Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
Published in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2/2011

01-04-2011 | Therapy In Practice

Nail Disorders in Children

Diagnosis and Management

Authors: Bertrand Richert, MD, PhD, Josette André

Published in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology | Issue 2/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Nail disorders in children can be divided into seven categories. The first is physiologic alterations, which every physician should be aware of in order to reassure parents. These usually disappear with age and do not require any treatment. Among congenital and inherited conditions, the nail-patella syndrome, with its pathognomonic triangular lunula, should not be missed as recognition of the disease allows early diagnosis of associated pathologies. The most common infection is the periungual wart, whose treatment is delicate. Herpetic whitlow should be distinguished from bacterial whitlow as their therapeutic approaches differ. Dermatologic diseases encompass eczema, psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen striatus, trachyonychia, and parakeratosis pustulosa. Lichen planus, when it presents as in adults, is important to recognize because, if not treated, it may lead to permanent nail loss. Systemic or iatrogenic nail alterations may be severe but are usually not the first clue to the diagnosis. Beau lines on several fingernails are very common in children after temperature crest. Tumors are rare in children. Radiographic examination allows confirmation of the diagnosis of subungual exostosis. Other cases should undergo biopsy. Single-digit longitudinal melanonychia in children is mostly due to nevi. Its management should be tailored on a case-by-case basis. Acute trauma should never be underestimated in children and hand surgeons should be involved if necessary. Onychophagia and onychotillomania are responsible for chronic trauma.
Literature
1.
Turano AF. Transverse ridging in early infancy. Pediatrics 1968; 41: 996–7PubMed
2.
Wolf D, Wolf R, Goldberg MD. Beau’s lines: a case report. Cutis 1982; 29: 141
3.
Baran R, Dawber RPR, de Berker DAR. The nail in childhood and old age. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, de Berker DAR, et al., editors. Diseases of the nail and their management. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 2001: 104–28CrossRef
4.
Tosti A, Piraccini BM. Nail disorders. In: Harper J, Oranje A, Prose N, editors. Textbook of pediatric dermatology. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 2006: 1790–8
5.
6.
Parry EJ, Morley WN, Dawber RPR. Herringbone nails: an uncommon variant of nail growth in childhood? Br J Dermatol 1995; 132: 1021–2PubMed
7.
Harper KJ, Beer WE. Congenital malalignment of the great toenail: an inherited condition. Clin Exp Dermatol 1986; 11: 514–6PubMedCrossRef
8.
Baran R, Haneke E. Congenital and/or hereditary conditions. In: Krull EA, Zook EG, Baran R, et al., editors. Nails surgery: a text and atlas. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 365–8
9.
Baran R, Bureau H. Congenital malalignment of the big toe-nail as a cause of ingrowing toe-nail in infancy: pathology and treatment (a study of thirty cases). Clin Exp Dermatol 1983; 8: 619–23PubMedCrossRef
10.
Baran R, Grognard C, Duhard E, et al. Congenital malalignment of the great toenail: an enigma solved by a novel surgical approach. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1998; 125 Suppl. 1: 1S56
11.
Handfield-Jones SE, Harman RPM. Spontaneous improvement of congenital malalignment of the great toenails [letter]. Br J Dermatol 1988; 118: 305–6PubMedCrossRef
12.
Baran R. Significance and management of congenital malalignment of the big toenail. Cutis 1996; 58: 181–4PubMed
13.
Richert B, Choffray A, de la Brassinne M. Cosmetic surgery for congenital nail deformities. J Cosmet Dermatol 2008; 7: 304–8PubMedCrossRef
14.
15.
Fistarol SK, Itin PH. Nail changes in genodermatoses. Eur J Dermatol 2002; 12 (2): 119–28PubMed
16.
Martinet C, Pascal M, Civatte J, et al. Lateral nail-pad of the big toe in infants: a propos of 2 cases [in French]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1984; 111: 731–2PubMed
17.
Hammerton MD, Shrank AB. Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral nail folds of the hallux. Pediatr Dermatol 1988; 5: 243–5PubMedCrossRef
18.
Rufli T, von Schulthess A, Itin P. Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral nail folds of the hallux. Dermatology 1992; 184: 296–7PubMedCrossRef
19.
Cambiaghi S, Pistritto G, Gelmetti C. Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral nail folds of the hallux in twins. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 635–6PubMedCrossRef
20.
Piraccini BM, Parente GL, Varotti E, et al. Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral nail folds of the hallux: clinical features and follow-up of 7 cases. Pediatr Dermatol 2000; 17 (5): 348–51PubMedCrossRef
21.
Arai H, Arai T, Nakajima H, et al. Formable acrylic treatment for ingrowing nail with gutter splint and sculptured nail. Int J Dermatol 2004; 43: 759–65PubMedCrossRef
22.
Higashi N, Kume A, Tanogushi T, et al. Congenital curved nail of the fourth toe. J Ped Dermatol (Japan) 1999; 18: 99–101
23.
Isawa M, Hirose T, Matuso K. Congenital curved nail of the fourth toe. Plast Recontr Surg 1991; 87: 553–4CrossRef
24.
Juhlin L, Baran R. Hereditary and congenital nail disorders. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, de Berker DAR, et al., editors. Diseases of the nail and their management. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 2001: 370–424CrossRef
25.
Tosti A, Peluso AM, Piraccini BM. Nail diseases in children. Adv Dermatol 1997; 13: 353–73PubMed
26.
Tosti A, Baran R, Dawber RPR. The nail in systemic diseases and druginduced changes. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, de Berker DAR, et al., editors. Diseases of the nail and their management. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001: 223–329CrossRef
27.
Bongers EM, Gubler MC, Knoers NV. Nail-patella syndrome: overview on clinical and molecular findings. Pediatr Nephrol 2002; 17: 703–12PubMedCrossRef
28.
Dreyer SD, Zhou G, Baldini A, et al. Mutations in LMX1B cause abnormal skeletal patterning and renal dysplasia in nail patella syndrome. Nat Genet 1998; 19: 47–50PubMedCrossRef
29.
30.
Itin PH, Eich G, Fistarol SK. Missing creases of distal finger joints as a diagnostic clue of nail-patella syndrome. Dermatology 2006; 213: 153–5PubMedCrossRef
31.
Vanhooteghem O, Henrijean A, Richert B, et al. Hereditary osteo-onychodysplasia (nail patella syndrome) [in French]. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2001; 128: 1063–7PubMed
32.
Lourenço SV, Boggio PA, Fezzi FA et al. Dyskeratosis congenita: report of a case with emphasis on gingival aspect. Ped Dermatol 2009; 26: 176–9CrossRef
33.
Bolognia JL, Orlow SJ. Pigmentary disorders. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, editors. Dermatology. Philadelphia (PA): Mosby, 2003: 935–1004
34.
Feinstein A, Friedman J, Schewack-Millet M. Pachyonychia congenita. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19: 705–11PubMedCrossRef
35.
Terrinoni A, Smith FJ, Didona B, et al. Novel and recurrent mutations in the genes encoding keratins K6a, K16 and K17 in 13 cases of pachyonychia congenita. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117: 1391–6PubMedCrossRef
36.
Iorizzo M, Vincenzi C, Smith FJ, et al. Pachyonychia congenita type I presenting with subtle nail changes. Pediatr Dermatol 2009; 26: 492–3PubMedCrossRef
37.
Iraci S, Bianchi L, Gatti S, et al. Pachyonychia congenital with late onset of nail dystrophy: a new clinical entity? Clin Exp Dermatol 1993; 18: 478–80PubMedCrossRef
38.
39.
Hoting E, Wassilew SW. Systemic retinoid therapy with etretinate in pachyonychia congenital [in German]. Hautarzt 1985; 36: 526–8PubMed
40.
Baran R, Haneke E. Matricectomy and nail ablation. Hand Clin 2002; 18: 69–70
41.
Fine JD, Eady RA, Bauer EA, et al. The classification of inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB): report of the Third International Consensus Meeting on Diagnosis and Classification of EB. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58: 931–50PubMedCrossRef
42.
Tosti A, Cadore de Farias D, Murrell DF. Nail involvement in epidermolysis bullosa. Dermatol Clin 2010; 28: 153–7PubMedCrossRef
43.
Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Scher RK. Isolated nail dystrophy suggestive of dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Pediatr Dermatol 2003; 20: 456–67PubMedCrossRef
44.
Dharma B, Moss C, McGrath JA, et al. Dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa presenting as familial nail dystrophy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001; 26: 93–6PubMed
45.
Lyon M, Doehring MC. Blistering distal dactylitis: a case series in children under nine months of age. J Emerg Med 2004; 26: 421–3PubMedCrossRef
46.
Ney AC, English 3rd JC, Greer KE. Coexistent infections on a child’s distal phalanx: blistering dactylitis and herpetic whitlow. Cutis 2002; 69: 46–8PubMed
47.
Rigopoulos D, Larios G, Gregoriou S, et al. Acute and chronic paronychia. Am Fam Physician 2008; 77: 339–46PubMed
48.
49.
Shaw J, Body R. Incision and drainage preferable to oral antibiotics in acute paronychial infection? Emerg Med J 2005; 22: 813–4PubMedCrossRef
50.
Silverman PA. Diseases of the nail in infants and children. In: Callen JP, Dahl MV, Golitz LE, et al., editors. Advances in dermatology. Vol. 5. Chicago (IL): Year Book Medical, 1990: 153–71
51.
Szinnai G, Schaad UB, Heininger U. Multiple herpetic whitlow lesions in a 4-year-old girl: case report and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 2001; 160: 528–33PubMedCrossRef
52.
53.
Feder Jr HM, Long SS. Herpetic whitlow: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Dis Child 1983; 137: 861–3PubMed
54.
Tosti A, Piraccini B-M. Warts of the nail unit: surgical and non-approaches. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27: 235–9PubMed
55.
Läuchli S, Eichmann A, Baran R. Swelling of the proximal nail fold caused by underlying warts. Dermatology 2001; 202: 328–9PubMedCrossRef
56.
Lambert J, Richert B, de la Brassinne M. Comment je traite y les verrues péri-unguéales. Rev Med Liège 1999; 54: 646–52PubMed
57.
Dawber R, Colver G, Jackson A. Viral warts, cryosurgical techniques. In: Dawber R, Colver G, Jackson A, editors. Cutaneous cryosurgery: principles and clinical practice. 2nd ed. London: Martin Dunitz, 1997: 43
58.
Adalatkhah H, Khalilollahi H, Amini N, et al. Compared therapeutic efficacy between intralesional bleomycin and cryotherapy for common warts: a randomized clinical trial. Dermatol Online J 2007; 13: 4PubMed
59.
Miller RAW. Nail dystrophy following intralesional injection of bleomycin for a periungual wart. Arch Dermatol 1984; 141: 731–5
60.
Shelley WB, Shelley ED. Intralesional bleomycin sulfate for therapy for warts. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127: 234–6PubMedCrossRef
61.
Vanhooteghem O, Richert B, de la Brassinne M. Raynaud phenomenon after treatment of verruca vulgaris of the sole with intralesional injection of bleomycin. Pediatr Dermatol 2001; 18 (3): 249–51PubMedCrossRef
62.
Dasher DA, Burkhart CN, Morrell DS. Immunotherapy for childhood warts. Pediatr Ann 2009; 38: 373–9PubMedCrossRef
63.
Signore RJ. Candida albicans intralesional injection immunotherapy of warts. Cutis 2002; 70: 185–92PubMed
64.
Perman M, Sterling GB, Gaspari A. The painful purple digit: an alarming complication of Candida albicans antigen treatment of recalcitrant warts. Dermatitis 2005; 16: 38–40PubMedCrossRef
65.
Logan RA, Zachary CB. Outcome of carbon dioxide laser therapy for persistent cutaneous viral warts. Br J Dermatol 1989; 121: 99–105PubMedCrossRef
66.
Ross BS, Levine VS, Nehal K, et al. Pulsed dye laser treatments of warts. Dermatol Surg 1999; 25: 377–80PubMedCrossRef
67.
Langdon RE. Erbium-YAG laser enables complete ablation of periungual verrucae without the need for injected anesthetics. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24: 157–8PubMedCrossRef
68.
Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Weger W, Smolle J. Onychomycosis: a new emerging infectious disease in childhood population and adolescents–report on treatment experience with terbinafine and itraconazole in 36 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22: 470–5PubMedCrossRef
69.
Lateur N, Mortaki A, André J. Two hundred ninety-six cases of onychomycosis in children and teenagers: a ten year laboratory survey. Pediatr Dermatol 2003; 20: 385–8PubMedCrossRef
70.
Gupta AK, Skinner AR. Onychomycosis in children: a brief overview with treatment strategies. Pediatr Dermatol 2004; 21: 74–9PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zaias N, Tosti A, Rebell G, et al. Autosomal dominant pattern of distal subungual onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34: 302–4PubMedCrossRef
72.
Sigurgeirsson B, Kristinsson KG, Jonasson PS. Onychomycosis in Icelandic children. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20: 796–9PubMed
73.
Leibovici V, Evron R, Dunchin M, et al. A population-based study of toenail onychomycosis in Israeli children. Pediatr Dermatol 2009; 26: 95–7PubMedCrossRef
74.
Romano C, Papini M, Ghilardi A, et al. Onychomycosis in children: a survey of 46 cases. Mycoses 2005; 48: 430–7PubMedCrossRef
75.
Vásquez-del Mercado E, Arenas R. Onychomycosis among children: a retrospective study of 233 Mexican cases. Gac Med Mex 2008; 144 (1): 7–10PubMed
76.
Bonifaz A, Ibarra G. Onychomycosis in children: treatment with bifonazoleurea. Pediatr Dermatol 2000; 17: 310–4PubMedCrossRef
77.
Baran R, Hay RJ, Garduno JI. Review of antifungal therapy, part II: treatment rationale, including specific patient populations. J Dermatolog Treat 2008; 19: 168–75PubMedCrossRef
78.
Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Iorizzo M. Management of onychomycosis in children. Derm Clin 2003; 3: 507–9CrossRef
79.
Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Ghetti E, et al. Topical steroids versus systemic antifungals in the treatment of chronic paronychia: an open, randomized doubleblind and double dummy study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47: 73–6PubMedCrossRef
80.
Al-Mutairi N, Manchanda Y, Nour-Eldin O. Nail changes in childhood psoriasis: a study from Kuwait. Pediatr Dermatol 2007; 24: 7–10PubMedCrossRef
81.
Goettmann S. Nail pathology in children [in French]. Rev Prat 2000; 50: 2256–61PubMed
82.
Diluvio L, Campione E, Paternò EJ, et al. Childhood nail psoriasis: a useful treatment with tazarotene 0.05%. Pediatr Dermatol 2007; 24: 332–3PubMedCrossRef
83.
84.
Tosti A, Ricotti C, Romanelli P, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of acitretin therapy for nail psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2009; 145: 269–71PubMedCrossRef
85.
Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Cambiaghi S, et al. Nail lichen planus in children. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137: 1027–32PubMed
86.
Peluso AM, Tosti A, Piraccini BM, et al. Lichen planus limited to the nails in childhood: case report and literature review. Pediatr Dermatol 1993; 10: 36–9PubMedCrossRef
87.
Tosti A, Peluso AM, Misciali C, et al. Nail lichen striatus: clinical features and long term follow-up of five patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36: 908–13PubMedCrossRef
88.
Tosti A, Bardazzi F, Piraccini BM, et al. Idiopathic trachyonychia (twentynail dystrophy): a pathological study of 23 patients. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131: 866–72PubMedCrossRef
89.
Richert B, André J. Trachyonychia: a clinical and histological study of 22 cases [abstract]. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999; 12 Suppl. 2: S126
90.
Sakata S, Howard A, Tosti A, et al. Follow up of 12 patients with trachyonychia. Australas J Dermatol 2006; 47: 166–8PubMedCrossRef
91.
De Dulanto F, Armijo-Moreno M, Camacho-Martinez F. Histological findings in parakeratosis pustulosa. Acta Derm Venereol 1974; 54: 356–67
92.
Tosti A, Peluso AM, Zuchelli V. Clinical features and long-term follow-up of 20 cases of parakeratosis pustulosa. Pediatr Dermatol 1998; 15 (4): 259–63PubMedCrossRef
93.
Bernier V, Labrèze Ch, Bury F, et al. Nail matrix arrest in the course of hand, foot and mouth disease. Eur J Pediatr 2001; 160: 649–51PubMed
94.
Chen W, Yu YS, Liu YH, et al. Nail changes associated with chemotherapy in children. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21: 186–90PubMedCrossRef
95.
96.
Davis DA, Cohen PR. Subungual exostosis: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 1996; 13: 212–8PubMedCrossRef
97.
de Berker DAR, Langtry J. Treatment of subungual exostosis by elective day care surgery. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 915–8PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zeller J, Friedmann D, Clerici T, et al. The significance of a single periungual fibroma: report of seven cases. Arch Dermatol 1995; 131: 1465–6CrossRef
99.
Webb DW, Clarke A, Fryer A, et al. The cutaneous features of tuberous sclerosis: a population study. Br J Dermatol 1996; 131: 1–5CrossRef
100.
Haneke E. Intraoperative differential diagnosis of onychomatricoma, Koenen’s tumours and hyperplastic Bowen’s disease [abstract]. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998; 11: S119CrossRef
101.
102.
Goettmann-Bonvallot S, André J, Belaich S. Longitudinal melanonychia in children: a clinical and histopathologic study of 40 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41: 17–22PubMedCrossRef
103.
Tosti A, Baran R, Piraccini BM, et al. Nail matrix nevi: a clinical and histopathological study of twenty-two patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34: 765–71PubMedCrossRef
104.
Iorizzo M, Tosti A, Di Chiacchio N, et al. Nail melanoma in children: differential diagnosis and management. Dermatol Surg 2008; 34: 974–8PubMedCrossRef
105.
André J, Goettmann-Bonvallot S. Longitudinal melanonychia [letter]. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49: 776PubMedCrossRef
106.
Hart RG, Kleinert HE. Fingertip and nail bed injuries. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1993; 11: 755–65PubMed
107.
108.
Joubert CE. Relationship of self-esteem, manifest anxiety and obsessivecompulsiveness to personal habits. Psychol Rep 1993; 26: 237–42
109.
Pacan P, Grzesiak M, Reich A, et al. Onychophagia as a spectrum of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Derm Venereol 2009; 89: 278–80PubMedCrossRef
110.
Lee DY. Chronic nail biting and irreversible shortening of the fingernails [letter]. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23: 185PubMedCrossRef
111.
Baydas B, Uslu H, Yavuz I, et al. Effect of a chronic nail-biting habit of the oral carriage of Enterobacteraceae. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2007; 22: 1–4PubMedCrossRef
112.
Larsen CD, Stavisky E, Larsen MD, et al. Children’s hygiene and length as predictors of carious teeth. NY State Dent J 2007; 73: 33–7
113.
Cortese SG, Biondi AM. Relationship between dysfunctions and parafunctional oral habits and temporomandibular disorders in children and teenagers [in Spanish]. Arch Argent Pediatr 2009; 107: 134–8PubMed
114.
Tosti A, Peluso AM, Bardazzi F, et al. Phalangeal osteomyelitis due to nail biting. Acta Derm Venereol 1994; 74: 206–7PubMed
115.
Odenrick L, Brattström V. Nailbiting: frequency and association with root resorption during orthodontic treatment. Br J Orthod 1985; 12: 78–81PubMed
116.
Kozlowski JT. A non-invasive method for ending thumb and fingersucking habits [letter]. J Clin Orthod 2007; 41: 636PubMed
117.
Ozkaya E, Mirzoyeva L. Tosylamide/formaldehyde resin allergy in a young boy: exposure from bitter nail varnish used against nail biting. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 60: 171–2PubMedCrossRef
118.
Berk M, Jeavons S, Dean OM, et al. Nail-biting stuff? The effect of N-acetylcysteine on nail-biting. CNS Spectr 2009; 14: 357–60PubMed
119.
Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Kim SW. N-acetylcysteine, a glutamate modulator in the treatment of onychotillomania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66: 756–63PubMedCrossRef
120.
Leonard HL, Lenane MC, Swedo SE, et al. A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine treatment of severe onychophagia (nail biting). Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 821–7PubMedCrossRef
121.
Koo JY, Smith LL. Obsessive-compulsive disorders in the pediatric dermatology practice. Pediatr Dermatol 1991; 8: 107–13PubMedCrossRef
122.
123.
Arnovitz B. Psychotherapies for compulsive self-injurious behavior. In: Hollander E, Simeon D, editors. Self-injurious behaviours: assessment and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2001: 97–112
124.
Richert B. Dystrophies non-traumatiques: l’ongle incarné. In: Dumontier CH, editor. Monographie de la société française de la chirurgie de la main. Paris: Elsevier, 2000: 27: 189–94
125.
126.
Matsui T, Kidou M, Ono T. Infantile multiple ingrowing nails of the fingers induced by the grasp reflex: a new entity. Dermatology 2002; 205: 25–7PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Nail Disorders in Children
Diagnosis and Management
Authors
Bertrand Richert, MD, PhD
Josette André
Publication date
01-04-2011
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology / Issue 2/2011
Print ISSN: 1175-0561
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1888
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/11537110-000000000-00000

Other articles of this Issue 2/2011

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2/2011 Go to the issue

Review Article

New Interleukin-23 Pathway Inhibitors in Dermatology

Leading Article

Malignant Melanoma

Therapy In Practice

Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation

Original Research Article

Resveratrol-Containing Gel for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris

Original Research Article

Response to Narrow-Band UVB — Vitiligo-Melasma Versus Vitiligo

Case Reports

Inverse Psoriasis