onset patterns observed during a 180° cuttingmaneuver executed by male and female soccer players. Lexington (KY): University of Kentucky, 1997
75.
go back to reference Riemann BL, Lephart SM. The sensorimotor system, part II: the role of proprioception in motor control and functionaljoint stability. J Athl Train 2002 Jan; 37 (1): 80–4PubMed Riemann BL, Lephart SM. The sensorimotor system, part II: the role of proprioception in motor control and functionaljoint stability. J Athl Train 2002 Jan; 37 (1): 80–4PubMed
76.
go back to reference Williams GN, Chmielewski T, Rudolph K, et al. Dynamic knee stability: current theory and implications for cliniciansand scientists. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2001 Oct; 31 (10): 546–66PubMed Williams GN, Chmielewski T, Rudolph K, et al. Dynamic knee stability: current theory and implications for cliniciansand scientists. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2001 Oct; 31 (10): 546–66PubMed
77.
go back to reference Alentorn-Geli E, Myer GD, Silvers HJ, et al. Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccerplayers, part 2: a review of prevention programs aimed tomodify risk factors and to reduce injury rates. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2009 Aug; 17 (8): 859–79PubMedCrossRef Alentorn-Geli E, Myer GD, Silvers HJ, et al. Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccerplayers, part 2: a review of prevention programs aimed tomodify risk factors and to reduce injury rates. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2009 Aug; 17 (8): 859–79PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Myer GD, Ford KR, Paterno MV, et al. The effects of generalized joint laxity on risk of ACL injury in youngfemale athletes. AmJ Sports Med 2008 Jun; 36 (6): 1073–80CrossRef Myer GD, Ford KR, Paterno MV, et al. The effects of generalized joint laxity on risk of ACL injury in youngfemale athletes. AmJ Sports Med 2008 Jun; 36 (6): 1073–80CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Ramesh R, Von Arx O, Azzopardi T, et al. The risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture with generalised jointlaxity. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005 Jun; 87 (6): 800–3PubMedCrossRef Ramesh R, Von Arx O, Azzopardi T, et al. The risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture with generalised jointlaxity. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005 Jun; 87 (6): 800–3PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Uhorchak JM, Scoville CR, Williams GN, et al. Risk factors associated with noncontact injury of the anteriorcruciate ligament: a prospective four-year evaluation of859 West Point cadets. Am J Sports Med 2003 Nov-Dec; 31 (6): 831–42PubMed Uhorchak JM, Scoville CR, Williams GN, et al. Risk factors associated with noncontact injury of the anteriorcruciate ligament: a prospective four-year evaluation of859 West Point cadets. Am J Sports Med 2003 Nov-Dec; 31 (6): 831–42PubMed
81.
go back to reference Cerulli G, Benoit DL, Lamontagne M, et al. In vivo anterior cruciate ligament strain behaviour during a rapiddeceleration movement: case report. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2003 Sep; 11 (5): 307–11PubMedCrossRef Cerulli G, Benoit DL, Lamontagne M, et al. In vivo anterior cruciate ligament strain behaviour during a rapiddeceleration movement: case report. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2003 Sep; 11 (5): 307–11PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference DeMorat G, Weinhold P, Blackburn T, et al. Aggressive quadriceps loading can induce noncontact anteriorcruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med 2004 Mar; 32 (2): 477–83CrossRef DeMorat G, Weinhold P, Blackburn T, et al. Aggressive quadriceps loading can induce noncontact anteriorcruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med 2004 Mar; 32 (2): 477–83CrossRef
83.
go back to reference Durselen L, Claes L, Kiefer H. The influence of muscle forces and external loads on cruciate ligament strain. AmJ Sports Med 1995 Jan-Feb; 23 (1): 129–36CrossRef Durselen L, Claes L, Kiefer H. The influence of muscle forces and external loads on cruciate ligament strain. AmJ Sports Med 1995 Jan-Feb; 23 (1): 129–36CrossRef
84.
go back to reference Fleming BC, Beynnon BD. In vivo measurement of ligament/ tendon strains and forces: a review. Ann Biomed Eng 2004 Mar; 32 (3): 318–28PubMedCrossRef Fleming BC, Beynnon BD. In vivo measurement of ligament/ tendon strains and forces: a review. Ann Biomed Eng 2004 Mar; 32 (3): 318–28PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Markolf KL, Burchfield DM, Shapiro MM, et al. Combined knee loading states that generate high anteriorcruciate ligament forces. J Orthop Res 1995 Nov; 13 (6): 930–5PubMedCrossRef Markolf KL, Burchfield DM, Shapiro MM, et al. Combined knee loading states that generate high anteriorcruciate ligament forces. J Orthop Res 1995 Nov; 13 (6): 930–5PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Renstrom P, Arms SW, Stanwyck TS, et al. Strain within the anterior cruciate ligament during hamstring andquadriceps activity. Am J Sports Med 1986 Jan-Feb; 14 (1): 83–7PubMedCrossRef Renstrom P, Arms SW, Stanwyck TS, et al. Strain within the anterior cruciate ligament during hamstring andquadriceps activity. Am J Sports Med 1986 Jan-Feb; 14 (1): 83–7PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Shelburne KB, Pandy MG, Torry MR. Comparison of shear forces and ligament loading in the healthy andACL-deficient knee during gait. J Biomech 2004 Mar; 37 (3): 313–9PubMedCrossRef Shelburne KB, Pandy MG, Torry MR. Comparison of shear forces and ligament loading in the healthy andACL-deficient knee during gait. J Biomech 2004 Mar; 37 (3): 313–9PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Kulas A, Zalewski P, Hortobagyi T, et al. Effects of added trunk load and corresponding trunk position adaptationson lower extremity biomechanics during drop-landings. J Biomech 2008; 41 (1): 180–5PubMedCrossRef Kulas A, Zalewski P, Hortobagyi T, et al. Effects of added trunk load and corresponding trunk position adaptationson lower extremity biomechanics during drop-landings. J Biomech 2008; 41 (1): 180–5PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Farrokhi S, Pollard CD, Souza RB, et al. Trunk position influences the kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity ofthe lead lower extremity during the forward lunge exercise. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2008 Jul; 38 (7): 403–9PubMed Farrokhi S, Pollard CD, Souza RB, et al. Trunk position influences the kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity ofthe lead lower extremity during the forward lunge exercise. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2008 Jul; 38 (7): 403–9PubMed
90.
go back to reference Decker MJ, Torry MR, Wyland DJ, et al. Gender differences in lower extremity kinematics, kinetics and energyabsorption during landing. Clin Biomech 2003 Aug; 18 (7): 662–9CrossRef Decker MJ, Torry MR, Wyland DJ, et al. Gender differences in lower extremity kinematics, kinetics and energyabsorption during landing. Clin Biomech 2003 Aug; 18 (7): 662–9CrossRef
91.
go back to reference Delp SL, Hess WE, Hungerford DS, et al. Variation of rotation moment arms with hip flexion. J Biomech 1999 May; 32 (5): 493–501PubMedCrossRef Delp SL, Hess WE, Hungerford DS, et al. Variation of rotation moment arms with hip flexion. J Biomech 1999 May; 32 (5): 493–501PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Huston LJ, Vibert B, Ashton-Miller JA, et al. Gender differences in knee angle when landing from a drop-jump. Am J Knee Surg 2001 Fall; 14 (4): 215–9PubMed Huston LJ, Vibert B, Ashton-Miller JA, et al. Gender differences in knee angle when landing from a drop-jump. Am J Knee Surg 2001 Fall; 14 (4): 215–9PubMed
93.
go back to reference Krosshaug T, Nakamae A, Boden BP, et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball: videoanalysis of 39 cases. Am J Sports Med 2007 Mar; 35 (3): 359–67PubMedCrossRef Krosshaug T, Nakamae A, Boden BP, et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball: videoanalysis of 39 cases. Am J Sports Med 2007 Mar; 35 (3): 359–67PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Kulas AS, Schmitz RJ, Shultz SJ, et al. Sex-specific abdominal activation strategies during landing. J Athl Train 2006 Oct-Dec; 41 (4): 381–6PubMed Kulas AS, Schmitz RJ, Shultz SJ, et al. Sex-specific abdominal activation strategies during landing. J Athl Train 2006 Oct-Dec; 41 (4): 381–6PubMed
95.
go back to reference Hall L, Tsao H, MacDonald D, et al. Immediate effects of co-contraction training on motor control of the trunkmuscles in people with recurrent low back pain. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009 Oct; 19 (5): 763–73PubMedCrossRef Hall L, Tsao H, MacDonald D, et al. Immediate effects of co-contraction training on motor control of the trunkmuscles in people with recurrent low back pain. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009 Oct; 19 (5): 763–73PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Hodges PW. Changes in motor planning of feedforward postural responses of the trunk muscles in low back pain. Exp Brain Res 2001 Nov; 141 (2): 261–6PubMedCrossRef Hodges PW. Changes in motor planning of feedforward postural responses of the trunk muscles in low back pain. Exp Brain Res 2001 Nov; 141 (2): 261–6PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Kavcic N, Grenier S, McGill SM. Determining the stabilizing role of individual torso muscles during rehabilitationexercises. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004 Jun 1; 29 (11): 1254–65CrossRef Kavcic N, Grenier S, McGill SM. Determining the stabilizing role of individual torso muscles during rehabilitationexercises. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004 Jun 1; 29 (11): 1254–65CrossRef
98.
go back to reference McGill SM. Low back stability: from formal description to issues for performance and rehabilitation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2001; 29 (1): 26–31PubMedCrossRef McGill SM. Low back stability: from formal description to issues for performance and rehabilitation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2001; 29 (1): 26–31PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Cholewicki J, Greene HS, Polzhofer GK, et al. Neuromuscular function in athletes following recovery from arecent acute low back injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2002 Nov; 32 (11): 568–75PubMed Cholewicki J, Greene HS, Polzhofer GK, et al. Neuromuscular function in athletes following recovery from arecent acute low back injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2002 Nov; 32 (11): 568–75PubMed
100.
go back to reference Cholewicki J, McGill SM. Mechanical stability of the in vivo lumbar spine: implications for injury and chroniclow back pain. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 1996 Jan; 11 (1): 1–15CrossRef Cholewicki J, McGill SM. Mechanical stability of the in vivo lumbar spine: implications for injury and chroniclow back pain. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 1996 Jan; 11 (1): 1–15CrossRef
101.
go back to reference Lieberman DE, Raichlen DA, Pontzer H, et al. The human gluteus maximus and its role in running. J Exp Biol 2006 Jun; 209 (Pt11): 2143–55PubMedCrossRef Lieberman DE, Raichlen DA, Pontzer H, et al. The human gluteus maximus and its role in running. J Exp Biol 2006 Jun; 209 (Pt11): 2143–55PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Vera-Garcia FJ, Brown SH, Gray JR, et al. Effects of different levels of torso coactivation on trunk muscular andkinematic responses to posteriorly applied sudden loads. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2006 Jun; 21 (5): 443–55CrossRef Vera-Garcia FJ, Brown SH, Gray JR, et al. Effects of different levels of torso coactivation on trunk muscular andkinematic responses to posteriorly applied sudden loads. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2006 Jun; 21 (5): 443–55CrossRef
103.
go back to reference Zhang SN, Bates BT, Dufek JS. Contributions of lower extremity joints to energy dissipation during landings. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 32 (4): 812–9 Zhang SN, Bates BT, Dufek JS. Contributions of lower extremity joints to energy dissipation during landings. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 32 (4): 812–9
104.
go back to reference Oddsson L, Thorstensson A. Fast voluntary trunk flexion movements in standing: primary movements and associatedpostural adjustments. Acta Physiol Scand 1986 Nov; 128 (3): 341–9PubMedCrossRef Oddsson L, Thorstensson A. Fast voluntary trunk flexion movements in standing: primary movements and associatedpostural adjustments. Acta Physiol Scand 1986 Nov; 128 (3): 341–9PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Grasso R, Zago M, Lacquaniti F. Interactions between posture and locomotion: motor patterns in humanswalking with bent posture versus erect posture. J Neurophysiol 2000 Jan; 83 (1): 288–300PubMed Grasso R, Zago M, Lacquaniti F. Interactions between posture and locomotion: motor patterns in humanswalking with bent posture versus erect posture. J Neurophysiol 2000 Jan; 83 (1): 288–300PubMed
106.
go back to reference Huston LJ, Wojtys EM. Neuromuscular performance characteristics in elite female athletes. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24 (4): 427–36PubMedCrossRef Huston LJ, Wojtys EM. Neuromuscular performance characteristics in elite female athletes. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24 (4): 427–36PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Paul JA, Salle H, Frings-Dresen MH. Effect of posture on hip joint moment during pregnancy, while performing astanding task. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 1996 Mar; 11 (2): 111–5CrossRef Paul JA, Salle H, Frings-Dresen MH. Effect of posture on hip joint moment during pregnancy, while performing astanding task. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 1996 Mar; 11 (2): 111–5CrossRef
108.
go back to reference Zazulak BT, Ponce PL, Straub SJ, et al. Gender comparison of hip muscle activity during single-leg landing. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2005 May; 35 (5): 292–9PubMed Zazulak BT, Ponce PL, Straub SJ, et al. Gender comparison of hip muscle activity during single-leg landing. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2005 May; 35 (5): 292–9PubMed
109.
go back to reference Russell KA, Palmieri RM, Zinder SM, et al. Sex differences in valgus knee angle during a single-leg drop jump. J Athl Train 2006 Apr-Jun; 41 (2): 166–71PubMed Russell KA, Palmieri RM, Zinder SM, et al. Sex differences in valgus knee angle during a single-leg drop jump. J Athl Train 2006 Apr-Jun; 41 (2): 166–71PubMed
110.
go back to reference Cahalan TD, Johnson ME, Liu SH, et al. Quantitative measurements of hip strength in different age groups. Clin Orthop 1989; 246: 136–45PubMed Cahalan TD, Johnson ME, Liu SH, et al. Quantitative measurements of hip strength in different age groups. Clin Orthop 1989; 246: 136–45PubMed
111.
go back to reference Claiborne TL, Armstrong CW, Gandhi V, et al. Relationship between hip and knee strength and knee valgusduring a single leg squat. J Appl Biomech 2006 Feb; 22 (1): 41–50PubMed Claiborne TL, Armstrong CW, Gandhi V, et al. Relationship between hip and knee strength and knee valgusduring a single leg squat. J Appl Biomech 2006 Feb; 22 (1): 41–50PubMed
112.
go back to reference Kernozek TW, Torry MR, Van Hoof H, et al. Gender differences in frontal and sagittal plane biomechanicsduring drop landings. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005 Jun; 37 (6): 1003–12PubMed Kernozek TW, Torry MR, Van Hoof H, et al. Gender differences in frontal and sagittal plane biomechanicsduring drop landings. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005 Jun; 37 (6): 1003–12PubMed
113.
go back to reference Schmitz RJ, Riemann BL, Thompson T. Gluteus medius activity during isometric closed-chain hip rotation. J Sport Rehab 2002; 11: 179–88 Schmitz RJ, Riemann BL, Thompson T. Gluteus medius activity during isometric closed-chain hip rotation. J Sport Rehab 2002; 11: 179–88
114.
go back to reference Wilson JD, Ireland ML, Davis IM. Core strength and lower extremity alignment during single leg squats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006 May; 38 (5): 945–52CrossRef Wilson JD, Ireland ML, Davis IM. Core strength and lower extremity alignment during single leg squats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006 May; 38 (5): 945–52CrossRef
115.
go back to reference Shelburne KB, Pandy MG, Anderson FC, et al. Pattern of anterior cruciate ligament force in normal walking. J Biomech 2004 Jun; 37 (6): 797–805PubMedCrossRef Shelburne KB, Pandy MG, Anderson FC, et al. Pattern of anterior cruciate ligament force in normal walking. J Biomech 2004 Jun; 37 (6): 797–805PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Salci Y, Kentel BB, Heycan C, et al. Comparison of landing maneuvers between male and female college volleyballplayers. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2004 Jul; 19 (6): 622–8CrossRef Salci Y, Kentel BB, Heycan C, et al. Comparison of landing maneuvers between male and female college volleyballplayers. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2004 Jul; 19 (6): 622–8CrossRef
117.
go back to reference Schmitz RJ, Kulas AS, Perrin DH, et al. Sex differences in lower extremity biomechanics during single leg landings. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2007 Jul; 22 (6): 681–8CrossRef Schmitz RJ, Kulas AS, Perrin DH, et al. Sex differences in lower extremity biomechanics during single leg landings. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2007 Jul; 22 (6): 681–8CrossRef
118.
go back to reference Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes, part 1: mechanisms andrisk factors. Am J Sports Med 2006 Feb; 34 (2): 299–311PubMedCrossRef Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes, part 1: mechanisms andrisk factors. Am J Sports Med 2006 Feb; 34 (2): 299–311PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Olsen OE, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, et al. Injury mechanisms for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in teamhandball: a systematic video analysis. Am J Sports Med 2004 Jun; 32 (4): 1002–12PubMedCrossRef Olsen OE, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, et al. Injury mechanisms for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in teamhandball: a systematic video analysis. Am J Sports Med 2004 Jun; 32 (4): 1002–12PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference McLean SG, Lipfert SW, van den Bogert AJ. Effect of gender and defensive opponent on the biomechanics ofsidestep cutting. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004 Jun; 36 (6): 1008–16PubMedCrossRef McLean SG, Lipfert SW, van den Bogert AJ. Effect of gender and defensive opponent on the biomechanics ofsidestep cutting. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004 Jun; 36 (6): 1008–16PubMedCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Landry SC, McKean KA, Hubley-Kozey CL, et al. Neuromuscular and lower limb biomechanical differencesexist between male and female elite adolescent soccerplayers during an unanticipated side-cut maneuver. Am JSports Med 2007 Nov; 35 (11): 1888–900CrossRef Landry SC, McKean KA, Hubley-Kozey CL, et al. Neuromuscular and lower limb biomechanical differencesexist between male and female elite adolescent soccerplayers during an unanticipated side-cut maneuver. Am JSports Med 2007 Nov; 35 (11): 1888–900CrossRef
122.
go back to reference Yu B, Lin CF, Garrett WE. Lower extremity biomechanics during the landing of a stop-jump task. Clin Biomech(Bristol, Avon) 2006 Mar; 21 (3): 297–305CrossRef Yu B, Lin CF, Garrett WE. Lower extremity biomechanics during the landing of a stop-jump task. Clin Biomech(Bristol, Avon) 2006 Mar; 21 (3): 297–305CrossRef
123.
go back to reference Chappell JD, Creighton RA, Giuliani C, et al. Kinematics and electromyography of landing preparation in verticalstop-jump: risks for noncontact anterior cruciate ligamentinjury. Am J Sports Med 2007 Feb; 35 (2): 235–41PubMedCrossRef Chappell JD, Creighton RA, Giuliani C, et al. Kinematics and electromyography of landing preparation in verticalstop-jump: risks for noncontact anterior cruciate ligamentinjury. Am J Sports Med 2007 Feb; 35 (2): 235–41PubMedCrossRef
124.
go back to reference Dempsey AR, Lloyd DG, Elliot BC, et al. The effect of technique change on knee loads during sidestep cutting. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39 (10): 1811–6CrossRef Dempsey AR, Lloyd DG, Elliot BC, et al. The effect of technique change on knee loads during sidestep cutting. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39 (10): 1811–6CrossRef
125.
go back to reference Hewett TE, Torg J, Boden BP. Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligamentinjury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abductionmotion are combined components of the injurymechanism. Br J Sports Med 2009; 43 (6): 417–22PubMedCrossRef Hewett TE, Torg J, Boden BP. Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligamentinjury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abductionmotion are combined components of the injurymechanism. Br J Sports Med 2009; 43 (6): 417–22PubMedCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Dempsey AR, Lloyd DG, Elliott BC, et al. Changing sidestep cutting technique reduces knee valgus loading. Am J Sports Med 2009 Nov; 37 (11): 2194–200PubMedCrossRef Dempsey AR, Lloyd DG, Elliott BC, et al. Changing sidestep cutting technique reduces knee valgus loading. Am J Sports Med 2009 Nov; 37 (11): 2194–200PubMedCrossRef
127.
go back to reference Pollard CD, Sigward SM, Powers CM. Gender differences in hip joint kinematics and kinetics during side-step cuttingmaneuver. Clin J Sport Med 2007 Jan; 17 (1): 38–42PubMedCrossRef Pollard CD, Sigward SM, Powers CM. Gender differences in hip joint kinematics and kinetics during side-step cuttingmaneuver. Clin J Sport Med 2007 Jan; 17 (1): 38–42PubMedCrossRef
128.
go back to reference Zazulak BT, Hewett TE, Reeves NP, et al. Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injuryrisk: a prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study. Am J Sports Med 2007 Jul; 35 (7): 1123–30PubMedCrossRef Zazulak BT, Hewett TE, Reeves NP, et al. Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injuryrisk: a prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study. Am J Sports Med 2007 Jul; 35 (7): 1123–30PubMedCrossRef
129.
go back to reference McGill S, Grenier S, Bluhm M, et al. Previous history of LBP with work loss is related to lingering deficits in biomechanical,physiological, personal, psychosocial andmotor control characteristics. Ergonomics 2003 Jun 10; 46 (7): 731–46PubMedCrossRef McGill S, Grenier S, Bluhm M, et al. Previous history of LBP with work loss is related to lingering deficits in biomechanical,physiological, personal, psychosocial andmotor control characteristics. Ergonomics 2003 Jun 10; 46 (7): 731–46PubMedCrossRef
130.
go back to reference Nadler SF, Malanga GA, De Prince M, et al. The relationship between lower extremity injury, low back pain,and hip muscle strength in male and female collegiateathletes. J Sports Med 1999; 10: 89–97 Nadler SF, Malanga GA, De Prince M, et al. The relationship between lower extremity injury, low back pain,and hip muscle strength in male and female collegiateathletes. J Sports Med 1999; 10: 89–97
131.
go back to reference Takemasa R, Yamamoto H, Tani T. Trunk muscle strength in and effect of trunk muscle exercises for patients with chronic low back pain: the differences inpatients with and without organic lumbar lesions. Spine(Phila Pa 1976) 1995 Dec 1; 20 (23): 2522–30CrossRef Takemasa R, Yamamoto H, Tani T. Trunk muscle strength in and effect of trunk muscle exercises for patients with chronic low back pain: the differences inpatients with and without organic lumbar lesions. Spine(Phila Pa 1976) 1995 Dec 1; 20 (23): 2522–30CrossRef
132.
go back to reference Biedermann HJ, Shanks GL, Forrest WJ, et al. Power spectrum analyses of electromyographic activity: discriminatorsin the differential assessment of patients withchronic low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1991 Oct; 16 (10): 1179–84CrossRef Biedermann HJ, Shanks GL, Forrest WJ, et al. Power spectrum analyses of electromyographic activity: discriminatorsin the differential assessment of patients withchronic low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1991 Oct; 16 (10): 1179–84CrossRef
133.
go back to reference Hodges PW. The role of the motor system in spinal pain: implications for rehabilitation of the athlete followinglower back pain. J Sci Med Sport 2000 Sep; 3 (3): 243–53PubMedCrossRef Hodges PW. The role of the motor system in spinal pain: implications for rehabilitation of the athlete followinglower back pain. J Sci Med Sport 2000 Sep; 3 (3): 243–53PubMedCrossRef
134.
go back to reference van Dieen JH, Selen LP, Cholewicki J. Trunk muscle activation in low-back pain patients, an analysis of the literature. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2003 Aug; 13 (4): 333–51PubMedCrossRef van Dieen JH, Selen LP, Cholewicki J. Trunk muscle activation in low-back pain patients, an analysis of the literature. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2003 Aug; 13 (4): 333–51PubMedCrossRef
135.
go back to reference Harringe ML, Halvorsen K, Renstrom P, et al. Postural control measured as the center of pressure excursion inyoung female gymnasts with low back pain or lower extremityinjury. Gait Posture 2008 Jul; 28 (1): 38–45PubMedCrossRef Harringe ML, Halvorsen K, Renstrom P, et al. Postural control measured as the center of pressure excursion inyoung female gymnasts with low back pain or lower extremityinjury. Gait Posture 2008 Jul; 28 (1): 38–45PubMedCrossRef
136.
go back to reference Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Inefficient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain:a motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1996 Nov 15; 21 (22): 2640–50CrossRef Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Inefficient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain:a motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1996 Nov 15; 21 (22): 2640–50CrossRef
137.
go back to reference Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Delayed postural contraction of transversus abdominis in low back pain associatedwith movement of the lower limb. J Spinal Disord 1998 Feb; 11 (1): 46–56PubMedCrossRef Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Delayed postural contraction of transversus abdominis in low back pain associatedwith movement of the lower limb. J Spinal Disord 1998 Feb; 11 (1): 46–56PubMedCrossRef
138.
go back to reference Luoto S, Aalto H, Taimela S, et al. One-footed and externally disturbed two-footed postural control in patientswith chronic low back pain and healthy control subjects:a controlled study with follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998 Oct 1; 23 (19): 2081–9CrossRef Luoto S, Aalto H, Taimela S, et al. One-footed and externally disturbed two-footed postural control in patientswith chronic low back pain and healthy control subjects:a controlled study with follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998 Oct 1; 23 (19): 2081–9CrossRef
139.
go back to reference Radebold A, Cholewicki J, Panjabi MM, et al. Muscle response pattern to sudden trunk loading in healthy individualsand in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000 Apr 15; 25 (8): 947–54CrossRef Radebold A, Cholewicki J, Panjabi MM, et al. Muscle response pattern to sudden trunk loading in healthy individualsand in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000 Apr 15; 25 (8): 947–54CrossRef
140.
go back to reference Reeves NP, Cholewicki J, Milner TE. Muscle reflex classification of low-back pain. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2005 Feb; 15 (1): 53–60PubMedCrossRef Reeves NP, Cholewicki J, Milner TE. Muscle reflex classification of low-back pain. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2005 Feb; 15 (1): 53–60PubMedCrossRef
141.
go back to reference Brumagne S, Cordo P, Lysens R, et al. The role of paraspinal muscle spindles in lumbosacral position sense inindividuals with and without low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000 Apr 15; 25 (8): 989–94CrossRef Brumagne S, Cordo P, Lysens R, et al. The role of paraspinal muscle spindles in lumbosacral position sense inindividuals with and without low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000 Apr 15; 25 (8): 989–94CrossRef
142.
go back to reference Taimela S, Kankaanpaa M, Luoto S. The effect of lumbar fatigue on the ability to sense a change in lumbar position:a controlled study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999 Jul 1; 24 (13): 1322–7CrossRef Taimela S, Kankaanpaa M, Luoto S. The effect of lumbar fatigue on the ability to sense a change in lumbar position:a controlled study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999 Jul 1; 24 (13): 1322–7CrossRef
143.
go back to reference Bullock-Saxton JE, Janda V, Bullock MI. Reflex activation of gluteal muscles in walking: an approach to restorationof muscle function for patients with low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1993 May; 18 (6): 704–8CrossRef Bullock-Saxton JE, Janda V, Bullock MI. Reflex activation of gluteal muscles in walking: an approach to restorationof muscle function for patients with low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1993 May; 18 (6): 704–8CrossRef
144.
go back to reference Childs JD, Piva SR, Erhard RE, et al. Side-to-side weightbearing asymmetry in subjects with low back pain. Man Ther 2003 Aug; 8 (3): 166–9PubMedCrossRef Childs JD, Piva SR, Erhard RE, et al. Side-to-side weightbearing asymmetry in subjects with low back pain. Man Ther 2003 Aug; 8 (3): 166–9PubMedCrossRef
145.
go back to reference Gill KP, Callaghan MJ. The measurement of lumbar proprioception in individuals with and without low backpain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998 Feb 1; 23 (3): 371–7CrossRef Gill KP, Callaghan MJ. The measurement of lumbar proprioception in individuals with and without low backpain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998 Feb 1; 23 (3): 371–7CrossRef
146.
go back to reference Leinonen V, Kankaanpaa M, Airaksinen O, et al. Back and hip extensor activities during trunk flexion/extension: effectsof low back pain and rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000 Jan; 81 (1): 32–7PubMed Leinonen V, Kankaanpaa M, Airaksinen O, et al. Back and hip extensor activities during trunk flexion/extension: effectsof low back pain and rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000 Jan; 81 (1): 32–7PubMed
147.
go back to reference Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Laaksonen D, et al. Back and hip extensor fatigability in chronic low back pain patientsand controls. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998 Apr; 79 (4): 412–7PubMedCrossRef Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Laaksonen D, et al. Back and hip extensor fatigability in chronic low back pain patientsand controls. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998 Apr; 79 (4): 412–7PubMedCrossRef
148.
go back to reference Myer GD, Chu DA, Brent JL, et al. Trunk and hip control neuromuscular training for the prevention of knee jointinjury. Clin Sports Med 2008 Jul; 27 (3): 425–48PubMedCrossRef Myer GD, Chu DA, Brent JL, et al. Trunk and hip control neuromuscular training for the prevention of knee jointinjury. Clin Sports Med 2008 Jul; 27 (3): 425–48PubMedCrossRef
149.
go back to reference Pollard CD, Sigward SM, Ota S, et al. The influence of in-season injury prevention training on lower-extremitykinematics during landing in female soccer players. ClinJ Sport Med 2006 May; 16 (3): 223–7CrossRef Pollard CD, Sigward SM, Ota S, et al. The influence of in-season injury prevention training on lower-extremitykinematics during landing in female soccer players. ClinJ Sport Med 2006 May; 16 (3): 223–7CrossRef
150.
go back to reference Zeller BL, McCrory JL, Kibler WB, et al. Differences in kinematics and electromyographic activity between menand women during the single-legged squat. Am J Sport Med 2003; 31 (3): 449–56 Zeller BL, McCrory JL, Kibler WB, et al. Differences in kinematics and electromyographic activity between menand women during the single-legged squat. Am J Sport Med 2003; 31 (3): 449–56
151.
go back to reference Ferber R, McClay Davis I, Williams III DS. Gender differences in lower extremity mechanics during running. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2003 May; 18 (4): 350–7CrossRef Ferber R, McClay Davis I, Williams III DS. Gender differences in lower extremity mechanics during running. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2003 May; 18 (4): 350–7CrossRef
152.
go back to reference Chumanov ES, Wall-Scheffler C, Heiderscheit BC. Gender differences in walking and running on level and inclinedsurfaces. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2008 Dec; 23 (10): 1260–8CrossRef Chumanov ES, Wall-Scheffler C, Heiderscheit BC. Gender differences in walking and running on level and inclinedsurfaces. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2008 Dec; 23 (10): 1260–8CrossRef
153.
go back to reference Ford KR, Myer GD, Smith RL, et al. A comparison of dynamic coronal plane excursion between matched maleand female athletes when performing single leg landings. Clin Biomech 2006; 21 (1): 33–40CrossRef Ford KR, Myer GD, Smith RL, et al. A comparison of dynamic coronal plane excursion between matched maleand female athletes when performing single leg landings. Clin Biomech 2006; 21 (1): 33–40CrossRef
154.
go back to reference Pappas E, Hagins M, Sheikhzadeh A, et al. Biomechanical differences between unilateral and bilateral landings froma jump: gender differences. Clin J Sport Med 2007 Jul; 17 (4): 263–8PubMedCrossRef Pappas E, Hagins M, Sheikhzadeh A, et al. Biomechanical differences between unilateral and bilateral landings froma jump: gender differences. Clin J Sport Med 2007 Jul; 17 (4): 263–8PubMedCrossRef
155.
go back to reference Hewett TE, Ford KR, Myer GD, et al. Gender differences in hip adduction motion and torque during a single legagility maneuver. J Orthop Res 2006; 24 (3): 416–21PubMedCrossRef Hewett TE, Ford KR, Myer GD, et al. Gender differences in hip adduction motion and torque during a single legagility maneuver. J Orthop Res 2006; 24 (3): 416–21PubMedCrossRef
156.
go back to reference Jacobs CA, Uhl TL, Mattacola CG, et al. Hip abductor function and lower extremity landing kinematics: sex differences. J Athl Train 2007 Jan-Mar; 42 (1): 76–83PubMed Jacobs CA, Uhl TL, Mattacola CG, et al. Hip abductor function and lower extremity landing kinematics: sex differences. J Athl Train 2007 Jan-Mar; 42 (1): 76–83PubMed
157.
go back to reference Padua DA, Marshall SW, Beutler AI, et al. Predictors of knee valgus angle during a jump-landing task. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37 (5): S398 Padua DA, Marshall SW, Beutler AI, et al. Predictors of knee valgus angle during a jump-landing task. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37 (5): S398
158.
go back to reference Brophy RH, Chiaia TA, Maschi R, et al. The core and hip in soccer athletes compared by gender. Int J Sports Med 2009 Sep; 30 (9): 663–7PubMedCrossRef Brophy RH, Chiaia TA, Maschi R, et al. The core and hip in soccer athletes compared by gender. Int J Sports Med 2009 Sep; 30 (9): 663–7PubMedCrossRef
159.
go back to reference McLean SG, Huang X, van den Bogert AJ. Association between lower extremity posture at contact and peak kneevalgus moment during sidestepping: implications for ACL injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2005 Oct; 20 (8): 863–70CrossRef McLean SG, Huang X, van den Bogert AJ. Association between lower extremity posture at contact and peak kneevalgus moment during sidestepping: implications for ACL injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2005 Oct; 20 (8): 863–70CrossRef
160.
go back to reference Sigward SM, Powers CM. Loading characteristics of females exhibiting excessive valgus moments during cutting. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2007 Aug; 22 (7): 827–33CrossRef Sigward SM, Powers CM. Loading characteristics of females exhibiting excessive valgus moments during cutting. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2007 Aug; 22 (7): 827–33CrossRef
161.
go back to reference Houck JR, Duncan A, De Haven KE. Comparison of frontal plane trunk kinematics and hip and knee momentsduring anticipated and unanticipated walking and sidestep cutting tasks. Gait Posture 2006 Nov; 24 (3): 314–22PubMedCrossRef Houck JR, Duncan A, De Haven KE. Comparison of frontal plane trunk kinematics and hip and knee momentsduring anticipated and unanticipated walking and sidestep cutting tasks. Gait Posture 2006 Nov; 24 (3): 314–22PubMedCrossRef
162.
go back to reference Imwalle LE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Relationship between hip and knee kinematics in athletic women duringcutting maneuvers: a possible link to noncontact anteriorcruciate ligament injury and prevention. J Strength Cond Res 2009 Nov; 23 (8): 2223–30PubMedCrossRef Imwalle LE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Relationship between hip and knee kinematics in athletic women duringcutting maneuvers: a possible link to noncontact anteriorcruciate ligament injury and prevention. J Strength Cond Res 2009 Nov; 23 (8): 2223–30PubMedCrossRef
163.
go back to reference Thijs Y, Van Tiggelen D, Willems T, et al. Relationship between hip strength and frontal plane posture of the kneeduring a forward lunge. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41 (11): 723PubMedCrossRef Thijs Y, Van Tiggelen D, Willems T, et al. Relationship between hip strength and frontal plane posture of the kneeduring a forward lunge. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41 (11): 723PubMedCrossRef
164.
go back to reference Lephart SM, Ferris CM, Riemann BL, et al. Gender differences in strength and lower extremity kinematicsduring landing. Clin Orthop 2002; 401: 162–9PubMedCrossRef Lephart SM, Ferris CM, Riemann BL, et al. Gender differences in strength and lower extremity kinematicsduring landing. Clin Orthop 2002; 401: 162–9PubMedCrossRef
165.
go back to reference Lawrence 3rd RK, Kernozek TW, Miller EJ, et al. Influences of hip external rotation strength on knee mechanicsduring single-leg drop landings in females. Clin Biomech(Bristol, Avon) 2008; 23 (6): 806–13CrossRef Lawrence 3rd RK, Kernozek TW, Miller EJ, et al. Influences of hip external rotation strength on knee mechanicsduring single-leg drop landings in females. Clin Biomech(Bristol, Avon) 2008; 23 (6): 806–13CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Sex Differences in Proximal Control of the Knee Joint
Authors
Jurdan Mendiguchia
Kevin R. Ford
Carmen E. Quatman
Eduard Alentorn-Geli
Dr Timothy E. Hewett, PhD
Publication date
01-07-2011
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Sports Medicine / Issue 7/2011
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/11589140-000000000-00000

Other articles of this Issue 7/2011

Sports Medicine 7/2011 Go to the issue

Correspondense

The Authors’ Reply