Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Drugs
Published in: Drugs 10/2010

01-07-2010 | Review Article

Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Current and Experimental Approaches

Authors: Dr Karen J. Bosma, Ravi Taneja, James F. Lewis

Published in: Drugs | Issue 10/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) arises from direct and indirect injury to the lungs and results in a life-threatening form of respiratory failure in a heterogeneous, critically ill patient population. Critical care technologies used to support patients with ARDS, including strategies for mechanical ventilation, have resulted in improved outcomes in the last decade. However, there is still a need for effective pharmacotherapies to treat ARDS, as mortality rates remain high. To date, no single pharmacotherapy has proven effective in decreasing mortality in adult patients with ARDS, although exogenous surfactant replacement has been shown to reduce mortality in the paediatric population with ARDS from direct causes. Several promising therapies are currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical trials for treatment of ARDS in its acute and subacute, exudative phases. These include exogenous surfactant therapy, β2-adrenergic receptor agonists, antioxidants, immunomodulating agents and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). Recent research has also focused on prevention of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress in patients at risk. Drugs such as captopril, rosiglitazone and incyclinide (COL-3), a tetracycline derivative, have shown promising results in animal models, but have not yet been tested clinically. Further research is needed to discover therapies to treat ARDS in its late, fibroproliferative phase. Given the vast number of negative clinical trials to date, it is unlikely that a single pharmacotherapy will effectively treat all patients with ARDS from differing causes. Future randomized controlled trials should target specific, more homogeneous subgroups of patients for single or combination therapy.
Literature
1.
Brun-Buisson C, Minelli C, Bertolini G, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of acute lung injury in European intensive care units: results from the ALIVE study. Intensive Care Med 2004 Jan; 30(1): 51–61PubMedCrossRef
2.
Bersten AD, Edibam C, Hunt T, et al. Incidence and mortality of acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome in three Australian states. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 Feb 15; 165(4): 443–8PubMed
3.
Esteban A, Anzueto A, Frutos F, et al. Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study. JAMA 2002 Jan 16; 287(3): 345–55PubMedCrossRef
4.
Cooke CR, Shah CV, Gallop R, et al. A simple clinical predictive index for objective estimates of mortality in acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2009; 37(6): 1913–20PubMedCrossRef
5.
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(18): 1301–8CrossRef
6.
Brower RG, Lanken PN, MacIntyre N, et al. Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2004 Jul 22; 351(4): 327–36PubMedCrossRef
7.
Bosma KJ, Lewis JF. Emerging therapies for treatment of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2007; 12(3): 461–77PubMedCrossRef
8.
Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 818–24PubMed
9.
Zemans R, Colgan SP, Downey GP. Transepithelial migration of neutrophils: mechanisms and implications for acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 40(5): 519–35PubMedCrossRef
10.
Triggiani M, De Marino V, de Crescenzo G, et al. Arachidonic acid remodeling in human inflammatory cells migrating to the lung in vivo. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997 May–Jul; 113(1–3): 190–2PubMedCrossRef
11.
Gao L, Barnes KC. Recent advances in genetic predisposition to clinical acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 296: L713–25PubMedCrossRef
12.
Moss M, Parsons PE, Steinberg KP, et al. Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with an increased incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome and severity of multiple organ dysfunction in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(3): 869–77PubMedCrossRef
13.
Raghavendran K, Pryhuber GS, Chess PR, et al. Pharmacotherapy of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Med Chem 2008; 15(19): 1911–24PubMedCrossRef
14.
Imai Y, Parodo J, Kajikawa O, et al. Injurious mechanical ventilation and end-organ epithelial cell apoptosis and organ dysfunction in an experimental model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA 2003 Apr 23; 289(16): 2104–12PubMedCrossRef
15.
Papathanassoglou ED, Moynihan JA, Ackerman MH. Does programmed cell death (apoptosis) play a role in the development of multiple organ dysfunction in critically ill patients? A review and a theoretical framework. Crit Care Med 2000; 28(2): 537–49PubMedCrossRef
16.
Barriere SL, Lowry SF. An overview of mortality risk prediction in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1995 Feb; 23(2): 376–93PubMedCrossRef
17.
Marshall JC, Cook DJ, Christou NV, et al. Multiple organ dysfunction score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 1995 Oct; 23(10): 1638–52PubMedCrossRef
18.
Sloane PJ, Gee MH, Gottlieb JE, et al. A multicenter registry of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: physiology and outcome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992 Aug; 146(2): 419–26PubMed
19.
Fowler AA, Hamman RF, Good JT, et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: risk with common predispositions. Ann Intern Med 1983 May; 98 (5 Pt 1): 593–7PubMed
20.
Montgomery AB, Stager MA, Carrico CJ, et al. Causes of mortality in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985 Sep; 132(3): 485–9PubMed
21.
Milberg JA, Davis DR, Steinberg KP, et al. Improved survival of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): 1983–1993. JAMA 1995 Jan 25; 273(4): 306–9PubMedCrossRef
22.
23.
Spragg RG, Lewis JF, Walmrath HD, et al. Effect of recombinant surfactant protein C-based surfactant on the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(9): 884–92PubMedCrossRef
24.
Taut FJH, Rippin G, Schenk P, et al. A search for subgroups of patients with ARDS who may benefit from surfactant replacement therapy. Chest 2008; 134: 724–32PubMedCrossRef
25.
The Oscillation for ARDS treated early (OSCILLATE) trial pilot study [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00474656]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​clinicaltrials.​gov [Accessed 2010 May 23]
26.
Rosenberg AL, Dechert RE, Park PK, et al. Review of a large clinical series: association of cumulative fluid balance on outcome in acute lung injury. A retrospective review of the ARDSnet tidal volume study cohort. J Intensive Care Med 2009; 24(1): 35–46PubMedCrossRef
27.
Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, Thompson BT, et al. Pulmonaryartery versus central venous catheter to guide treatment of acute lung injury 1. N Engl J Med 2006; 354(21): 2213–24PubMedCrossRef
28.
Pontes-Arruda A, DeMichele S, Seth A, et al. The use of an inflammation-modulating diet in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome: a metaanalysis of outcome data. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008 Nov; 32(6): 596–605PubMedCrossRef
29.
Blamoun J, Alfakir M, Rella ME, et al. Efficacy of an expanded ventilator bundle for the reduction of ventilatorassociated pneumonia in the medical intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 2009 Mar; 37(2): 172–5PubMedCrossRef
30.
Bouza E, Perez MJ, Munoz P, et al. Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in the prevention of ventilatorassociated pneumonia in the postoperative period of major heart surgery. Chest 2008 Nov; 134(5): 938–46PubMedCrossRef
31.
Chan EY, Ruest A, Meade MO, et al. Oral decontamination for prevention of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2007 Apr 28; 334(7599): 89CrossRef
32.
Drakulovic MB, Torres A, Bauer TT, et al. Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999 Nov 27; 354(9193): 1851–8PubMedCrossRef
33.
Crowther MA, Cook DJ. Thromboprophylaxis in medicalsurgical critically ill patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008 Oct; 14(5): 520–3PubMedCrossRef
34.
Cook DJ, Reeve BK, Guyatt GH, et al. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: resolving discordant meta-analyses. JAMA 1996 Jan 24; 275(4): 308–14PubMedCrossRef
35.
Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008 Jan 12; 371(9607): 126–34PubMedCrossRef
36.
Chiang LL, Wang LY, Wu CP, et al. Effects of physical training on functional status in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Phys Ther 2006 Sep; 86(9): 1271–81PubMedCrossRef
37.
Erickson SE, Martin GS, Davis JL, et al. Recent trends in acute lung injury mortality: 1996–2005. Crit Care Med 2009 May; 37(5): 1574–9PubMedCrossRef
38.
Adhikari NKJ, Burns KEA, Friedrich JO, et al. Effect of nitric oxide on oxygenation and mortality in acute lung injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2007 Apr 14; 334(7597): 779PubMedCrossRef
39.
Alsaghir AH, Martin CM. Effect of prone positioning in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 2008 Feb; 36(2): 603–9PubMedCrossRef
40.
Sud S, Sud M, Friedrich JO, et al. Effect of mechanical ventilation in the prone position on clinical outcomes in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1. CMAJ 2008; 178(9): 1153–61PubMedCrossRef
41.
Borelli M, Lampati L, Vascotto E, et al. Hemodynamic and gas exchange response to inhaled nitric oxide and prone positioning in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Crit Care Med 2000 Aug; 28(8): 2707–12PubMedCrossRef
42.
Mehta S, Granton J, MacDonald RJ, et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation in adults: the Toronto experience. Chest 2004 Aug; 126(2): 518–27PubMedCrossRef
43.
Chan KP, Stewart TE, Mehta S. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation for adult patients with ARDS. Chest 2007 Jun; 131(6): 1907–16PubMedCrossRef
44.
Peek GJ, Mugford M, Tiruvoipati R, et al. Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 374(9698): 1351–63PubMedCrossRef
45.
Davies A, Jones D, Bailey M, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for 2009 influenza A (H1N1) acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA 2009 Nov 4; 302(17): 1888–95PubMedCrossRef
46.
Slotman GJ, Burchard KW, D’Arezzo A, et al. Ketoconazole prevents acute respiratory failure in critically ill surgical patients. J Trauma 1988; 28(5): 648–54PubMedCrossRef
47.
Yu M, Tomasa G. A double-blind, prospective, randomized trial of ketoconazole, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, in the prophylaxis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1993; 21(11): 1635–42PubMedCrossRef
48.
Sinuff T, Cook DJ, Peterson JC, et al. Development, implementation, and evaluation of a ketoconazole practice guideline for ARDS prophylaxis. J Crit Care 1999; 14(1): 1–6PubMedCrossRef
49.
He X, Han B, Muram M, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril prevents oleic acid-induced severe acute lung injury in rats. Shock 2007; 28(1): 106–11PubMedCrossRef
50.
Chen C, Xu S, Wang W-X, et al. Rosiglitazone attenuates the severity of sodium taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis and pancreatitis-associated lung injury. Arch Med Res 2009; 40: 79–88PubMedCrossRef
51.
Steinberg J, Halter J, Schiller H, et al. Chemically modified tetracycline prevents the development of septic shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome in a clinically applicable porcine model. Shock 2005; 24(4): 348–56PubMedCrossRef
52.
Nathens AB, Neff MJ, Jurkovich GJ, et al. Randomized, prospective trial of antioxidant supplementation in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 2002; 236(6): 814–22PubMedCrossRef
53.
Peter JV, John P, Graham PL, et al. Corticosteroids in the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults: meta-analysis. BMJ 2008; 336: 1006–9PubMedCrossRef
54.
Schuster DPM, Metzler M, Opal S, et al. Recombinant platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase to prevent acute respiratory distress syndrome and mortality in severe sepsis: phase IIb, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(6): 1612–9PubMedCrossRef
55.
The ARDS Network Authors for the ARDS Network. Ketoconazole for early treatment of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000; 283(15): 1995–2002CrossRef
56.
Perkins GD, McAuley DF, Thickett DR, et al. The Beta-Agonist Lung Injury Trial (BALTI): a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006 Feb 1; 173(3): 281–7PubMedCrossRef
57.
Matthay MA, Brower R, Thompson BT, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of an aerosolized beta-2 adrenergic agonist (albuterol) for the treatment of acute lung injury [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: (Meeting Abstracts): A2166
58.
Anzueto A, Baughman RP, Guntupalli KK, et al. Aerosolized surfactant in adults with sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome: Exosurf Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Sepsis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996 May 30; 334(22): 1417–21PubMedCrossRef
59.
Gregory TJ, Steinberg KP, Spragg R, et al. Bovine surfactant therapy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997 Apr; 155(4): 1309–15PubMed
60.
Venticute in patients with pneumonia or aspiration of gastric contents and intubation/ventilation/oxygenation impairment (BY2001/M1-007) [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00074906]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​clinicaltrials.​gov [Accessed 2010 May 20]
61.
Willson DF, Thomas NJ, Markovitz BP, et al. Effect of exogenous surfactant (calfactant) in pediatric acute lung injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 293(4): 470–6PubMedCrossRef
62.
Bernard GR, Wheeler AP, Arons MM, et al. A trial of antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and procysteine in ARDS: the Antioxidant in ARDS Study Group. Chest 1997 Jul; 112(1): 164–72PubMedCrossRef
63.
Suter PM, Domenighetti G, Schaller MD, et al. N-acetylcysteine enhances recovery from acute lung injury in man: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Chest 1994; 105(1): 190–4PubMedCrossRef
64.
Bernard GR, Swindell BB, Meredith MJ, et al. Glutathione (GSH) repletion by n-acetylcysteine (NAC) in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [abstract]. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: A221CrossRef
65.
Jepsen S, Herlevsen P, Knudsen P, et al. Antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine during adult respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective, randomized, placebocontrolled study. Crit Care Med 1992 Jul; 20(7): 918–23PubMedCrossRef
66.
Gadek JE, DeMichele SJ, Karlstad MD, et al. Effect of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Enteral Nutrition in ARDS Study Group. Crit Care Med 1999 Aug; 27(8): 1409–20PubMedCrossRef
67.
68.
Early versus delayed enteral feeding and Omega-3 fatty acid/antioxidant supplementation for treating people with acute lung injuryj or acute respiratory distress syndrome (the EDEN-Omega study) [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00609180]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​clinicaltrials.​gov [Accessed 2010 May 20]
69.
Zeiher BG, Artigas A, Vincent JL, et al. Neutrophil elastase inhibition in acute lung injury: results of the STRIVE study. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(8): 1695–702PubMedCrossRef
70.
Tamakuma G, Shiba T, Hirasawa H. A phase III clinical study of neutrophil elastase inhibitor ONO-5046 Na in SIRS patients. J Clin Ther Med (Japan) 1998; 14: 289–318
71.
Honore S, Attalah HL, Azoulay E, et al. Beneficial effect of an inhibitor of leukocyte elastase (EPI-hNE-4) in presence of repeated lung injuries. Shock 2004; 22(2): 131–6PubMedCrossRef
72.
Abraham E, Baughman R, Fletcher E, et al. Liposomal prostaglandin E1 (TLC C-53) in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. TLC C-53 ARDS Study Group. Crit Care Med 1999 Aug; 27(8): 1478–85PubMedCrossRef
73.
Vincent JL, Brase R, Santman F, et al. A multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of liposomal prostaglandin E1 (TLC C-53) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27(10): 1578–83PubMedCrossRef
74.
Presneill JJ, Harris T, Stewart AG, et al. A randomized phase II trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor therapy in severe sepsis with respiratory dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166(2): 138–43PubMedCrossRef
75.
A randomized trial of GM-CSF in patients with ALI/ARDS [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00201409]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​clinicaltrials.​gov [Accessed 2010 May 20]
76.
The ARDS Clinical Trials Network, National Heart Blood and Lung Institute, National Institutes of Health. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lisofylline for early treatment of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2002; 30(1): 1–6CrossRef
77.
Folkesson HG, Matthay MA, Hebert CA, et al. Acid aspiration-induced lung injury in rabbits is mediated by interleukin-8-dependent mechanisms. J Clin Invest 1995 Jul; 96(1): 107–16PubMedCrossRef
78.
Bao Z, Ye Q, Gong W, et al. Humanized monoclonal antibody against the chemokine CXCL-8 (IL-8) effectively prevents acute lung injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10(2): 259–63PubMedCrossRef
79.
Meduri GU, Golden E, Freire AX, et al. Methylprednisolone infusion in early severe ARDS: results of a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2007; 131: 954–63PubMedCrossRef
80.
Bernard GR, Luce JM, Sprung CL, et al. High-dose corticosteroids in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1987 Dec 17; 317(25): 1565–70PubMedCrossRef
81.
Annane D, Sêbille V, Bellissant E, Ger-Inf 05 Study Group. Effect of low doses of corticosteroids in septic shock patients with or without early acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2006; 34(1): 22–30PubMedCrossRef
82.
Liu KD, Levitt J, Zhuo H, et al. Randomized clinical trial of activated protein C for the treatment of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008 Sep 15; 178(6): 618–23PubMedCrossRef
83.
Irish Critical Care Trials Group. Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome in Ireland: a prospective audit of epidemiology and management. Crit Care 2008; 12(1): R30CrossRef
84.
Kor DJ, Iscimen R, Yilmas M, et al. Statin administration did not influence the progression of lung injury or associated organ failures in a cohort of patients with acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35(6): 1039–46PubMedCrossRef
85.
Steinberg KP, Hudson LD, Goodman RB, et al. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2006; 354(16): 1671–84PubMedCrossRef
86.
Meduri GU, Headley AS, Golden E, et al. Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 280(2): 159–65PubMedCrossRef
87.
Bernard GR, Reines HD, Halushka PV, et al. Prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 formation is increased in human sepsis syndrome: effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition. Am Rev Resp Dis 1991; 144(5): 1095–101PubMedCrossRef
88.
Imai Y, Lachmann B, Rao S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung injury. Nature 2005; 436: 112–6PubMedCrossRef
89.
Marshall RP, Webb S, Bellingan GJ, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with susceptibility and outcome in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 646–50PubMedCrossRef
90.
Jerng JS, Yu CJ, Wang HC, et al. Polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene affects the outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2006; 34(4): 1001–6PubMedCrossRef
91.
Trillo-Alvarez CA, Kashyap R, Kojicic M, et al. Chronic use of angiotensin pathway inhibitors is associated with a decreased risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: A4638
92.
Gong MN, Bajwa EK, Thompson BT, et al. Use of ACE inhibitors and development and outcome in ARDS [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: A5095
93.
Ricote M, Li AC, Willson TM, et al. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is a negative regulator of macrophage activation. Nature 1998; 391: 79–82PubMedCrossRef
94.
Jiang C, Ting AT, Seed B. PPAR-gamma agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines. Nature 1998; 391: 82–6PubMedCrossRef
95.
Su CG, Wen X, Bailey ST, et al. A novel therapy for colitis utilizing PPAR-gamma ligands to inhibit the epithelial inflammatory response. J Clin Invest 1999; 104(4): 383–9PubMedCrossRef
96.
Shiojiri T, Wada K, Nakajima A, et al. PPARy ligands inhibit nitrotyrosine formation and inflammatory mediator expressions in adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis mice. Eur J Clin Pharm 2009; 448: 231–8
97.
Khanderia U, Pop-Busui R, Eagle KA. Thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes: a cardiology perspective. Ann Pharmacother 2008 Oct; 42(10): 1466–74PubMedCrossRef
98.
Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD. Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2007; 298(10): 1189–95PubMedCrossRef
99.
Trial of glutamine and antioxidant supplementation in critically ill patients (REDOXS) [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00133978]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​clinicaltrials.​gov [Accessed 2010 May 20]
100.
Esteban A, Fernandez-Segoviano P, Frutos-Vivar F, et al. Comparison of clinical criteria for the acute respiratory distress syndrome with autopsy findings. Ann Intern Med 2004 Sep 21; 141(6): 440–5PubMed
101.
Matthay MA, Folkesson HG, Clerici C. Lung epithelial fluid transport and the resolution of pulmonary edema. Physiol Rev 2002 Jul; 82(3): 569–600PubMed
102.
Sakuma T, Okaniwa G, Nakada T, et al. Alveolar fluid clearance in the resected human lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150(2): 305–10PubMed
103.
Mutlu GM, Dumasius V, Burhop J, et al. Upregulation of alveolar epithelial active Na+ transport is dependent on beta2-adrenergic receptor signaling. Circ Res 2004; 94(8): 1091–100PubMedCrossRef
104.
105.
Drug study of albuterol to treat acute lung injury (ALTA) [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00434993]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​clinicaltrials.​gov [Accessed 2010 May 20]
106.
McAuley DF, Matthay MA. A role for β2 agonists in ARDS: the question remains unanswered. JICS 2009; 10(3): 172–3
107.
Crouch E, Wright JR. Surfactant proteins a and d and pulmonary host defense. Annu Rev Physiol 2001; 63: 521–54PubMedCrossRef
108.
Lewis JF, Veldhuizen RA. The future of surfactant therapy during ALI/ARDS. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 27(4): 377–88PubMedCrossRef
109.
Lewis JF, Veldhuizen RA. The role of exogenous surfactant in the treatment of acute lung injury. Ann Rev Physiol 2003; 65: 613–42CrossRef
110.
Nogee L, Garnier G, Dietz H. A mutation in the surfactant protein B gene responsible for fatal neonatal respiratory disease in multiple kindreds. J Clin Invest 1994; 93(4): 1860–3PubMedCrossRef
111.
Clark JC, Wert SB, Bachurski CJ. Target disruption of the surfactant protein B gene disrupts surfactant hemeostasis, causing respiratory failure in newborn mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92: 7794–8PubMedCrossRef
112.
Wang Z, Gurel O, Baatz J. Differential activity and lack of synergy of lung surfactant proteins SP B and SP C in interactions with phospholipids. J Lipid Res 1996; 37: 1749–60PubMed
113.
Seeger W, Grube C, Gunther A, et al. Surfactant inhibition by plasma proteins: differential sensitivity of various surfactant preparations. Eur Respir J 1993; 6(7): 971–7PubMed
114.
115.
Hall SB, Venkitataman AR, Whitsett JA, et al. Importance of hydrophobic apoproteins as constituents of clinical exogenous surfactants. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 24–30PubMedCrossRef
116.
Ferring M, Vincent JL. Is outcome from ARDS related to the severity of respiratory failure? Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1297–300PubMedCrossRef
117.
Calfactant for direct acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00682500]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​clinicaltrials.​gov [Accessed 2010 May 20]
118.
Moradi M, Mojtahedzadeh M, Mandegari A, et al. The role of glutathione-S-transferase polymorphisms on clinical outcome of ALI/ARDS patient treated with N-acetylcysteine. Resp Med 2009; 103(3): 434–41CrossRef
119.
Singer P, Shapiro H. Enteral omega-3 and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009; 12: 123–8PubMedCrossRef
120.
Steinberg KP, Milberg JA, Martin TR, et al. Evolution of bronchoalveolar cell populations in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 113–22PubMed
121.
122.
Lien DC, Wiltz W, Wagner JR, et al. Physiological neutrophil sequestration in the lung: visual evidence for localization in capillaries. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: 1236–43PubMed
123.
Safety and efficacy study of depelestat in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00455767]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​clinicaltrials.​gov [Accessed 2010 May 20]
124.
Ashitani J, Mukae H, Arimura Y, et al. High concentrations of alpha-defensins in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Life Sci 2004 Jul 16; 75(9): 1123–34PubMedCrossRef
125.
Biological markers to identify early sepsis and acute lung injury [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00825357]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​clinicaltrials.​gov [Accessed 2010 May 20]
126.
Marshall JC, Watts FL. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) and the resolution of systemic inflammation. Can J Surg 1997; 40(3): 169–74PubMed
127.
Martin TR, Nakamura M, Matute-Bello G. The role of apoptosis in acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2003; 31 (4 Suppl.): S184–8PubMedCrossRef
128.
Taneja R, Parodo J, Jia SH, et al. Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in sepsis is associated with maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reduced caspase-9 activity. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(7): 1460–9PubMedCrossRef
129.
Chitnis D, Dickerson C, Munster AM, et al. Inhibition of apoptosis in polymorphonuclear neutrophils from burn patients. J Leukoc Biol 1996; 59: 835–9PubMed
130.
Sookhai S, Wang JJ, McCourt M, et al. A novel therapeutic strategy for attenuating neutrophil-mediated lung injury in vivo. Ann Surg 2002; 235(2): 285–91PubMedCrossRef
131.
Matute-Bello G, Liles WC, Radella FI, et al. Neutrophil apoptosis in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1969–77PubMed
132.
Pelaez A, Bechara RI, Joshi PC, et al. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment improves alveolar epithelial barrier function in alcoholic rat lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004 Jan; 286(1): L106–11PubMedCrossRef
133.
Paine III R, Wilcoxen SE, Morris SB, et al. Transgenic overexpression of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in the lung prevents hyperoxic lung injury. Am J Pathol 2003; 163(6): 2397–406PubMedCrossRef
134.
Matute-Bello G, Liles WC, Radella F, et al. Modulation of neutrophil apoptosis by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor during the course of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2000 Jan; 28(1): 1–7PubMedCrossRef
135.
Abraham E, Bursten S, Shenkar R, et al. Phosphatidic acid signaling mediates lung cytokine expression and lung inflammatory injury after hemorrhage in mice. J Exp Med 1995; 181: 569–75PubMedCrossRef
136.
Goodman ER, Kleinstein E, Fusco AM, et al. Role of interleukin 8 in the genesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome through an effect on neutrophil apoptosis. Arch Surg 1998 Nov; 133(11): 1234–9PubMedCrossRef
137.
Miller EJ, Cohen AB, Matthay MA. Increased interleukin8 concentrations in the pulmonary edema fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome from sepsis. Crit Care Med 1996; 24(9): 1448–54PubMedCrossRef
138.
Lucas R, Verin AD, Black SM, et al. Regulators of endothelial and epithelial barrier integrity and function in acute lung injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2009 Jun 15; 77(12): 1763–72PubMedCrossRef
139.
Low doses corticosteroids as adjuvant therapy for the treatment of severe H1N1 flu (CORTIFLU) [Clinical Trials.gov identifier NCT01014364]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​clinicaltrials.​gov [Accessed 2010 May 20]
140.
Bernard GR, Ely EW, Wright TJ, et al. Safety and dose relationship of recombinant human activated protein C for coagulopathy in severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2001 Nov; 29(11): 2051–9PubMedCrossRef
141.
STIP: Statin Trial for Influenza Patients [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00970606]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​clinicaltrials.​gov [Accessed 2010 May 20]
142.
Statins for Acutely Injured Lungs from Sepsis (SAILS) [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00979121]. US National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​clinicaltrials.​gov [Accessed 2010 May 20]
Metadata
Title
Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Current and Experimental Approaches
Authors
Dr Karen J. Bosma
Ravi Taneja
James F. Lewis
Publication date
01-07-2010
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Drugs / Issue 10/2010
Print ISSN: 0012-6667
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1950
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/10898570-000000000-00000

Other articles of this Issue 10/2010

Drugs 10/2010 Go to the issue

Adis Drug Profile

Vinflunine

Adis Drug Evaluation

Tinzaparin Sodium

Leading Article

Microbicides in the Prevention of HIV Infection

Adis Drug Evaluation

Paliperidone Extended Release

Current Opinion

Optimal Antagonism of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Review Article

Pharmacological Management of Pain in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis