Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Drugs
Published in: Drugs 9/2010

01-06-2010 | Current Opinion

Human Papillomavirus Vaccines

Current Status and Future Prospects

Authors: Professor Suzanne M. Garland, Jennifer S. Smith

Published in: Drugs | Issue 9/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer of women. Less-developed countries bear the greatest burden in terms of morbidity and mortality, largely due to the lack of organized screening programmes. Cervical cancer is the first cancer shown to be caused solely by virological agents: oncogenic genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV). Two recently developed prophylactic cervical cancer vaccines, which are based on viral-like particle (VLP) technology of HPV, have the capacity to diminish a large proportion of cervical cancer cases worldwide. However, to be successful public health tools, they need to be widely implemented to the appropriate target population, preferably prior to first sexual intercourse. To increase vaccination coverage, national programmes in some countries have also included catch-up vaccination, for a limited time period, to young adult women aged up to 26 years. Despite the excellent efficacy for high-grade dysplasia due to vaccine-related HPV types (near to 100%) and immunogenicity induced against the HPV types 16 and 18 in females naive to those HPV types pre-vaccination, some form of cervical precancer screening will still be necessary. Immunity to HPV is primarily type specific, and thus protection induced by the current generation of vaccines, based on a limited number of HPV VLP types, cannot provide complete protection against all oncogenic HPV types. Both these vaccines translate to protection of cervical cancer in the order of 70–75%, which represents the percentage of invasive cancers attributable to HPV-16 and -18. Challenges to ensuring the successful control of this largely preventable disease include endorsement by governments and policy makers, affordable prices, education at all levels, overcoming barriers to vaccination and continued adherence to screening programmes.
Literature
1.
de Sanjosé S, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, et al. Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007 Jul; 7: 453–9CrossRef
2.
Smith JS, Lindsay L, Hoots B, et al. Human papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer and high-grade cervical lesions: a meta-analysis update. Int J Cancer 2007 Aug 1; 121(3): 621–32PubMedCrossRef
3.
Castellsague X, Diaz M, de Sanjosé S, et al. Worldwide human papillomavirus etiology of cervical adenocarcinoma and its cofactors: implications for screening and prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006 Mar 1; 98(5): 303–15PubMedCrossRef
4.
Clifford GM, Rana RK, Franceschi S, et al. Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in low-grade cervical lesions: comparison by geographic region and with cervical cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005 May; 14(5): 1157–64PubMedCrossRef
5.
Khan MJ, Castle PE, Lorincz AT, et al. The elevated 10-year risk of cervical precancer and cancer in women with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 or 18 and the possible utility of type-specific HPV testing in clinical practice. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005 Jul 20; 97(14): 1072–9PubMedCrossRef
6.
Smith JS, Backes DM, Hoots BE, et al. Human papillomavirus type-distribution in vulvar and vaginal cancers and their associated precursors. Obstet Gynecol 2009 Apr; 113(4): 917–24PubMed
7.
Hoots BE, Palefsky JM, Pimenta JM, et al. Human papillomavirus type distribution in anal cancer and anal intraepithelial lesions. Int J Cancer 2009; 124(10): 2375–83PubMedCrossRef
8.
Backes DM, Kurman RJ, Pimenta JM, et al. Systematic review of human papillomavirus prevalence in invasive penile cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2009 May; 20(4): 449–57PubMedCrossRef
9.
Bouvard V, Baan R, Sraif K, et al., WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. A review of human carcinogens. Part B: biological agents. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 321–2PubMedCrossRef
10.
D’Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, et al. Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 2007 May 10; 356(19): 1944–56PubMedCrossRef
11.
Shah KV. Do human papillomavirus infections cause oral cancer? J Natl Cancer Inst 1998 Nov 4; 90(21): 1585–6PubMedCrossRef
12.
13.
Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, et al. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet 2007; 370(9590): 890–907PubMedCrossRef
14.
Collins S, Mazloomzadeh S, Winter H, et al. High incidence of cervical human papillomavirus infection in women during their first sexual relationship. BJOG 2002 Jan; 109(1): 96–8PubMedCrossRef
15.
Ho G, Bierman R, Beardsley L, et al. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 423–8PubMedCrossRef
16.
Burchall AN, Tellier P-P, Hanley J, et al. Human papillomavirus infections among couples in new sexual relationships. Epidemiology 2010; 21(1): 31–7CrossRef
17.
Carter JJ, Koutsky LA, Hughes JP, et al. Comparison of human papillomavirus types 16, 18, and 6 capsid antibody responses following incident infection. J Infect Dis 2000 Jun; 181(6): 1911–9PubMedCrossRef
18.
Koshiol J, Lindsay L, Pimenta JM, et al. Persistent human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2008 Jul 15; 168(2): 123–37PubMedCrossRef
19.
Belinson S, Smith JS, Myers E, et al. Descriptive evidence that risk profiles for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1, 2, and 3 are unique. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17(9): 2350–5PubMedCrossRef
20.
Castle PE, Stoler MH, Solomon D, et al. The relationship of community biopsy-diagnosed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 to the quality control pathology-reviewed diagnoses: an ALTS report. Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 127(5): 805–15PubMedCrossRef
21.
McCredie MR, Sharples KJ, Paul C, et al. Natural history of cervical neoplasia and risk of invasive cancer in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2008 May; 9(5): 425–34PubMedCrossRef
22.
Bosch F, Lorincz A, Munoz N, et al. The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 244–65PubMedCrossRef
23.
Simonato L, Agudo A, Ahrens W, et al. Lung cancer and cigarette smoking in Europe: an update of risk estimates and an assessment of inter-country heterogeneity. Int J Cancer 2001; 91: 876–87PubMedCrossRef
24.
Castellsague X, Munoz N. Chapter 3: cofactors in human papillomavirus carcinogenesis. Role of parity, oral contraceptives, and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2003; (31): 20–8
25.
Smith JS, Bosetti C, Munoz N, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis and invasive cervical cancer: a pooled analysis of the IARC multicentric case-control study. Int J Cancer 2004 Sep 1; 111(3): 431–9PubMedCrossRef
26.
Smith JS, Herrero R, Bosetti C, et al. Herpes simplex virus-2 as a human papillomavirus cofactor in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002 Nov 6; 94(21): 1604–13PubMedCrossRef
27.
Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, et al. Natural history of genital warts: analysis of the placebo arm of 2 randomized phase III trials of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine. J Infect Dis 2009 Mar 15; 199(6): 805–14PubMedCrossRef
28.
Somers GR, Tabrizi SN, Borg AJ, et al. Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis in a pediatric population: a clinicopathologic study. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1997 Jan; 17(1): 53–64PubMedCrossRef
29.
Garland SM, Tabrizi S. HPV DNA testing: potential clinical applications. Int J Health Prom Edu 2006; 44: 107–12
30.
Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler CM, et al. Sustained efficacy up to 4.5 years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18: follow-up from a randomised control trial. Lancet 2006 Apr 15; 367(9518): 1247–55PubMedCrossRef
31.
Villa LL, Costa RL, Petta CA, et al. High sustained efficacy of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus types 6/11/16/18 L1 virus-like particle vaccine through 5 years of follow-up. Br J Cancer 2006 Dec 4; 95(11): 1459–66PubMedCrossRef
32.
Brown DR, Garland SM. Cervical cancer vaccines. PPO Updates; Principles and Practice of Oncology 2008; 22(4): 1–12
33.
Villa LL, Ault KA, Giuliano AR, et al. Immunologic responses following administration of a vaccine targeting human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16, and 18. Vaccine 2006 Jul 7; 24(27–28): 5571–83PubMedCrossRef
34.
Hagensee ME, Yaegashi N, Galloway DA, et al. Self-assembly of human papillomavirus type 1 capsids by expression of the L1 protein alone or by coexpression of the L1 and L2 capsid proteins. J Virol 1993; 67(1): 315–22PubMed
35.
Rose RC, Bonnez W, Reichman RC, et al. Expression of human papillomavirus type 11 L1 protein in insect cells: in vivo and in vitro assembly of viruslike particles. J Virol 1993; 67(4): 1936–44PubMed
36.
Garland SM, Hernandez AM, Wheeler CM, et al. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(19): 1928–43PubMedCrossRef
37.
Ault KA. Effect of prophylactic human papillomavirus L1 virus-like-particle vaccine on risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2, grade 3, and adenocarcinoma in situ: a combined analysis of four randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2007; 369(9576): 1861–8PubMedCrossRef
38.
Muñoz N, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, et al. Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV)-6/11/16/18 vaccine on all HPV-associated genital diseases in young women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102(5): 325–39PubMedCrossRef
39.
Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J, et al. Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis of a double-blind, randomised study in young women. Lancet 2009 Jul 29; 374(9686): 301–14PubMedCrossRef
40.
Paavonen J, Jenkins D, Bosch FX, et al. Efficacy of a prophylactic adjuvanted bivalent L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: an interim analysis of a phase III double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007 Jun 30; 369(9580): 2161–70PubMedCrossRef
41.
Joura EA, Kjaer SK, Wheeler CM, et al. HPV antibody levels and clinical efficacy following administration of a prophylactic quadrivalent HPV vaccine. Vaccine 2008 Dec 9; 26(52): 6844–51PubMedCrossRef
42.
FUTURE II Study Group. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1915–27CrossRef
43.
Joura EA, Leodolter S, Hernandez-Avila M, et al. Efficacy of a quadrivalent prophylactic human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against high-grade vulval and vaginal lesions: a combined analysis of three randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2007; 369(9574): 1693–702PubMedCrossRef
44.
45.
Olsson S-E, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, et al. Evaluation of quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccine efficacy against cervical and external anogenital disease in subjects with prior vaccine HPV type infection. Hum Vaccin 2009; 5(10): 696–704PubMedCrossRef
46.
Haupt RM, Sattler C. HPV vaccine continues to be safe and effective, and its benefits continue to outweigh its risks [letter]. Expert Rev Vaccines. In press
47.
Muñoz N, Manalastas R, Pitisuttithum P, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papilloma virus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in women aged 24–45 years: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2009; 373: 1949–57PubMedCrossRef
48.
Pagliusi SR, Teresa AM. Efficacy and other milestones for human papillomavirus vaccine introduction. Vaccine 2004 Dec 16; 23(5): 569–78PubMedCrossRef
49.
Brown DR, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, et al. The impact of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV; types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine on infection and disease due to oncogenic nonvaccine HPV types in generally HPV-naive women aged 16–26 years. J Infect Dis 2009 Apr 1; 199(7): 926–35PubMedCrossRef
50.
Skinner R, Apter DL, Chow SN, et al., for the HPV PATRICIA Study Group. Cross protective efficacy of CERVARIX against oncogenic HPV types beyond HPV-16/18 [abstract no. O-29.01]. 25th International Papillomavirus Conference; 2009 May 8–14; Malmo
51.
Garland SM, Steben M, Hernandez-Avila M, et al. Non-inferiority of antibody response to human papillomavirus type 16 in subjects vaccinated with monovalent and quadrivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccines. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007 Jun; 14(6): 792–5PubMedCrossRef
52.
Wheeler CM, Bautista OM, Tomassini JE, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of co-administered quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV)-6/11/16/18 L1 virus-like particle (VLP) and hepatitis B (HBV) vaccines. Vaccine 2008 Jan 30; 26(5): 686–96PubMedCrossRef
53.
54.
Lehtinen M, Idanpaan-Heikkila I, Lunnas T, et al. Population-based enrolment of adolescents in a long-term follow-up trial of human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy. Int J STD AIDS 2006 Apr; 17(4): 237–46PubMedCrossRef
55.
Lehtinen M, Apter D, Dubin G, et al. Enrolment of 22,000 adolescent women to cancer registry follow-up for long-term human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy: guarding against guessing. Int J STD AIDS 2006 Aug; 17(8): 517–21PubMedCrossRef
56.
57.
Rowhani-Rahbar A, Mao C, Hughes JP, et al. Longer term efficacy of a prophylactic monovalent human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. Vaccine 2009; 27(41): 5612–9PubMedCrossRef
58.
Olsson SE, Villa LL, Costa RL, et al. Induction of immune memory following administration of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11/16/18 L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine. Vaccine 2007 Jun 21; 25(26): 4931–9PubMedCrossRef
59.
Banatvala J, Van DP, Oehen S. Lifelong protection against hepatitis B: the role of vaccine immunogenicity in immune memory. Vaccine 2000 Nov 22; 19(7–8): 877–85PubMedCrossRef
60.
McMahon BJ, Dentinger CM, Bruden D, et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 22-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis 2009; 200: 1390–6PubMedCrossRef
61.
Ferguson M, Heath A, Johnes S, et al. Results of the first WHO international collaborative study on the standardization of the detection of antibodies to human papillomaviruses. Int J Cancer 2006 Mar 15; 118(6): 1508–14PubMedCrossRef
62.
Einstein MH, Baron M, Levin MJ, et al. Comparison of the immunogenicity and safety of Cervarix™ and Gardasil® human papillomavirus (HPV) cervical cancer vaccines in healthy women aged 18–45 years. Hum Vaccin 2009; 5(10): 705–19PubMedCrossRef
63.
Pastrana DV, Buck CB, Pang YY, et al. Reactivity of human sera in a sensitive, high-throughput pseudovirus-based papillomavirus neutralization assay for HPV16 and HPV18. Virology 2004 Apr 10; 321(2): 205–16PubMedCrossRef
64.
Quint W, Molijn A, Colau B, et al. One HPV virus, one lesion as determined by LCM/PCR technology [abstract no. O-06.05]. 25th International Papillomavirus Conference; 2009 May 8–14; Malmo
65.
Andrus JK, Sherris J, Fitzsimmons JW, et al. Introduction of human papillomavirus vaccines into developing countries: international strategies for funding and procurement. Vaccine 2008 Aug 19; 26 Suppl. 10: K87–92PubMedCrossRef
66.
Block SL, Nolan T, Sattler C, et al. Comparison of the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in male and female adolescents and young adult women. Pediatrics 2006 Nov; 118(5): 2135PubMedCrossRef
67.
Pedersen C, Petaja T, Strauss G, et al., HPV Vaccine Adolescent Study Investigators Network. Immunization of early adolescent females with human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 L1 virus-like particle vaccine containing AS04 adjuvant. J Adolesc Health 2007; 40(6): 564–71PubMedCrossRef
68.
69.
Wright Jr TC, Huh WK, Monk BJ, et al. Age considerations when vaccinating against HPV. Gynecol Oncol 2008 May; 109 (2 Suppl.): S40–7PubMedCrossRef
70.
Shefer A, Markowitz L, Deeks S, et al. Early experience with human papillomavirus vaccine introduction in the United States, Canada and Australia. Vaccine 2008 Aug 19; 26 Suppl. 10: K68–75PubMedCrossRef
71.
Brotherton JM, Deeks SL, Campbell-Lloyd S, et al. Interim estimates of human papillomavirus vaccination coverage in the school-based program in Australia. Commun Dis Intell 2008; 32: 457–61PubMed
72.
Garland SM, Brotherton JM, Skinner SR, et al. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer in Australasia and Oceania: risk-factors, epidemiology and prevention. Vaccine 2008 Aug 19; 26 Suppl. 12: M80–8PubMedCrossRef
73.
Fairley C, Hocking J, Chen M, et al. Rapid decline in warts after national quadrivalent HPV vaccine program. Sex Transm Infect 2009; 85: 499–502PubMedCrossRef
74.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13–17 years: United States 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009; 58(36): 997–1001
75.
76.
77.
Gottlieb SL, Brewer NT, Sternberg MR, et al. Availability of human papillomavirus vaccine at medical practices in an area with elevated rates of cervical cancer. J Adolescent Health 2009 Nov; 45(5): 438–44CrossRef
78.
Kahn JA, Cooper HP, Vadaparampil ST, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine recommendations and agreement with mandated human papillomavirus vaccination for 11-to-12-year-old girls: a statewide survey of Texas physicians. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009 Aug; 18(8): 2325–32PubMedCrossRef
79.
80.
Smith JS, Melendy A, Rana RK, et al. Age-specific prevalence of infection with human papillomavirus in females: a global review. J Adolesc Health 2008 Oct; 43 (4 Suppl.): S5–25PubMedCrossRef
81.
Hildesheim A, Herrero R, Wacholder S, et al. Effect of human papillomavirus 16/18 L1 viruslike particle vaccine among young women with preexisting infection: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007 Aug 15; 298(7): 743–53PubMedCrossRef
82.
Pitts MK, Dyson SJ, Rosenthal DA, et al. Knowledge and awareness of human papillomavirus (HPV): attitudes towards HPV vaccination among a representative sample of women in Victoria, Australia. Sex Health 2007 Sep; 4(3): 177–80PubMedCrossRef
83.
Giles M, Garland S. A study of women’s knowledge regarding human papillomavirus infection, cervical cancer and human papillomavirus vaccines. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2006 Aug; 46(4): 311–5PubMedCrossRef
84.
Pitts M, Smith A, Croy S, et al. Singaporean men’s knowledge of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) and their attitudes towards HPV vaccination. Vaccine 2009; 27(22): 2989–93PubMedCrossRef
85.
Pitts M, Smith A, Croy S, et al. Singaporean women’s knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) and attitudes toward HPV vaccination. Women Health 2009; 49(4): 334–51PubMedCrossRef
86.
Garland SM, Quinn MA. How to manage and communicate with patients about HPV? Int J Gynecol Obstet 2006; 90: S104–10
87.
Descamps D, Hardt K, Spiessens B, et al. Safety of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine for cervical cancer prevention: a pooled analysis of 11 clinical trials. Hum Vaccin 2009 May 20; 5(5): 332–40PubMedCrossRef
88.
Brotherton JM, Gold MS, Kemp AS, et al. Anaphylaxis following quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination. CMAJ 2008 Sep 9; 179(6): 525–33PubMedCrossRef
89.
Kang LW, Crawford N, Tang ML, et al. Hypersensitivity reactions to human papillomavirus vaccine in Australian schoolgirls: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2008; 337: a2642PubMedCrossRef
90.
91.
Slade BA, Leidel L, Vellozzi CWE, et al. Postlicensure safety surveillance for quadrivalent human papillomavirus recombinant vaccine. JAMA 2009; 302(7): 750–7PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Human Papillomavirus Vaccines
Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors
Professor Suzanne M. Garland
Jennifer S. Smith
Publication date
01-06-2010
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Drugs / Issue 9/2010
Print ISSN: 0012-6667
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1950
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/10898580-000000000-00000

Other articles of this Issue 9/2010

Drugs 9/2010 Go to the issue

Review Article

Impact of Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion on Postoperative Analgesia and Recovery from Surgery

Adis Drug Evaluation

Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine (RotaTeq®)

Review Article

Role of Interleukin-2 in Patients with HIV Infection

Adis Drug Evaluation

Maraviroc

Leading Article

Novel Aspects of Pharmacological Therapies for Acute Renal Failure

Review Article

Pharmacotherapy for Hepatic Encephalopathy