Skip to main content
Top
Published in: High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention 1/2005

01-03-2005 | Review Article

Treating Hypertension with Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

A Step Ahead of Blood Pressure Reduction?

Authors: Luis M. Ruilope, Dr Massimo Volpe

Published in: High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention | Issue 1/2005

Login to get access

Abstract

The clinical use of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) has resulted in the effective and successful treatment of arterial hypertension, and vast experience has been gained by physicians in this original indication over the last years. Furthermore, promising results have been obtained with the use of ARBs in other clinical conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus with nephropathy, atrial fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and congestive heart failure. On the basis of the available evidence, some representative molecules of this class have been approved for other indications in addition to hypertension in many countries, and many large clinical investigations are underway to confirm the current indications and, even more importantly, to explore whether these compounds may be effectively used in other conditions. The evidence that ARBs can have benefits at any stage of the cardiovascular disease continuum underlies the potential beneficial effects of these agents — independent of blood pressure reduction — in a wide variety of patients at risk of cardiovascular major events.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903–13PubMedCrossRef Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903–13PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Isles CG, Walker LM, Beevers GD, et al. Mortality in patients of the Glasgow blood pressure clinic. J Hypertens 1986; 4: 141–56PubMedCrossRef Isles CG, Walker LM, Beevers GD, et al. Mortality in patients of the Glasgow blood pressure clinic. J Hypertens 1986; 4: 141–56PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood pressure lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Lancet 2000; 355: 1955–64 Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood pressure lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Lancet 2000; 355: 1955–64
4.
go back to reference Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 1998; 351: 1755–62PubMedCrossRef Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 1998; 351: 1755–62PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358: 1033–41 PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358: 1033–41
6.
go back to reference Yusuf S, Sleight P, Dagenais G, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients: the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145–53PubMedCrossRef Yusuf S, Sleight P, Dagenais G, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients: the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145–53PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Fox KM, EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease (EUROPA) investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003; 362(9386): 782–8PubMedCrossRef Fox KM, EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease (EUROPA) investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003; 362(9386): 782–8PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Andersson OK, Almgren T, Persson B, et al. Survival in treated hypertension: follow up study after two decades. BMJ 1998; 317: 167–71PubMedCrossRef Andersson OK, Almgren T, Persson B, et al. Survival in treated hypertension: follow up study after two decades. BMJ 1998; 317: 167–71PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For End-point reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. The LIFE Study Group. Lancet 2002; 359: 995–1003PubMedCrossRef Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For End-point reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. The LIFE Study Group. Lancet 2002; 359: 995–1003PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, et al. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. The SCOPE Study Group. J Hypertens 2003; 21(5): 875–86PubMedCrossRef Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, et al. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. The SCOPE Study Group. J Hypertens 2003; 21(5): 875–86PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. The VALUE Trial Group. Lancet 2004; 363(9426): 2022–31PubMedCrossRef Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. The VALUE Trial Group. Lancet 2004; 363(9426): 2022–31PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall Programme. Lancet 2003; 362: 759–66PubMedCrossRef Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall Programme. Lancet 2003; 362: 759–66PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Cohn JN, Tognoni G, for the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial investigators. A randomized trial of the Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Valsartan in Congestive Heart Failure (Val-HeFT). N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1667–75PubMedCrossRef Cohn JN, Tognoni G, for the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial investigators. A randomized trial of the Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Valsartan in Congestive Heart Failure (Val-HeFT). N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1667–75PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Pfeffer MA, McMurray J, Velazquez EJ, et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both: the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT). N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1893–906PubMedCrossRef Pfeffer MA, McMurray J, Velazquez EJ, et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both: the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT). N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1893–906PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, and the OPTIMAAL Steering Committee. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 60–75 Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, and the OPTIMAAL Steering Committee. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 60–75
16.
go back to reference Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes: the IDNT Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(12): 851–60PubMedCrossRef Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes: the IDNT Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(12): 851–60PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: the RENAAL study investigators. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(12): 861–9PubMedCrossRef Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: the RENAAL study investigators. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(12): 861–9PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, et al. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Irbesartan in patients with type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria (IRMA2) Study Group. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 870–8PubMedCrossRef Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, et al. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Irbesartan in patients with type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria (IRMA2) Study Group. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 870–8PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Viberti G, Wheeldon NM, for the MicroAlbuminuria Reduction With VALsartan (MARVAL) study investigators. Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a blood pressure-independent effect. Circulation 2002; 106: 672–8PubMedCrossRef Viberti G, Wheeldon NM, for the MicroAlbuminuria Reduction With VALsartan (MARVAL) study investigators. Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a blood pressure-independent effect. Circulation 2002; 106: 672–8PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Timmermans PB. Pharmacological properties of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Can J Cardiol 1999; 15Suppl. F: 26F–8FPubMed Timmermans PB. Pharmacological properties of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Can J Cardiol 1999; 15Suppl. F: 26F–8FPubMed
21.
go back to reference Bloom BS. Continuation of initial antihypertensive medication after 1 year of therapy. Clin Ther 1998; 20: 671–81PubMedCrossRef Bloom BS. Continuation of initial antihypertensive medication after 1 year of therapy. Clin Ther 1998; 20: 671–81PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Chobanian A, Bakris G, Black H, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560–71PubMedCrossRef Chobanian A, Bakris G, Black H, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560–71PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1011–53 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1011–53
24.
go back to reference Benz JR, Black HR, Graff A, et al. Valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension: a multiple dose, double-blind, placebo controlled trial comparing combination therapy with monotherapy. J Hum Hypertens 1998; 12(12): 861–6PubMedCrossRef Benz JR, Black HR, Graff A, et al. Valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension: a multiple dose, double-blind, placebo controlled trial comparing combination therapy with monotherapy. J Hum Hypertens 1998; 12(12): 861–6PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Conlin PR, Spence JD, Williams B, et al. Angiotensin II antagonists for hypertension: are there differences in efficacy? Am J Hypertens 2000; 13(4 Pt 1): 418–26PubMedCrossRef Conlin PR, Spence JD, Williams B, et al. Angiotensin II antagonists for hypertension: are there differences in efficacy? Am J Hypertens 2000; 13(4 Pt 1): 418–26PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Ruilope LM, Coca A, Volpe M, et al. ACE inhibition and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in essential hypertension: the end of the search or a need for further investigations? Am J Hypertens 2002; 15: 367–71PubMedCrossRef Ruilope LM, Coca A, Volpe M, et al. ACE inhibition and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in essential hypertension: the end of the search or a need for further investigations? Am J Hypertens 2002; 15: 367–71PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Ooi WL, et al. Association of the renin-sodium profile with the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 1991; 324(16): 1098–104PubMedCrossRef Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Ooi WL, et al. Association of the renin-sodium profile with the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 1991; 324(16): 1098–104PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Volpe M, Musumeci B, De Paolis P, et al. Angiotensin II AT2 receptor subtype: an uprising frontier in cardiovascular disease? J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1429–43PubMedCrossRef Volpe M, Musumeci B, De Paolis P, et al. Angiotensin II AT2 receptor subtype: an uprising frontier in cardiovascular disease? J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1429–43PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, et al. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 2002 Sep 25; 288(12): 1491–8PubMedCrossRef Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, et al. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 2002 Sep 25; 288(12): 1491–8PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333(25): 1670–6PubMedCrossRef Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333(25): 1670–6PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease: the PEACE trial investigators. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(20): 2058–68PubMedCrossRef Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease: the PEACE trial investigators. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(20): 2058–68PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Teo K, Yusuf S, Sleight P, et al. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of 2 large, simple, randomized trials evaluating telmisartan, ramipril, and their combination in high-risk patients: the ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global endpoint trial/telmisartan randomized assessment study in ace intolerant subjects with cardiovascular disease (ONTARGET/TRANSCEND) trials. The ONTARGET/TRANSCEND investigators. Am Heart J 2004; 148(1): 52–61PubMedCrossRef Teo K, Yusuf S, Sleight P, et al. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of 2 large, simple, randomized trials evaluating telmisartan, ramipril, and their combination in high-risk patients: the ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global endpoint trial/telmisartan randomized assessment study in ace intolerant subjects with cardiovascular disease (ONTARGET/TRANSCEND) trials. The ONTARGET/TRANSCEND investigators. Am Heart J 2004; 148(1): 52–61PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Kizer JR, Dahlof B, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Stroke reduction in hypertensive adults with cardiac hypertrophy randomized to losartan versus atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study. Hypertension 2005; 45: 46–52PubMed Kizer JR, Dahlof B, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Stroke reduction in hypertensive adults with cardiac hypertrophy randomized to losartan versus atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study. Hypertension 2005; 45: 46–52PubMed
35.
go back to reference Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlöf B, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. The LIFE Study Group. Lancet 2002; 359: 1004–10PubMedCrossRef Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlöf B, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. The LIFE Study Group. Lancet 2002; 359: 1004–10PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Devereux RB, Dahlof B, Gerdts E, et al. Regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy by losartan compared with atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) trial. Circulation 2004; 110(11): 1456–62PubMedCrossRef Devereux RB, Dahlof B, Gerdts E, et al. Regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy by losartan compared with atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) trial. Circulation 2004; 110(11): 1456–62PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Wachtell K, Olsen MH, Dahlof B, et al. Microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Hypertension 2002; 20: 405–12CrossRef Wachtell K, Olsen MH, Dahlof B, et al. Microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Hypertension 2002; 20: 405–12CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Bella JN, et al. Albuminuria predicts cardiovascular events independently of left ventricular mass in hypertension: a LIFE substudy. J Hum Hypertens 2004; 18: 453–9PubMedCrossRef Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Bella JN, et al. Albuminuria predicts cardiovascular events independently of left ventricular mass in hypertension: a LIFE substudy. J Hum Hypertens 2004; 18: 453–9PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Ibsen H, Wachtell K, Olsen MH, et al. Does albuminuria predict cardiovascular outcome on treatment with losartan versus atenolol in hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy? A LIFE substudy. J Hypertens 2004; 22(9): 1805–11PubMedCrossRef Ibsen H, Wachtell K, Olsen MH, et al. Does albuminuria predict cardiovascular outcome on treatment with losartan versus atenolol in hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy? A LIFE substudy. J Hypertens 2004; 22(9): 1805–11PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Gerdts E, Oikarinen L, Palmieri V, et al. Correlates of left atrial size in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. Hypertension 2002; 39(3): 739–43PubMedCrossRef Gerdts E, Oikarinen L, Palmieri V, et al. Correlates of left atrial size in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. Hypertension 2002; 39(3): 739–43PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald AP, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. The SCORE Project Group. Eur Heart J 2003; 24(11): 987–1003PubMedCrossRef Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald AP, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. The SCORE Project Group. Eur Heart J 2003; 24(11): 987–1003PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Weber MA, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Blood pressure dependent and independent effects of antihypertensive treatment on clinical events in the VALUE trial. Lancet. 2004; 363(9426): 2049–51PubMedCrossRef Weber MA, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Blood pressure dependent and independent effects of antihypertensive treatment on clinical events in the VALUE trial. Lancet. 2004; 363(9426): 2049–51PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Brunner H, et al. VALUE trial: long-term blood pressure trends in 13,449 patients with hypertension and high cardiovascular risk. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16(7): 544–8PubMedCrossRef Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Brunner H, et al. VALUE trial: long-term blood pressure trends in 13,449 patients with hypertension and high cardiovascular risk. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16(7): 544–8PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial: major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002; 288: 2981–97 ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial: major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002; 288: 2981–97
45.
go back to reference Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 611–6PubMedCrossRef Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 611–6PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Lindholm LH, Persson M, Alaupovic P, et al. Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives: results of the Antihypertensive Treatment and Lipid Profile in a North of Sweden Efficacy Evaluation (ALPINE study). J Hypertens 2003; 21(8): 1563–74PubMedCrossRef Lindholm LH, Persson M, Alaupovic P, et al. Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives: results of the Antihypertensive Treatment and Lipid Profile in a North of Sweden Efficacy Evaluation (ALPINE study). J Hypertens 2003; 21(8): 1563–74PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, et al. Adverse prognostic significance of new diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2004; 43(5): 963–9PubMedCrossRef Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, et al. Adverse prognostic significance of new diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2004; 43(5): 963–9PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Sharma AM, Janke J, Gorzelniak K, et al. Angiotensin blockade prevents type 2 diabetes by formation of fat cells. Hypertension 2002; 40(5): 609–11PubMedCrossRef Sharma AM, Janke J, Gorzelniak K, et al. Angiotensin blockade prevents type 2 diabetes by formation of fat cells. Hypertension 2002; 40(5): 609–11PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Sowers JR. Insulin resistance and hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286(5): H1597–602PubMedCrossRef Sowers JR. Insulin resistance and hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286(5): H1597–602PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Messerli FH, Grossman E, Leonetti G. Antihypertensive therapy and new onset diabetes. J Hypertens 2004; 22(10): 1845–7PubMedCrossRef Messerli FH, Grossman E, Leonetti G. Antihypertensive therapy and new onset diabetes. J Hypertens 2004; 22(10): 1845–7PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Volpe M, Cosentino F, Ruilope LM. Is it time to measure microalbuminuria in hypertension? J Hypertens 2003; 21(7): 1213–20PubMedCrossRef Volpe M, Cosentino F, Ruilope LM. Is it time to measure microalbuminuria in hypertension? J Hypertens 2003; 21(7): 1213–20PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, et al. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: the Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril (DETAIL) Study Group. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(19): 1952–61PubMedCrossRef Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, et al. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: the Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril (DETAIL) Study Group. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(19): 1952–61PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-alternative trial. The CHARM Investigators and Committees. Lancet 2003; 362: 772–6PubMedCrossRef Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-alternative trial. The CHARM Investigators and Committees. Lancet 2003; 362: 772–6PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference McMurray JJ, Ostergen J, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. The CHARM Investigators and Committees. Lancet 2003; 362: 767–71PubMedCrossRef McMurray JJ, Ostergen J, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. The CHARM Investigators and Committees. Lancet 2003; 362: 767–71PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. CHARM-preserved effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-preserved trial. The CHARM Investigators and Committees. Lancet 2003; 362(9386): 777–81PubMedCrossRef Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. CHARM-preserved effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-preserved trial. The CHARM Investigators and Committees. Lancet 2003; 362(9386): 777–81PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Treating Hypertension with Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
A Step Ahead of Blood Pressure Reduction?
Authors
Luis M. Ruilope
Dr Massimo Volpe
Publication date
01-03-2005
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention / Issue 1/2005
Print ISSN: 1120-9879
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1985
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/00151642-200512010-00003

Other articles of this Issue 1/2005

High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention 1/2005 Go to the issue

Industry Pulse

Industry Pulse