Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Drugs 3/2007

01-02-2007 | Review Article

Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Authors: Dr Michelle A. Fanale, Anas Younes

Published in: Drugs | Issue 3/2007

Login to get access

Abstract

Antibody-based therapeutic approaches have had a significant impact in the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Rituximab’s development as an anti-CD20 antibody heralded a new era in treatment approaches for NHL. While rituximab was first shown to be effective in the treatment of relapsed follicular lymphoma, it is now standard monotherapy for front-line treatment of follicular lymphoma, and is also used in conjunction with chemotherapy for other indolent, intermediate and aggressive B-cell lymphomas. The development of rituximab has led to intense interest in this type of therapeutic approach and to development and approval of the radioimmunoconjugates of rituximab, 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan and 131I-tositumomab, which have added to the repertoire of treatments for relapsed follicular lymphoma and increased interest in developing other conjugated antibodies. Since rituximab is a chimeric antibody, there is a need to develop fully humanised antibodies, such as IMMU-106 (hA20), in order to minimise infusion reactions and eliminate the development of human antibodies against the drug.
Further clinical evaluation of antibodies has been based largely on our knowledge of antigen expression on the surface of lymphoma cells and has led to the development of antibodies against CD22 (unconjugated epratuzumab and calicheamicin conjugated CMC-544 [inotuzumab ozogamicin]), CD80 (galiximab), CD52 (alemtuzumab), CD2 (MEDI-507 [siplizumab]), CD30 (SGN-30 and MDX-060 [iratumumab]), and CD40 (SGN-40). Furthermore, the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) inhibitor bevacizumab, which was first approved for the treatment of colon cancer is currently under investigation in NHL, and agonists rather than antibodies to TRAIL (tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) [rApo2L/TRAIL, HGS-ETRl{mapatumumab}, HGS-ETR2] are currently being investigated as treatments for both advanced solid tumours and NHL. Knowledge of the ability of cancer cells to become resistant to a targeted therapy by activating an alternative pathway to evade apoptosis has driven studies that combine antibodies such as epratuzumab plus rituximab (ER) or ER plus chemotherapy with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) [ER-CHOP], inotuzumab ozogamicin plus rituximab, alemtuzumab plus CHOP (CHOP-C), bevacizumab plus rituximab, and now the combination of rApo2L/TRAIL plus rituximab.
As a result of the expansion of research in this area, several treatment-specific adverse effects have been noted, including infusion-related reactions for rituximab, myelosuppression secondary to 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan and 131I-tositumomab, and immunosuppression leading to infectious complications for alemtuzumab. Also, soluble forms of the antigens (sCD30) are now being investigated as potential mechanisms of resistance to antibody treatments by binding the antibody before the drug can bind to the lymphoma cell. In addition, it has also become apparent that these antibodies often have a dose-dependent half-life (rituximab) or long half-lives of up to 2–3 weeks (epratuzumab and galiximab) with a consequent delay to a response, thus influencing how long we should wait for a response before declaring an antibody to be ineffective.
Antibody-based therapeutic approaches have already had a profound impact on the treatment of NHL, and it is almost certain that, as their clinical development progresses, we will continue to refine the optimum methods of incorporating these drugs in NHL treatment in order to offer our patients the best clinical benefits.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 1975; 256 (5517): 495–7PubMedCrossRef Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 1975; 256 (5517): 495–7PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Reilly RM, Sandhu J, Alvarez-Diez TM, et al. Problems of delivery of monoclonal antibodies: pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic solutions. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 28 (2): 126–42PubMedCrossRef Reilly RM, Sandhu J, Alvarez-Diez TM, et al. Problems of delivery of monoclonal antibodies: pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic solutions. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 28 (2): 126–42PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Levene AP, Singh G, Palmieri C. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in oncology. J R Soc Med 2005; 98 (4): 146–52PubMedCrossRef Levene AP, Singh G, Palmieri C. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in oncology. J R Soc Med 2005; 98 (4): 146–52PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Uchida J, Lee Y, Hasegawa M, et al. Mouse CD20 expression and function. Int Immunol 2004; 16 (1): 119–29PubMedCrossRef Uchida J, Lee Y, Hasegawa M, et al. Mouse CD20 expression and function. Int Immunol 2004; 16 (1): 119–29PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Cragg MS, Walshe CA, Ivanov AO, et al. The biology of CD20 and its potential as a target for mAb therapy. Curr Dir Autoimmun 2005; 8: 140–74PubMedCrossRef Cragg MS, Walshe CA, Ivanov AO, et al. The biology of CD20 and its potential as a target for mAb therapy. Curr Dir Autoimmun 2005; 8: 140–74PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Harjunpaa A, Junnikkala S, Meri S. Rituximab (anti-CD20) therapy of B-cell lymphomas: direct complement killing is superior to cellular effector mechanisms. Scand J Immunol 2000; 51 (6): 634–41PubMedCrossRef Harjunpaa A, Junnikkala S, Meri S. Rituximab (anti-CD20) therapy of B-cell lymphomas: direct complement killing is superior to cellular effector mechanisms. Scand J Immunol 2000; 51 (6): 634–41PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Golay J, Manganini M, Facchinetti V, et al. Rituximab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against neoplastic B cells is stimulated strongly by interleukin-2. Haematologica 2003; 88 (9): 1002–12PubMed Golay J, Manganini M, Facchinetti V, et al. Rituximab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against neoplastic B cells is stimulated strongly by interleukin-2. Haematologica 2003; 88 (9): 1002–12PubMed
9.
go back to reference Byrd JC, Murphy T, Howard RS, et al. Rituximab using a thrice weekly dosing schedule in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma demonstrates clinical activity and acceptable toxicity. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19(8): 2153–64PubMed Byrd JC, Murphy T, Howard RS, et al. Rituximab using a thrice weekly dosing schedule in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma demonstrates clinical activity and acceptable toxicity. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19(8): 2153–64PubMed
10.
go back to reference McLaughlin P, Grillo-Lopez AJ, Link BK, et al. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16 (8): 2825–33PubMed McLaughlin P, Grillo-Lopez AJ, Link BK, et al. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16 (8): 2825–33PubMed
11.
go back to reference Davis TA, Grillo-Lopez AJ, White CA, et al. Rituximab anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: safety and efficacy of re-treatment. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18 (17): 3135–43PubMed Davis TA, Grillo-Lopez AJ, White CA, et al. Rituximab anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: safety and efficacy of re-treatment. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18 (17): 3135–43PubMed
12.
go back to reference Ghielmini M, Schmitz S-FH, Cogliatti SB, et al. Prolonged treatment with rituximab in patients with follicular lymphoma significantly increases event-free survival and response duration compared with the standard weekly x 4 schedule. Blood 2004; 103 (12): 4416–23PubMedCrossRef Ghielmini M, Schmitz S-FH, Cogliatti SB, et al. Prolonged treatment with rituximab in patients with follicular lymphoma significantly increases event-free survival and response duration compared with the standard weekly x 4 schedule. Blood 2004; 103 (12): 4416–23PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Hainsworth JD, Litchy S, Shaffer DW, et al. Maximizing therapeutic benefit of rituximab: maintenance therapy versus retreatment at progression in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a randomized phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (6): 1088–95PubMedCrossRef Hainsworth JD, Litchy S, Shaffer DW, et al. Maximizing therapeutic benefit of rituximab: maintenance therapy versus retreatment at progression in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a randomized phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (6): 1088–95PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Hochster HS, Weller E, Gascoyne RD, et al. Maintenance rituximab after CVP results in superior clinical outcome in advanced follicular lymphoma (FL): results of the E1496 phase III trial from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group and the Cancer and Leukemia Group B [abstract no. 349]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 106a Hochster HS, Weller E, Gascoyne RD, et al. Maintenance rituximab after CVP results in superior clinical outcome in advanced follicular lymphoma (FL): results of the E1496 phase III trial from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group and the Cancer and Leukemia Group B [abstract no. 349]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 106a
15.
go back to reference Hiddemann W, Forstpointner R, Dreyling M, et al. Rituximab maintenance following a rituximab containing chemotherapy significantly prolongs the duration of response in patients with relapsed follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized trial of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG) [abstract no. 6527]. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (16S Pt 1): 566s Hiddemann W, Forstpointner R, Dreyling M, et al. Rituximab maintenance following a rituximab containing chemotherapy significantly prolongs the duration of response in patients with relapsed follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized trial of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG) [abstract no. 6527]. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (16S Pt 1): 566s
16.
go back to reference Colocci N, Weller E, Hochster HS, et al. Prognostic significance of the follicular lymphoma international prognostic index (FLIPI) in the E1496 trial of chemotherapy with or without maintenance rituximab [abstract no. 6526]. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (16S Pt 1): 566s Colocci N, Weller E, Hochster HS, et al. Prognostic significance of the follicular lymphoma international prognostic index (FLIPI) in the E1496 trial of chemotherapy with or without maintenance rituximab [abstract no. 6526]. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (16S Pt 1): 566s
17.
go back to reference Hiddemann W, Forstpointner R, Dreyling M, et al. Rituximab maintenance prolongs response duration after salvage therapy with R-FCM in patients with relapsed follicular lymphomas and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized trial of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG) [abstract 920]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 170a Hiddemann W, Forstpointner R, Dreyling M, et al. Rituximab maintenance prolongs response duration after salvage therapy with R-FCM in patients with relapsed follicular lymphomas and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized trial of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG) [abstract 920]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 170a
18.
go back to reference Van Oers MHJ, Van Glabbeke M, et al. Chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab; mabthera) in remission induction and maintenance treatment of relapsed/resistant follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: final analysis of a phase III randomized intergroup clinical trial [abstract no. 353]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 107a Van Oers MHJ, Van Glabbeke M, et al. Chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab; mabthera) in remission induction and maintenance treatment of relapsed/resistant follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: final analysis of a phase III randomized intergroup clinical trial [abstract no. 353]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 107a
19.
go back to reference Czuczman MS, Weaver R, Alkuzweny B, et al. Prolonged clinical and molecular remission in patients with low-grade or follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with rituximab plus CHOP chemotherapy: 9-year follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22 (23): 4711–6PubMedCrossRef Czuczman MS, Weaver R, Alkuzweny B, et al. Prolonged clinical and molecular remission in patients with low-grade or follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with rituximab plus CHOP chemotherapy: 9-year follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22 (23): 4711–6PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference McLaughlin MA, Rodriguez FB, Hagemeister J, et al. Stage IV indolent lymphoma: a randomized study of concurrent vs. sequential use of FND chemotherapy (fludarabine, mitoxantrone, dexamethasone) and rituximab (R) monoclonal antibody therapy, with interferon maintenance [abstract no. 2269]. 39th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology; 2003 May 31–Jun 3; Chicago (IL). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22: 564 McLaughlin MA, Rodriguez FB, Hagemeister J, et al. Stage IV indolent lymphoma: a randomized study of concurrent vs. sequential use of FND chemotherapy (fludarabine, mitoxantrone, dexamethasone) and rituximab (R) monoclonal antibody therapy, with interferon maintenance [abstract no. 2269]. 39th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology; 2003 May 31–Jun 3; Chicago (IL). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22: 564
21.
go back to reference Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J, et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 (4): 235–42PubMedCrossRef Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J, et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 (4): 235–42PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Miller TP, Unger JM, Spier C, et al. Effect of adding rituximab to three cycles of CHOP plus involved-field radiotherapy for limited-stage aggressive diffuse B-cell lymphoma (SWOG-0014) [abstract no. 158]. Blood 2004; 104 (11): 48a Miller TP, Unger JM, Spier C, et al. Effect of adding rituximab to three cycles of CHOP plus involved-field radiotherapy for limited-stage aggressive diffuse B-cell lymphoma (SWOG-0014) [abstract no. 158]. Blood 2004; 104 (11): 48a
23.
go back to reference Pfreundschuh M, Kloess M, Schmits R, et al. Six, not eight cycles of bi-weekly CHOP with rituximab (R-CHOP-14) is the preferred treatment for elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): results of the RICOVER-60 trial of the German high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma Study Group (DSHNHL) [abstract no. 13]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 9a Pfreundschuh M, Kloess M, Schmits R, et al. Six, not eight cycles of bi-weekly CHOP with rituximab (R-CHOP-14) is the preferred treatment for elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): results of the RICOVER-60 trial of the German high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma Study Group (DSHNHL) [abstract no. 13]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 9a
24.
go back to reference Romaguera JE, Fayad L, Rodriguez MA, et al. High rate of durable remissions after treatment of newly diagnosed aggressive mantle-cell lymphoma with rituximab plus hyper-CVAD alternating with rituximab plus high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (28): 7013–23PubMedCrossRef Romaguera JE, Fayad L, Rodriguez MA, et al. High rate of durable remissions after treatment of newly diagnosed aggressive mantle-cell lymphoma with rituximab plus hyper-CVAD alternating with rituximab plus high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (28): 7013–23PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Morschhauser F, Leonard J, Coiffier B, et al. Initial safety and efficacy results of a second-generation humanized anti-CD20 antibody, IMMU-106 (hA20), in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [abstract no. 2428]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 683a Morschhauser F, Leonard J, Coiffier B, et al. Initial safety and efficacy results of a second-generation humanized anti-CD20 antibody, IMMU-106 (hA20), in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [abstract no. 2428]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 683a
26.
go back to reference Witzig TE, White CA, Wiseman GA, et al. Phase I/II trial of IDEC-Y2B8 radioimmunotherapy for treatment of relapsed or refractory CD20(+) B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17 (12): 3793–803PubMed Witzig TE, White CA, Wiseman GA, et al. Phase I/II trial of IDEC-Y2B8 radioimmunotherapy for treatment of relapsed or refractory CD20(+) B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17 (12): 3793–803PubMed
27.
go back to reference Witzig TE, Flinn IW, Gordon LI, et al. Treatment with ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy in patients with rituximab-refractory follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20 (15): 3262–9PubMedCrossRef Witzig TE, Flinn IW, Gordon LI, et al. Treatment with ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy in patients with rituximab-refractory follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20 (15): 3262–9PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Witzig TE, Gordon LI, Cabanillas F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of yttrium-90-labeled ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy versus rituximab immunotherapy for patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20 (10): 2453–63PubMedCrossRef Witzig TE, Gordon LI, Cabanillas F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of yttrium-90-labeled ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy versus rituximab immunotherapy for patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20 (10): 2453–63PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Kaminski MS, Zelenetz AD, Press OW, et al. Pivotal study of iodine I 131 tositumomab for chemotherapy-refractory lowgrade or transformed low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19(19): 3918–28PubMed Kaminski MS, Zelenetz AD, Press OW, et al. Pivotal study of iodine I 131 tositumomab for chemotherapy-refractory lowgrade or transformed low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19(19): 3918–28PubMed
30.
go back to reference Kaminski MS, Tuck M, Estes J, et al. 131I-tositumomab therapy as initial treatment for follicular lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2005; 352 (5): 441–9PubMedCrossRef Kaminski MS, Tuck M, Estes J, et al. 131I-tositumomab therapy as initial treatment for follicular lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2005; 352 (5): 441–9PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kaminski MS, Estes J, Regan D. Front-line treatment of advanced B-cell low-grade lymphoma with radiolabelled anti-B1 antibody: initial experience [abstract no. 51]. 33rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology; 1997 May 17–20; Denver (CO). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997; 16: 15a Kaminski MS, Estes J, Regan D. Front-line treatment of advanced B-cell low-grade lymphoma with radiolabelled anti-B1 antibody: initial experience [abstract no. 51]. 33rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology; 1997 May 17–20; Denver (CO). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997; 16: 15a
32.
go back to reference Press OW, Unger JM, Braziel RM, et al. A phase 2 trial of CHOP chemotherapy followed by tositumomab/iodine I 131 tositumomab for previously untreated follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Southwest Oncology Group Protocol S9911. Blood 2003; 102 (5): 1606–12PubMedCrossRef Press OW, Unger JM, Braziel RM, et al. A phase 2 trial of CHOP chemotherapy followed by tositumomab/iodine I 131 tositumomab for previously untreated follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Southwest Oncology Group Protocol S9911. Blood 2003; 102 (5): 1606–12PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Sato S, Tuscano JM, Inaoki M, et al. CD22 negatively and positively regulates signal transduction through the B lymphocyte antigen receptor. Semin Immunol 1998; 10 (4): 287–97PubMedCrossRef Sato S, Tuscano JM, Inaoki M, et al. CD22 negatively and positively regulates signal transduction through the B lymphocyte antigen receptor. Semin Immunol 1998; 10 (4): 287–97PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Leonard JP, Coleman M, Ketas JC, et al. Epratuzumab, a humanized anti-CD22 antibody, in aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: phase I/II clinical trial results. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10 (16): 5327–34PubMedCrossRef Leonard JP, Coleman M, Ketas JC, et al. Epratuzumab, a humanized anti-CD22 antibody, in aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: phase I/II clinical trial results. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10 (16): 5327–34PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Leonard JP, Coleman M, Ketas J, et al. Combination antibody therapy with epratuzumab and rituximab in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (22): 5044–51PubMedCrossRef Leonard JP, Coleman M, Ketas J, et al. Combination antibody therapy with epratuzumab and rituximab in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (22): 5044–51PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Micallef IN, Kahl BS, Gayko U, et al. Initial results of a pilot study of epratuzuamab and rituximab in combination with cehmotherapy (ER-CHOP) in previously untreated patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [abstract no. 6580]. 40th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology; 2004 Jun 5–8; New Orleans (LA). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2004; 23: 575 Micallef IN, Kahl BS, Gayko U, et al. Initial results of a pilot study of epratuzuamab and rituximab in combination with cehmotherapy (ER-CHOP) in previously untreated patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [abstract no. 6580]. 40th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology; 2004 Jun 5–8; New Orleans (LA). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2004; 23: 575
37.
go back to reference Linden O, Hindorf C, Cavallin-Stahl E, et al. Dose-fractionated radioimmunotherapy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma using DOTA-conjugated, 90Y-radiolabeled, humanized anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody, epratuzumab. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11 (14): 5215–22PubMedCrossRef Linden O, Hindorf C, Cavallin-Stahl E, et al. Dose-fractionated radioimmunotherapy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma using DOTA-conjugated, 90Y-radiolabeled, humanized anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody, epratuzumab. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11 (14): 5215–22PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Advani A, Gine E, Gisselbrecht C, et al. Preliminary report of a phase I study of CMC-544, an antibody-targeted chemotherapy agent, in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) [abstract no. 230]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 71a Advani A, Gine E, Gisselbrecht C, et al. Preliminary report of a phase I study of CMC-544, an antibody-targeted chemotherapy agent, in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) [abstract no. 230]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 71a
39.
go back to reference McCarron PA, Olwill SA, Marouf WMY, et al. Antibody conjugates and therapeutic strategies. Mol Interv 2005; 5 (6): 368–80PubMedCrossRef McCarron PA, Olwill SA, Marouf WMY, et al. Antibody conjugates and therapeutic strategies. Mol Interv 2005; 5 (6): 368–80PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference DiJoseph JF, Armellino DC, Doughter MM, et al. Antibodytargeted chemotherapy with immunoconjugates of calicheamicin: differential anti-tumor activity of conjugated calicheamicin targeted to B-cell lymphoma via B-cell lineage specific molecules CD19, CD20, and CD22 [abstract no. 2490]. Blood 2004; 104 (11): 683a DiJoseph JF, Armellino DC, Doughter MM, et al. Antibodytargeted chemotherapy with immunoconjugates of calicheamicin: differential anti-tumor activity of conjugated calicheamicin targeted to B-cell lymphoma via B-cell lineage specific molecules CD19, CD20, and CD22 [abstract no. 2490]. Blood 2004; 104 (11): 683a
41.
go back to reference Hernandez-Ilizaiturri FJ, Devineni S, Arora S, et al. Targeting CD20 and CD22 with rituximab in combination with CMC-544 results in improved anti-tumor activity against non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) pre-clinical models [abstract no. 1473]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 425a Hernandez-Ilizaiturri FJ, Devineni S, Arora S, et al. Targeting CD20 and CD22 with rituximab in combination with CMC-544 results in improved anti-tumor activity against non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) pre-clinical models [abstract no. 1473]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 425a
42.
go back to reference Schultze J, Nadler LM, Gribben JG. B7-mediated costimulation and the immune response. Blood Rev 1996; 10 (2): 111–27PubMedCrossRef Schultze J, Nadler LM, Gribben JG. B7-mediated costimulation and the immune response. Blood Rev 1996; 10 (2): 111–27PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference June CH, Bluestone JA, Nadler LM, et al. The B7 and CD28 receptor families. Immunol Today 1994; 15 (7): 321–31PubMedCrossRef June CH, Bluestone JA, Nadler LM, et al. The B7 and CD28 receptor families. Immunol Today 1994; 15 (7): 321–31PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Vyth-Dreese FA, Dellemijn TA, Majoor D, et al. Localization in situ of the co-stimulatory molecules B7.1, B7.2, CD40 and their ligands in normal human lymphoid tissue. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25 (11): 3023–9PubMedCrossRef Vyth-Dreese FA, Dellemijn TA, Majoor D, et al. Localization in situ of the co-stimulatory molecules B7.1, B7.2, CD40 and their ligands in normal human lymphoid tissue. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25 (11): 3023–9PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Dorfman DM, Schultze JL, Shahsafaei A, et al. In vivo expression of B7-1 and B7-2 by follicular lymphoma cells can prevent induction of T cell anergy but is insufficient to induce significant T cell proliferation. Blood 1997; 90: 4297–306PubMed Dorfman DM, Schultze JL, Shahsafaei A, et al. In vivo expression of B7-1 and B7-2 by follicular lymphoma cells can prevent induction of T cell anergy but is insufficient to induce significant T cell proliferation. Blood 1997; 90: 4297–306PubMed
46.
go back to reference Trentin L, Zambello R, Sancetta R, et al. B lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphoproliferative disorders are equipped with different costimulatory molecules. Cancer Res 1997; 57 (21): 4940–7PubMed Trentin L, Zambello R, Sancetta R, et al. B lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphoproliferative disorders are equipped with different costimulatory molecules. Cancer Res 1997; 57 (21): 4940–7PubMed
47.
go back to reference Vooijs WC, Otten HG, van Vliet M, et al. B7-1 (CD80) as target for immunotoxin therapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Br J Cancer 1997; 76 (9): 1163–9PubMedCrossRef Vooijs WC, Otten HG, van Vliet M, et al. B7-1 (CD80) as target for immunotoxin therapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Br J Cancer 1997; 76 (9): 1163–9PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Nozawa Y, Wakasa H, Abe M. Costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) on Reed-Sternberg cells are associated with the proliferation of background T cells in Hodgkin’s disease. Pathol Int 1998; 48 (1): 10–4PubMedCrossRef Nozawa Y, Wakasa H, Abe M. Costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) on Reed-Sternberg cells are associated with the proliferation of background T cells in Hodgkin’s disease. Pathol Int 1998; 48 (1): 10–4PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Munro JM, Freedman AS, Aster JC, et al. In vivo expression of the B7 costimulatory molecule by subsets of antigen-presenting cells and the malignant cells of Hodgkin’s disease. Blood 1994; 83 (3): 793–8PubMed Munro JM, Freedman AS, Aster JC, et al. In vivo expression of the B7 costimulatory molecule by subsets of antigen-presenting cells and the malignant cells of Hodgkin’s disease. Blood 1994; 83 (3): 793–8PubMed
50.
go back to reference Plumas J, Chaperot L, Jacob M, et al. Malignant B lymphocytes from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma induce allogeneic proliferative and cytotoxic T cell responses in primary mixed lymphocyte cultures: an important role of co-stimulatory molecules CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) in stimulation by tumor cells. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25 (12): 3332–41PubMedCrossRef Plumas J, Chaperot L, Jacob M, et al. Malignant B lymphocytes from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma induce allogeneic proliferative and cytotoxic T cell responses in primary mixed lymphocyte cultures: an important role of co-stimulatory molecules CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) in stimulation by tumor cells. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25 (12): 3332–41PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Younes A, Hariharan K, Allen RS, et al. Initial trials of anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody (galiximab) therapy for patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma 2003; 3 (4): 257–9PubMedCrossRef Younes A, Hariharan K, Allen RS, et al. Initial trials of anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody (galiximab) therapy for patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma 2003; 3 (4): 257–9PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Czuczman MS, Thall A, Witzig TE, et al. Phase I/II study of galiximab, an anti-CD80 antibody, for relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (19): 4390–8PubMedCrossRef Czuczman MS, Thall A, Witzig TE, et al. Phase I/II study of galiximab, an anti-CD80 antibody, for relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (19): 4390–8PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Wierda WG, Kipps TJ, Keating MJ. Novel immune-based treatment strategies for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (26): 6325–32PubMedCrossRef Wierda WG, Kipps TJ, Keating MJ. Novel immune-based treatment strategies for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (26): 6325–32PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Keating MJ, Flinn I, Jain V, et al. Therapeutic role of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) in patients who have failed fludarabine: results of a large international study. Blood 2002; 99(10): 3554–61PubMedCrossRef Keating MJ, Flinn I, Jain V, et al. Therapeutic role of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) in patients who have failed fludarabine: results of a large international study. Blood 2002; 99(10): 3554–61PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Lundin J, Hagberg H, Repp R, et al. Phase 2 study of alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome. Blood 2003; 101 (11): 4267–72PubMedCrossRef Lundin J, Hagberg H, Repp R, et al. Phase 2 study of alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome. Blood 2003; 101 (11): 4267–72PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Kennedy GA, Seymour JF, Wolf M, et al. Treatment of patients with advanced mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome with alemtuzumab. Eur J Haematol 2003; 71 (4): 250–6PubMedCrossRef Kennedy GA, Seymour JF, Wolf M, et al. Treatment of patients with advanced mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome with alemtuzumab. Eur J Haematol 2003; 71 (4): 250–6PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Enblad G, Hagberg H, Erlanson M, et al. A pilot study of alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) therapy for patients with relapsed or chemotherapy-refractory peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Blood 2004; 103 (8): 2920–4PubMedCrossRef Enblad G, Hagberg H, Erlanson M, et al. A pilot study of alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) therapy for patients with relapsed or chemotherapy-refractory peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Blood 2004; 103 (8): 2920–4PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Zinzani PL, Alinari L, Tani M, et al. Preliminary observations of a phase II study of reduced-dose alemtuzumab treatment in patients with pretreated T-cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2005; 90 (5): 702–3PubMed Zinzani PL, Alinari L, Tani M, et al. Preliminary observations of a phase II study of reduced-dose alemtuzumab treatment in patients with pretreated T-cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2005; 90 (5): 702–3PubMed
59.
go back to reference Bubis JA, Schaal AD, Kimtis EA, et al. Subcutaneous administration of alemtuzumab: a single institution experience [abstract no. 5029]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 5029 Bubis JA, Schaal AD, Kimtis EA, et al. Subcutaneous administration of alemtuzumab: a single institution experience [abstract no. 5029]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 5029
60.
go back to reference Gallamini A, Zaja F, Gargantini L, et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus campath-1H (CHOP-C) as first line treatment in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) [abstract no. 3345]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 935a Gallamini A, Zaja F, Gargantini L, et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus campath-1H (CHOP-C) as first line treatment in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) [abstract no. 3345]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 935a
61.
go back to reference King PD, Sadra A, Han A, et al. CD2 signaling in T cells involves tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the Tec family kinase, EMT/ITK/TSK. Int Immunol 1996; 8 (11): 1707–14PubMedCrossRef King PD, Sadra A, Han A, et al. CD2 signaling in T cells involves tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the Tec family kinase, EMT/ITK/TSK. Int Immunol 1996; 8 (11): 1707–14PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Zhang Z, Zhang M, Ravetch JV, et al. Effective therapy for a murine model of adult T-cell leukemia with the humanized anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody, MEDI-507. Blood 2003; 102 (1): 284–8PubMedCrossRef Zhang Z, Zhang M, Ravetch JV, et al. Effective therapy for a murine model of adult T-cell leukemia with the humanized anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody, MEDI-507. Blood 2003; 102 (1): 284–8PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Locksley RM, Killeen N, Lenardo MJ. The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology. Cell 2001; 104 (4): 487–501PubMedCrossRef Locksley RM, Killeen N, Lenardo MJ. The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology. Cell 2001; 104 (4): 487–501PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Younes A, Aggarwall BB. Clinical implications of the tumor necrosis factor family in benign and malignant hematologic disorders. Cancer 2003; 98 (3): 458–67PubMedCrossRef Younes A, Aggarwall BB. Clinical implications of the tumor necrosis factor family in benign and malignant hematologic disorders. Cancer 2003; 98 (3): 458–67PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Cerveny CG, Law C-L, McCormick RS, et al. The anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody SGN-30 inhibits Hodgkin’s disease growth and sensitizes cells to established chemotherapeutics [abstract no. 2639]. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting abstracts. Blood 2004; 104: 2639 Cerveny CG, Law C-L, McCormick RS, et al. The anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody SGN-30 inhibits Hodgkin’s disease growth and sensitizes cells to established chemotherapeutics [abstract no. 2639]. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting abstracts. Blood 2004; 104: 2639
66.
go back to reference Bartlett NL, Bernstein SH, Leonard JP, et al. Antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics of six weekly doses of SGN-30 (anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody) in patients with refractory or recurrent CD30+ hematologic malignancies [abstract no. 2390]. Blood 2003; 102 (11): 647a Bartlett NL, Bernstein SH, Leonard JP, et al. Antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics of six weekly doses of SGN-30 (anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody) in patients with refractory or recurrent CD30+ hematologic malignancies [abstract no. 2390]. Blood 2003; 102 (11): 647a
67.
go back to reference Ansell SM, Byrd JC, Horwitz SM, et al. Phase I/II, open-label, dose-escalating study of MDX-060 administered weekly for 4 weeks in subjects with refractory/relapsed CD30 positive lymphoma [abstract no. 2636]. Blood 2004; 104 (11): 721a Ansell SM, Byrd JC, Horwitz SM, et al. Phase I/II, open-label, dose-escalating study of MDX-060 administered weekly for 4 weeks in subjects with refractory/relapsed CD30 positive lymphoma [abstract no. 2636]. Blood 2004; 104 (11): 721a
68.
go back to reference Advani RH, Furman RR, Rosenblatt JD, et al. Phase I study of humanized anti-CD40 immunotherapy with SGN-40 in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [abstract no. 1504). Blood 2005; 106 (11): 433a Advani RH, Furman RR, Rosenblatt JD, et al. Phase I study of humanized anti-CD40 immunotherapy with SGN-40 in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [abstract no. 1504). Blood 2005; 106 (11): 433a
69.
go back to reference Lugman M, Tong X, Niu X, et al. CHIR-12.12, an antagonist anti-CD40 antibody, exhibits greater ADCC than rituximab against a variety of malignant B cells: evaluation of FcyRIIIa polymorphism and ADCC response [abstract no. 1472]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 424a Lugman M, Tong X, Niu X, et al. CHIR-12.12, an antagonist anti-CD40 antibody, exhibits greater ADCC than rituximab against a variety of malignant B cells: evaluation of FcyRIIIa polymorphism and ADCC response [abstract no. 1472]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 424a
70.
go back to reference Younes A, Vose JM, Zelenetz AD, et al. Results of a phase 2 trial of HGS-ETR1 (agonistic human monoclonal antibody to TRAIL receptor 1) in subjects with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [abstract no. 489]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 146a Younes A, Vose JM, Zelenetz AD, et al. Results of a phase 2 trial of HGS-ETR1 (agonistic human monoclonal antibody to TRAIL receptor 1) in subjects with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [abstract no. 489]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 146a
71.
go back to reference Czuczman MS, Maddipatia S, Knight J, et al. In vitro synergistic anti-tumor activity by targeting TRAIL-R1 and CD20 antigen by combining HGS-ETR1 (agonistic human monoclonal antibody to TRAIL receptor 1) and rituximab monoclonal antibody against non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells (NHL) [abstract no. 1475]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 425a Czuczman MS, Maddipatia S, Knight J, et al. In vitro synergistic anti-tumor activity by targeting TRAIL-R1 and CD20 antigen by combining HGS-ETR1 (agonistic human monoclonal antibody to TRAIL receptor 1) and rituximab monoclonal antibody against non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells (NHL) [abstract no. 1475]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 425a
72.
go back to reference Hammond PW, Vafa O, Jacinto J, et al. A humanized anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody, XmAb2513, with enhanced in vitro potency against CD30-postive lymphomas mediated by high affinity Fc-receptor binding [abstract no. 1470]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 424a Hammond PW, Vafa O, Jacinto J, et al. A humanized anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody, XmAb2513, with enhanced in vitro potency against CD30-postive lymphomas mediated by high affinity Fc-receptor binding [abstract no. 1470]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 424a
73.
go back to reference Hargreaves P, Al-Shamkhani A. Soluble CD30 binds to CD153 with high affinity and blocks transmembrane signaling by CD30. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32 (1): 163–73PubMedCrossRef Hargreaves P, Al-Shamkhani A. Soluble CD30 binds to CD153 with high affinity and blocks transmembrane signaling by CD30. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32 (1): 163–73PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Younes A, Consoli U, Snell V, et al. CD30 ligand in lymphoma patients with CD30+ tumors. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15 (11): 3355–62PubMed Younes A, Consoli U, Snell V, et al. CD30 ligand in lymphoma patients with CD30+ tumors. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15 (11): 3355–62PubMed
75.
go back to reference Nagata S, Ise T, Onda M, et al. Cell membrane-specific epitopes on CD30: potentially superior targets for immunotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102 (22): 7946–51PubMedCrossRef Nagata S, Ise T, Onda M, et al. Cell membrane-specific epitopes on CD30: potentially superior targets for immunotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102 (22): 7946–51PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference van Kooten C, Banchereau J. CD40-CD40 ligand. J Leukoc Biol 2000; 67 (1): 2–17PubMed van Kooten C, Banchereau J. CD40-CD40 ligand. J Leukoc Biol 2000; 67 (1): 2–17PubMed
77.
go back to reference Hock BD, McKenzie JL, Patton NW, et al. Circulating levels and clinical significance of soluble CD40 in patients with hematologic malignancies. Cancer 2006; 106 (10): 2148–57PubMedCrossRef Hock BD, McKenzie JL, Patton NW, et al. Circulating levels and clinical significance of soluble CD40 in patients with hematologic malignancies. Cancer 2006; 106 (10): 2148–57PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Younes A. The dynamics of life and death of malignant lymphocytes. Curr Opin Oncol 1999; 11 (5): 364–9PubMedCrossRef Younes A. The dynamics of life and death of malignant lymphocytes. Curr Opin Oncol 1999; 11 (5): 364–9PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Law CL, Gordon KA, Collier J, et al. Preclinical antilymphoma activity of a humanized anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, SGN-40. Cancer Res 2005; 65 (18): 8331–8PubMedCrossRef Law CL, Gordon KA, Collier J, et al. Preclinical antilymphoma activity of a humanized anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, SGN-40. Cancer Res 2005; 65 (18): 8331–8PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Ashkenazi A. Targeting death and decoy receptors of the tumour-necrosis factor superfamily. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2 (6): 420–30PubMedCrossRef Ashkenazi A. Targeting death and decoy receptors of the tumour-necrosis factor superfamily. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2 (6): 420–30PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Bhardwaj A, Aggarwal BB. Receptor-mediated choreography of life and death. J Clin Immunol 2003; 23 (5): 317–32PubMedCrossRef Bhardwaj A, Aggarwal BB. Receptor-mediated choreography of life and death. J Clin Immunol 2003; 23 (5): 317–32PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Emery JG, McDonnell P, Burke MB, et al. Osteoprotegerin is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. J Biol Chem 1998; 273 (23): 14363–7PubMedCrossRef Emery JG, McDonnell P, Burke MB, et al. Osteoprotegerin is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. J Biol Chem 1998; 273 (23): 14363–7PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Degli-Esposti M. To die or not to die: the quest of the TRAIL receptors. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 65 (5): 535–42PubMed Degli-Esposti M. To die or not to die: the quest of the TRAIL receptors. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 65 (5): 535–42PubMed
84.
go back to reference Pukac L, Kanakaraj P, Humphreys R, et al. HGS-ETR1, a fully human TRAIL-receptor 1 monoclonal antibody, induces cell death in multiple tumour types in vitro and in vivo. Br J Cancer 2005; 92 (8): 1430–41PubMedCrossRef Pukac L, Kanakaraj P, Humphreys R, et al. HGS-ETR1, a fully human TRAIL-receptor 1 monoclonal antibody, induces cell death in multiple tumour types in vitro and in vivo. Br J Cancer 2005; 92 (8): 1430–41PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Snell V, Clodi K, Zhao S, et al. Activity of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 1997; 99(3): 618–24PubMedCrossRef Snell V, Clodi K, Zhao S, et al. Activity of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 1997; 99(3): 618–24PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Georgakis G, Li Y, Humphreys R, et al. Activity of selective fully human agonistic antibodies to the TRAIL death receptors TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 in primary and cultured lymphoma cells: induction of apoptosis and enhancement of doxorubicinand bortezomib-induced cell death. Br J Haematol 2005; 130 (4): 501–10PubMedCrossRef Georgakis G, Li Y, Humphreys R, et al. Activity of selective fully human agonistic antibodies to the TRAIL death receptors TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 in primary and cultured lymphoma cells: induction of apoptosis and enhancement of doxorubicinand bortezomib-induced cell death. Br J Haematol 2005; 130 (4): 501–10PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Ashkenazi A, Dixit VM. Death receptors: signaling and modulation. Science 1998; 28 (5381): 1305–8CrossRef Ashkenazi A, Dixit VM. Death receptors: signaling and modulation. Science 1998; 28 (5381): 1305–8CrossRef
88.
go back to reference Herbst RS, Mendolson DS, Ebbinghaus S, et al. A phase I safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) study of recombinant Apo2I7 TRAIL, an apoptosis-inducing protein in patients with advanced cancer [abstract no. 3013]. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24 (18S Pt 1): 124sCrossRef Herbst RS, Mendolson DS, Ebbinghaus S, et al. A phase I safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) study of recombinant Apo2I7 TRAIL, an apoptosis-inducing protein in patients with advanced cancer [abstract no. 3013]. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24 (18S Pt 1): 124sCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Schneider P, Tschopp J. BAFF and the regulation of B cell survival. Immunol Lett 2003; 88 (1): 57–62PubMedCrossRef Schneider P, Tschopp J. BAFF and the regulation of B cell survival. Immunol Lett 2003; 88 (1): 57–62PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Medema JP, Planelles-Carazo L, Hardenberg G, et al. The uncertain glory of APRIL. Cell Death Differ 2003; 10 (10): 1121–5PubMedCrossRef Medema JP, Planelles-Carazo L, Hardenberg G, et al. The uncertain glory of APRIL. Cell Death Differ 2003; 10 (10): 1121–5PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Mackay F, Schneider P, Rennert P, et al. BAFF AND APRIL: a tutorial on B cell survival. Annu Rev Immunol 2003; 21: 231–64PubMedCrossRef Mackay F, Schneider P, Rennert P, et al. BAFF AND APRIL: a tutorial on B cell survival. Annu Rev Immunol 2003; 21: 231–64PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Kern C, Cornuel JF, Billard C, et al. Involvement of BAFF and APRIL in the resistance to apoptosis of B-CLL through an autocrine pathway. Blood 2004; 103 (2): 679–88PubMedCrossRef Kern C, Cornuel JF, Billard C, et al. Involvement of BAFF and APRIL in the resistance to apoptosis of B-CLL through an autocrine pathway. Blood 2004; 103 (2): 679–88PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference He B, Chadburn A, Jou E, et al. Lymphoma B cells evade apoptosis through the TNF family members BAFF/BLyS and APRIL. J Immunol 2004; 172 (5): 3268–79PubMed He B, Chadburn A, Jou E, et al. Lymphoma B cells evade apoptosis through the TNF family members BAFF/BLyS and APRIL. J Immunol 2004; 172 (5): 3268–79PubMed
94.
go back to reference Mackay F, Ambrose C. The TNF family members BAFF and APRIL: the growing complexity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003; 14 (3–4): 311–24PubMedCrossRef Mackay F, Ambrose C. The TNF family members BAFF and APRIL: the growing complexity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003; 14 (3–4): 311–24PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Klein B, Tarte K, Jourdan M, et al. Survival and proliferation factors of normal and malignant plasma cells. Int J Hematol 2003; 78 (2): 106–13PubMedCrossRef Klein B, Tarte K, Jourdan M, et al. Survival and proliferation factors of normal and malignant plasma cells. Int J Hematol 2003; 78 (2): 106–13PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Kolb JP, Kern C, Quiney C, et al. Re-establishment of a normal apoptotic process as a therapeutic approach in B-CLL. Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord 2003; 3 (4): 261–86PubMedCrossRef Kolb JP, Kern C, Quiney C, et al. Re-establishment of a normal apoptotic process as a therapeutic approach in B-CLL. Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord 2003; 3 (4): 261–86PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Novak AJ, Bram RJ, Kay NE, et al. Aberrant expression of Blymphocyte stimulator by B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: a mechanism for survival. Blood 2002; 100 (8): 2973–9PubMedCrossRef Novak AJ, Bram RJ, Kay NE, et al. Aberrant expression of Blymphocyte stimulator by B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: a mechanism for survival. Blood 2002; 100 (8): 2973–9PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Moreaux J, Legouffe E, Jourdan E, et al. BAFF and APRIL protect myeloma cells from apoptosis induced by IL-6 deprivation and dexamethasone. Blood 2004; 103 (8): 3148–57PubMedCrossRef Moreaux J, Legouffe E, Jourdan E, et al. BAFF and APRIL protect myeloma cells from apoptosis induced by IL-6 deprivation and dexamethasone. Blood 2004; 103 (8): 3148–57PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Novak AJ, Darce JR, Arendt BK, et al. Expression of BCMA, TACI, and BAFF-R in multiple myeloma: a mechanism for growth and survival. Blood 2004; 103 (2): 689–94PubMedCrossRef Novak AJ, Darce JR, Arendt BK, et al. Expression of BCMA, TACI, and BAFF-R in multiple myeloma: a mechanism for growth and survival. Blood 2004; 103 (2): 689–94PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Oki Y, Georgakis GV, Migone T, et al. Serum BLyS Level as a prognostic marker in patients with lymphoma [abstract no. 1926]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 546a Oki Y, Georgakis GV, Migone T, et al. Serum BLyS Level as a prognostic marker in patients with lymphoma [abstract no. 1926]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 546a
101.
go back to reference Chiu A, Qiao X, He B, et al. The TNF family members BAFF and APRIL play an important role in Hodgkin lymphoma [abstract no. 22]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 11a Chiu A, Qiao X, He B, et al. The TNF family members BAFF and APRIL play an important role in Hodgkin lymphoma [abstract no. 22]. Blood 2005; 106 (11): 11a
102.
go back to reference Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 2003; 9(6): 669–76PubMedCrossRef Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 2003; 9(6): 669–76PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Olofsson B, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93 (6): 2576–81PubMedCrossRef Olofsson B, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93 (6): 2576–81PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Ribatti D, Vacca A, Bertossi M, et al. Angiogenesis induced by B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: lack of correlation with tumor malignancy and immunologic phenotype. Anticancer Res 1990; 10 (2A): 401–6PubMed Ribatti D, Vacca A, Bertossi M, et al. Angiogenesis induced by B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: lack of correlation with tumor malignancy and immunologic phenotype. Anticancer Res 1990; 10 (2A): 401–6PubMed
106.
go back to reference Ribatti D, Vacca A, Marzullo A, et al. Angiogenesis and mast cell density with tryptase activity increase simultaneously with pathological progression in B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Int J Cancer 2000; 85 (2): 171–5PubMed Ribatti D, Vacca A, Marzullo A, et al. Angiogenesis and mast cell density with tryptase activity increase simultaneously with pathological progression in B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Int J Cancer 2000; 85 (2): 171–5PubMed
107.
go back to reference Vacca A, Ribatti D, Roncali L, et al. Angiogenesis in B cell lymphoproliferative diseases: biological and clinical studies. Leuk Lymphoma 1995; 20 (1–2): 27–38PubMedCrossRef Vacca A, Ribatti D, Roncali L, et al. Angiogenesis in B cell lymphoproliferative diseases: biological and clinical studies. Leuk Lymphoma 1995; 20 (1–2): 27–38PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Salven P, Orpana A, Teerenhovi L, et al. Simultaneous elevation in the serum concentrations of the angiogenic growth factors VEGF and bFGF is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a single-institution study of 200 patients. Blood 2000; 96 (12): 3712–8PubMed Salven P, Orpana A, Teerenhovi L, et al. Simultaneous elevation in the serum concentrations of the angiogenic growth factors VEGF and bFGF is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a single-institution study of 200 patients. Blood 2000; 96 (12): 3712–8PubMed
109.
go back to reference Stopeck AT, Bellamy W, Unger J, et al. Phase II trial of a single agent bevacizumab (Avastin) in patients with relapsed, aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL): Southwest Oncology Group Study S0108 [abstract no. 6592]. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (16 Suppl.): 583s Stopeck AT, Bellamy W, Unger J, et al. Phase II trial of a single agent bevacizumab (Avastin) in patients with relapsed, aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL): Southwest Oncology Group Study S0108 [abstract no. 6592]. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (16 Suppl.): 583s
110.
go back to reference Stopeck A, Iannone M, Rimsza L, et al. Expression of VEGF, VEGF receptors, and other angiogenic markers in relapsed aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: correlative studies from the SWOG S0108 Trial [abstract no. 2288]. Blood 2004; 104 (11): 629a Stopeck A, Iannone M, Rimsza L, et al. Expression of VEGF, VEGF receptors, and other angiogenic markers in relapsed aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: correlative studies from the SWOG S0108 Trial [abstract no. 2288]. Blood 2004; 104 (11): 629a
Metadata
Title
Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Authors
Dr Michelle A. Fanale
Anas Younes
Publication date
01-02-2007
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Drugs / Issue 3/2007
Print ISSN: 0012-6667
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1950
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200767030-00002

Other articles of this Issue 3/2007

Drugs 3/2007 Go to the issue

Adis Drug Evaluation

Insulin Lispro

Adis Drug Evaluation

Agalsidase Beta