Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BioDrugs 6/2005

01-11-2005 | Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Strategies of Tumor Immune Evasion

Author: Professor Dr Barbara Seliger

Published in: BioDrugs | Issue 6/2005

Login to get access

Abstract

During the last decade, increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for immune activation to protect against challenges by tumor cells has revolutionized the field of immunotherapy research. It has been demonstrated that the dysfunction of the host’s immune system represents one of the major mechanisms by which tumors evade immunosurveillance. This is due, for example, to T cell anergy, the existence of regulatory T cells, and systemic defects of dendritic cells derived from tumor patients. In addition, escape from immunosurveillance can also be linked to tumor-related factors, including secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, resistance to apoptosis, and deficient expression of immunomodulatory molecules and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens possibly due to immunoselection. Both host- and tumor-related mechanisms can lead to a failure to mount a proper anti-tumor-specific immune response, and these are frequently key factors in limiting the success of cancer immunotherapy.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Ossendorp F, Toes RE, Offringa R, et al. Importance of CD4(+) T helper cell responses in tumor immunity. Immunol Lett 2000; 74: 75–9PubMedCrossRef Ossendorp F, Toes RE, Offringa R, et al. Importance of CD4(+) T helper cell responses in tumor immunity. Immunol Lett 2000; 74: 75–9PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Schuler G, Schuler-Thurner B, Steinman RM. The use of dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2003 Apr; 15(2): 138–47PubMedCrossRef Schuler G, Schuler-Thurner B, Steinman RM. The use of dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2003 Apr; 15(2): 138–47PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, et al. Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveil-lance to tumor escape. Nat Immunol 2002 Nov; 3(11): 991–8PubMedCrossRef Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, et al. Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveil-lance to tumor escape. Nat Immunol 2002 Nov; 3(11): 991–8PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Mapara MY, Sykes M. Tolerance and cancer: mechanisms of tumor evasion and strategies for breaking tolerance. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 1136–51PubMedCrossRef Mapara MY, Sykes M. Tolerance and cancer: mechanisms of tumor evasion and strategies for breaking tolerance. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 1136–51PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Mahnke YD, Speiser D, Luescher IF, et al. Recent advances in tumour antigen-specific therapy: in vivo veritas. Int J Cancer 2005 Jan 10; 113(2): 173–8PubMedCrossRef Mahnke YD, Speiser D, Luescher IF, et al. Recent advances in tumour antigen-specific therapy: in vivo veritas. Int J Cancer 2005 Jan 10; 113(2): 173–8PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Rosenberg SA. A new era for cancer immunotherapy based on the genes that encode cancer antigens. Immunity 1999 Mar; 10(3): 281–7PubMedCrossRef Rosenberg SA. A new era for cancer immunotherapy based on the genes that encode cancer antigens. Immunity 1999 Mar; 10(3): 281–7PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Wang RF. The role of MHC class II-restricted tumor antigens and CD+ T cells in antitumor immunity. Trends Immunol 2001; 22: 269–76PubMedCrossRef Wang RF. The role of MHC class II-restricted tumor antigens and CD+ T cells in antitumor immunity. Trends Immunol 2001; 22: 269–76PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Houghton AN, Gold JS, Blachere NE. Immunity against cancer: lessons learned from melanoma. Curr Opin Immunol 2001 Apr; 13(2): 134–40PubMedCrossRef Houghton AN, Gold JS, Blachere NE. Immunity against cancer: lessons learned from melanoma. Curr Opin Immunol 2001 Apr; 13(2): 134–40PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Sahin U, Tureci O, Pfreundschuh M. Serological identification of human tumor antigens. Curr Opin Immunol 1997 Oct; 9(5): 709–16PubMedCrossRef Sahin U, Tureci O, Pfreundschuh M. Serological identification of human tumor antigens. Curr Opin Immunol 1997 Oct; 9(5): 709–16PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Schoenberger SP, Toes RE, van der Voort EI, et al. T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40-DC40L interactions. Nature 1998 Jun 4; 393(6684): 480–3PubMedCrossRef Schoenberger SP, Toes RE, van der Voort EI, et al. T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40-DC40L interactions. Nature 1998 Jun 4; 393(6684): 480–3PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference De Smedt T, Smith J, Baum P, et al. OX40 costimulation enhances the development of T cell responses induced by dendritic cells in vivo. J Immunol 2002 Jan 15; 168(2): 661–70PubMed De Smedt T, Smith J, Baum P, et al. OX40 costimulation enhances the development of T cell responses induced by dendritic cells in vivo. J Immunol 2002 Jan 15; 168(2): 661–70PubMed
13.
go back to reference Djeu JY, Jiang K, Wei S. A view to a kill: signals triggering cytotoxicity. Clin Cancer Res 2002 Mar; 8(3): 636–40PubMed Djeu JY, Jiang K, Wei S. A view to a kill: signals triggering cytotoxicity. Clin Cancer Res 2002 Mar; 8(3): 636–40PubMed
14.
go back to reference Raja SM, Metkar SS, Froelich CJ. Cytotoxic granule-mediated apoptosis: unraveling the complex mechanism. Curr Opin Immunol 2003 Oct; 15(5): 528–32PubMedCrossRef Raja SM, Metkar SS, Froelich CJ. Cytotoxic granule-mediated apoptosis: unraveling the complex mechanism. Curr Opin Immunol 2003 Oct; 15(5): 528–32PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ, et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nat Med 1998 Mar; 4(3): 321–7PubMedCrossRef Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ, et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nat Med 1998 Mar; 4(3): 321–7PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Eaton JD, Perry MJ, Nicholson S, et al. Allogeneic whole-cell vaccine: a phase I/II study in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. BJU Int 2002 Jan; 89(1): 19–26PubMedCrossRef Eaton JD, Perry MJ, Nicholson S, et al. Allogeneic whole-cell vaccine: a phase I/II study in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. BJU Int 2002 Jan; 89(1): 19–26PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Malmberg KJ. Effective immunotherapy against cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004 Oct; 53(10): 879–92PubMedCrossRef Malmberg KJ. Effective immunotherapy against cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004 Oct; 53(10): 879–92PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Timmerman JM, Singh G, Hermanson G, et al. Immunogenicity of a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding chimeric idiotype in patients with B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 2002 Oct 15; 62(20): 5845–52PubMed Timmerman JM, Singh G, Hermanson G, et al. Immunogenicity of a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding chimeric idiotype in patients with B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 2002 Oct 15; 62(20): 5845–52PubMed
19.
go back to reference Toes RE, Hoeben RC, van der Voort EI, et al. Protective anti-tumor immunity induced by vaccination with recombinant adenoviruses encoding multiple tumor-associated cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes in a string-of-beads fashion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Dec 23; 94(26): 14660–5PubMedCrossRef Toes RE, Hoeben RC, van der Voort EI, et al. Protective anti-tumor immunity induced by vaccination with recombinant adenoviruses encoding multiple tumor-associated cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes in a string-of-beads fashion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Dec 23; 94(26): 14660–5PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Chen DS, Davis MM. Cellular immunotherapy: antigen recognition is just the beginning. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2005 Jun; 27(1): 119–27PubMedCrossRef Chen DS, Davis MM. Cellular immunotherapy: antigen recognition is just the beginning. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2005 Jun; 27(1): 119–27PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Surman DR, Dudley ME, Overwijk WW, et al. Cutting edge: CD4+ T cell control of CD8+ T cell reactivity to a model tumor antigen. J Immunol 2000; 164: 562–5PubMed Surman DR, Dudley ME, Overwijk WW, et al. Cutting edge: CD4+ T cell control of CD8+ T cell reactivity to a model tumor antigen. J Immunol 2000; 164: 562–5PubMed
22.
go back to reference Slingluff Jr CL, Petroni GR, Yamshchikov GV, et al. Clinical and immunologie results of a randomized phase II trial of vaccination using four melanoma peptides either administered in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adjuvant or pulsed on dendritic cells. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 4016–26PubMedCrossRef Slingluff Jr CL, Petroni GR, Yamshchikov GV, et al. Clinical and immunologie results of a randomized phase II trial of vaccination using four melanoma peptides either administered in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adjuvant or pulsed on dendritic cells. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 4016–26PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference McNeel DG, Knutson KL, Schiffman K, et al. Pilot study of an HLA-A2 peptide vaccine using flt3 ligand as a systemic vaccine adjuvant. J Clin Immunol 2003; 23: 62–72PubMedCrossRef McNeel DG, Knutson KL, Schiffman K, et al. Pilot study of an HLA-A2 peptide vaccine using flt3 ligand as a systemic vaccine adjuvant. J Clin Immunol 2003; 23: 62–72PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Leitner WW, Hwang LN, de Veer MJ, et al. Alphavirus-based DNA vaccine breaks immunological tolerance by activating innate antiviral pathways. Nat Med 2003 Jan; 9(1): 33–9PubMedCrossRef Leitner WW, Hwang LN, de Veer MJ, et al. Alphavirus-based DNA vaccine breaks immunological tolerance by activating innate antiviral pathways. Nat Med 2003 Jan; 9(1): 33–9PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Marchand M, Punt CJ, Aamdal S, et al. Immunisation of metastatic cancer patients with MAGE-3 protein combined with adjuvant SBAS-2: a clinical report. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39: 70–7PubMedCrossRef Marchand M, Punt CJ, Aamdal S, et al. Immunisation of metastatic cancer patients with MAGE-3 protein combined with adjuvant SBAS-2: a clinical report. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39: 70–7PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Schuler-Thurner B, Schultz ES, Berger TG, et al. Rapid induction of tumor-specific type 1 T helper cells in metastatic melanoma patients by vaccination with mature, cryopreserved, peptide-loaded monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 1279–88PubMedCrossRef Schuler-Thurner B, Schultz ES, Berger TG, et al. Rapid induction of tumor-specific type 1 T helper cells in metastatic melanoma patients by vaccination with mature, cryopreserved, peptide-loaded monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 1279–88PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Rosenberg SA, Dudley ME. Cancer regression in patients with metastatic melanoma after the transfer of autologous antitumor lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 Oct 5; 101Suppl. 2: 14639–45PubMedCrossRef Rosenberg SA, Dudley ME. Cancer regression in patients with metastatic melanoma after the transfer of autologous antitumor lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 Oct 5; 101Suppl. 2: 14639–45PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Robbins PF, et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes. Science 2002 Oct 25; 298(5594: 850–4PubMedCrossRef Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Robbins PF, et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes. Science 2002 Oct 25; 298(5594: 850–4PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Yee C, Thompson JA, Byrd D, et al. Adoptive T cell therapy using antigen-specific CD8+ T cell clones for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma: in vivo persistence, migration, and antitumor effect of transferred T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 16168–73PubMedCrossRef Yee C, Thompson JA, Byrd D, et al. Adoptive T cell therapy using antigen-specific CD8+ T cell clones for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma: in vivo persistence, migration, and antitumor effect of transferred T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 16168–73PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Ayyoub M, Zippelius A, Pittet MJ, et al. Activation of human melanoma reactive CD8+ T cells by vaccination with an immunogenic peptide analog derived from Melan-A/melanoma antigen recognized by T cells-1. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 669–77PubMed Ayyoub M, Zippelius A, Pittet MJ, et al. Activation of human melanoma reactive CD8+ T cells by vaccination with an immunogenic peptide analog derived from Melan-A/melanoma antigen recognized by T cells-1. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 669–77PubMed
31.
go back to reference Valmori D, Dutoit V, Ayyoub M, et al. Simultaneous CD8+ T cell responses to multiple tumor antigen epitopes in a multipeptide melanoma vaccine. Cancer Immun 2003 Oct 28; 3: 15PubMed Valmori D, Dutoit V, Ayyoub M, et al. Simultaneous CD8+ T cell responses to multiple tumor antigen epitopes in a multipeptide melanoma vaccine. Cancer Immun 2003 Oct 28; 3: 15PubMed
32.
go back to reference Chen JL, Stewart-Jones G, Bossi G, et al. Structural and kinetic basis for heightened immunogenicity of T cell vaccines. J Exp Med 2005; 201: 1243–55PubMedCrossRef Chen JL, Stewart-Jones G, Bossi G, et al. Structural and kinetic basis for heightened immunogenicity of T cell vaccines. J Exp Med 2005; 201: 1243–55PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Martin-Fontecha A, Sebastiani S, Hopken UE, et al. Regulation of dendritic cell migration to the draining lymph node: impact on T lymphocyte traffic and priming. J Exp Med 2003; 198: 615–21PubMedCrossRef Martin-Fontecha A, Sebastiani S, Hopken UE, et al. Regulation of dendritic cell migration to the draining lymph node: impact on T lymphocyte traffic and priming. J Exp Med 2003; 198: 615–21PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Kammertoens T, Schüler T, Blankenstein T. Immunotherapy: target the stroma to hit the tumor. Trends Mol Med 2005 May; 11(5): 225–31PubMedCrossRef Kammertoens T, Schüler T, Blankenstein T. Immunotherapy: target the stroma to hit the tumor. Trends Mol Med 2005 May; 11(5): 225–31PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Harrop R, Ryan MG, Golding H, et al. Monitoring of human immunological responses to vaccinia virus. Methods Mol Biol 2004; 269: 243–66PubMed Harrop R, Ryan MG, Golding H, et al. Monitoring of human immunological responses to vaccinia virus. Methods Mol Biol 2004; 269: 243–66PubMed
36.
go back to reference Reddy M, Eirikis E, Davis C, et al. Comparative analysis of lymphocyte marker expression and cytokine secretion profile in stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures: an in vitro model to monitor cellular immune function. J Immunol Methods 2004 Oct; 293(1–2): 127–42PubMedCrossRef Reddy M, Eirikis E, Davis C, et al. Comparative analysis of lymphocyte marker expression and cytokine secretion profile in stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures: an in vitro model to monitor cellular immune function. J Immunol Methods 2004 Oct; 293(1–2): 127–42PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Sheehy ME, McDermott AB, Furlan SN, et al. A novel technique for the fluorometric assessment of T lymphocyte antigen specific lysis. J Immunol Methods 2001; 249: 99–110PubMedCrossRef Sheehy ME, McDermott AB, Furlan SN, et al. A novel technique for the fluorometric assessment of T lymphocyte antigen specific lysis. J Immunol Methods 2001; 249: 99–110PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Speiser DE, Pittet MJ, Rimoldi D, et al. Evaluation of melanoma vaccines with molecularly defined antigens by ex vivo monitoring of tumor-specific T cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2003 Dec; 13(6): 461–72PubMedCrossRef Speiser DE, Pittet MJ, Rimoldi D, et al. Evaluation of melanoma vaccines with molecularly defined antigens by ex vivo monitoring of tumor-specific T cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2003 Dec; 13(6): 461–72PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Schmittel A, Keilholz U, Thiel E, et al. Quantification of tumor-specific T lymphocytes with the ELISPOT assay. J Immunother 2000 May–Jun; 23(3): 289–95PubMedCrossRef Schmittel A, Keilholz U, Thiel E, et al. Quantification of tumor-specific T lymphocytes with the ELISPOT assay. J Immunother 2000 May–Jun; 23(3): 289–95PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Gabrilovich D. Mechanisms and functional significance of tumour-induced dendritic-cell defects. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4: 941–52PubMedCrossRef Gabrilovich D. Mechanisms and functional significance of tumour-induced dendritic-cell defects. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4: 941–52PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Coulie PG, Connerotte T. Human tumor-specific T lymphocytes: does function matter more than number? Curr Opin Immunol 2005 Jun; 17(3): 320–5PubMedCrossRef Coulie PG, Connerotte T. Human tumor-specific T lymphocytes: does function matter more than number? Curr Opin Immunol 2005 Jun; 17(3): 320–5PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Lurquin C, Lethé B, De Plaen E, et al. Contrasting frequencies of anti-tumor and anti-vaccine T cells in metastases of a melanoma patient vaccinated with a MAGE tumor antigen. J Exp Med 2005 Jan 17; 201(2): 249–57PubMedCrossRef Lurquin C, Lethé B, De Plaen E, et al. Contrasting frequencies of anti-tumor and anti-vaccine T cells in metastases of a melanoma patient vaccinated with a MAGE tumor antigen. J Exp Med 2005 Jan 17; 201(2): 249–57PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Lonchay C, van der Bruggen P, Connerotte T, et al. Correlation between tumor regression and T cell responses in melanoma patients vaccinated with a MAGE antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 Oct 5; 101 Suppl. 2: 14631–8CrossRef Lonchay C, van der Bruggen P, Connerotte T, et al. Correlation between tumor regression and T cell responses in melanoma patients vaccinated with a MAGE antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 Oct 5; 101 Suppl. 2: 14631–8CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Marincola FM, Wang E, Herlyn M, et al. Tumors as elusive targets of T cell based active immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2003 Jun; 24(6): 335–42PubMedCrossRef Marincola FM, Wang E, Herlyn M, et al. Tumors as elusive targets of T cell based active immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2003 Jun; 24(6): 335–42PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Seliger B, Maeurer MJ, Ferrone S. Antigen-processing machinery breakdown and tumor growth. Immunol Today 2000 Sep; 21(9): 455–64PubMedCrossRef Seliger B, Maeurer MJ, Ferrone S. Antigen-processing machinery breakdown and tumor growth. Immunol Today 2000 Sep; 21(9): 455–64PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Restifo NP. Not so Fas: re-evaluating the mechanisms of immune privilege and tumor escape. Nat Med 2000 May; 6(5): 493–5PubMedCrossRef Restifo NP. Not so Fas: re-evaluating the mechanisms of immune privilege and tumor escape. Nat Med 2000 May; 6(5): 493–5PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Favre-Felix N, Fromentin A, Hammann A, et al. Cutting edge: the tumor counterattack hypothesis revisited: colon cancer cells do not induce T cell apoptosis via the Fas (CD95, APO-1) pathway. J Immunol 2000 May 15; 164(10): 5023–7PubMed Favre-Felix N, Fromentin A, Hammann A, et al. Cutting edge: the tumor counterattack hypothesis revisited: colon cancer cells do not induce T cell apoptosis via the Fas (CD95, APO-1) pathway. J Immunol 2000 May 15; 164(10): 5023–7PubMed
48.
go back to reference Hersey P, Zhang XD. How melanoma cells evade trail-induced apoptosis. Nat Rev Cancer 2001 Nov; 1(2): 142–50PubMedCrossRef Hersey P, Zhang XD. How melanoma cells evade trail-induced apoptosis. Nat Rev Cancer 2001 Nov; 1(2): 142–50PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Algarra I, Garcia-Lora A, Cabrera T, et al. The selection of tumor variants with altered expression of classical and non-classical MHC class I molecules: implications for tumor immune escape. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004 Oct; 53(10): 904–10PubMedCrossRef Algarra I, Garcia-Lora A, Cabrera T, et al. The selection of tumor variants with altered expression of classical and non-classical MHC class I molecules: implications for tumor immune escape. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004 Oct; 53(10): 904–10PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Garcia-Lora A, Martinez M, Algarra I, et al. MHC class I-deficient metastatic tumor variants immunoselected by T lymphocytes originate from the coordinated downregulation of AMP components. Int J Cancer 2003 Sep 10; 106(4): 521–7PubMedCrossRef Garcia-Lora A, Martinez M, Algarra I, et al. MHC class I-deficient metastatic tumor variants immunoselected by T lymphocytes originate from the coordinated downregulation of AMP components. Int J Cancer 2003 Sep 10; 106(4): 521–7PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Chen HL, Gabrilovich D, Tampe R, et al. A functionally defective allele of TAP1 results in loss of MHC class I antigen presentation in a human lung cancer. Nat Genet 1996 Jun; 13(2): 210–3PubMedCrossRef Chen HL, Gabrilovich D, Tampe R, et al. A functionally defective allele of TAP1 results in loss of MHC class I antigen presentation in a human lung cancer. Nat Genet 1996 Jun; 13(2): 210–3PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Seliger B, Ritz U, Abele R, et al. Immune escape of melanoma: first evidence of structural alterations in two distinct components of the MCH class I antigen processing pathway. Cancer Res 2001 Dec 15; 61(24): 8647–50PubMed Seliger B, Ritz U, Abele R, et al. Immune escape of melanoma: first evidence of structural alterations in two distinct components of the MCH class I antigen processing pathway. Cancer Res 2001 Dec 15; 61(24): 8647–50PubMed
53.
go back to reference Hodson I, Bock M, Ritz U, et al. Analysis of the structural integrity of the TAP2 gene in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2003 Oct; 23(4): 991–9PubMed Hodson I, Bock M, Ritz U, et al. Analysis of the structural integrity of the TAP2 gene in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2003 Oct; 23(4): 991–9PubMed
54.
go back to reference Hicklin DJ, Dellaratta DV, Kishore R, et al. Beta2-microglobulin gene mutations in human melanoma cells: molecular characterization and implications for immune surveillance. Melanoma Res 1997 Aug; 7 Suppl. 2: S67–74 Hicklin DJ, Dellaratta DV, Kishore R, et al. Beta2-microglobulin gene mutations in human melanoma cells: molecular characterization and implications for immune surveillance. Melanoma Res 1997 Aug; 7 Suppl. 2: S67–74
55.
go back to reference Ibrahim EC, Guerra N, Lacombe MJ, et al. Tumor-specific up-regulation of the non-classical class I HLA-G antigen expression in renal carcinoma. Cancer Res 2001 Sep 15; 61(18): 6838–45PubMed Ibrahim EC, Guerra N, Lacombe MJ, et al. Tumor-specific up-regulation of the non-classical class I HLA-G antigen expression in renal carcinoma. Cancer Res 2001 Sep 15; 61(18): 6838–45PubMed
56.
go back to reference Paul P, Cabestre FA, Le Gal FA, et al. Heterogeneity of HLA-G gene transcription and protein expression in malignant melanoma biopsies. Cancer Res 1999 Apr 15; 59(8): 1954–60PubMed Paul P, Cabestre FA, Le Gal FA, et al. Heterogeneity of HLA-G gene transcription and protein expression in malignant melanoma biopsies. Cancer Res 1999 Apr 15; 59(8): 1954–60PubMed
57.
go back to reference Groh V, Wu J, Yee C, et al. Tumour-derived soluble MIC ligands impair expression of NKG2D and T-cell activation. Nature 2002 Oct 17; 419(6908): 734–8PubMedCrossRef Groh V, Wu J, Yee C, et al. Tumour-derived soluble MIC ligands impair expression of NKG2D and T-cell activation. Nature 2002 Oct 17; 419(6908): 734–8PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Sotomayor EM, Borrello I, Tubb E, et al. Conversion of tumor-specific CD4+ T-cell tolerance to T-cell priming through in vivo ligation of CD40. Nat Med 1999 Jul; 5(7): 780–7PubMedCrossRef Sotomayor EM, Borrello I, Tubb E, et al. Conversion of tumor-specific CD4+ T-cell tolerance to T-cell priming through in vivo ligation of CD40. Nat Med 1999 Jul; 5(7): 780–7PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, et al. Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med 2002 Aug; 8(8): 793–800PubMed Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, et al. Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med 2002 Aug; 8(8): 793–800PubMed
60.
go back to reference Kawakami Y, Okada T, Akada M. Development of immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 2004 Apr; 28(3): 320–5PubMedCrossRef Kawakami Y, Okada T, Akada M. Development of immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 2004 Apr; 28(3): 320–5PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Chen Q, Daniel V, Maher DW, et al. Production of IL-10 by melanoma cells: examination of its role in immunosuppression mediated by melanoma. Int J Cancer 1994 Mar 1; 56(5): 755–60PubMedCrossRef Chen Q, Daniel V, Maher DW, et al. Production of IL-10 by melanoma cells: examination of its role in immunosuppression mediated by melanoma. Int J Cancer 1994 Mar 1; 56(5): 755–60PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Tada T, Ohzeki S, Utsumi K, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta-induced inhibition of T cell function: susceptibility difference in T cells of various phenotypes and functions and its relevance to immunosuppression in the tumor-bearing state. J Immunol 1991 Feb 1; 146(3): 1077–82PubMed Tada T, Ohzeki S, Utsumi K, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta-induced inhibition of T cell function: susceptibility difference in T cells of various phenotypes and functions and its relevance to immunosuppression in the tumor-bearing state. J Immunol 1991 Feb 1; 146(3): 1077–82PubMed
63.
go back to reference Gorelik L, Flavell RA. Immune-mediated eradication of tumors through the blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in T cells. Nat Med 2001 Oct; 7(10): 1118–22PubMedCrossRef Gorelik L, Flavell RA. Immune-mediated eradication of tumors through the blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in T cells. Nat Med 2001 Oct; 7(10): 1118–22PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Zeidler R, Eissner G, Meissner P, et al. Downregulation of TAPI in B lymphocytes by cellular and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded interleukin-10. Blood 1997 Sep 15; 90(6): 2390–7PubMed Zeidler R, Eissner G, Meissner P, et al. Downregulation of TAPI in B lymphocytes by cellular and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded interleukin-10. Blood 1997 Sep 15; 90(6): 2390–7PubMed
65.
go back to reference Strand S, Hofmann WJ, Hug H, et al. Lymphocyte apoptosis induced by CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand-expressing tumor cells-a mechanism of immune evasion? Nat Med 1996 Dec; 2(12): 1361–6PubMedCrossRef Strand S, Hofmann WJ, Hug H, et al. Lymphocyte apoptosis induced by CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand-expressing tumor cells-a mechanism of immune evasion? Nat Med 1996 Dec; 2(12): 1361–6PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Pitti RM, Marsters SA, Lawrence DA, et al. Genomic amplification of a decoy receptor for Fas ligand in lung and colon cancer. Nature 1998 Dec 17; 396(6712): 699–703PubMedCrossRef Pitti RM, Marsters SA, Lawrence DA, et al. Genomic amplification of a decoy receptor for Fas ligand in lung and colon cancer. Nature 1998 Dec 17; 396(6712): 699–703PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Kiessling R, Wasserman K, Horiguchi S, et al. Tumor-induced immune dysfunction. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1999 Oct; 48(7): 353–62PubMedCrossRef Kiessling R, Wasserman K, Horiguchi S, et al. Tumor-induced immune dysfunction. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1999 Oct; 48(7): 353–62PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Surh CD, Sprent J. T-cell apoptosis detected in situ during positive and negative selection in the thymus. Nature 1994; 372: 100–3PubMedCrossRef Surh CD, Sprent J. T-cell apoptosis detected in situ during positive and negative selection in the thymus. Nature 1994; 372: 100–3PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Ramsdell F, Fowlkes BJ. Clonal deletion versus clonal anergy: the role in thymus in inducing self tolerance. Science 1990; 248: 1342–8PubMedCrossRef Ramsdell F, Fowlkes BJ. Clonal deletion versus clonal anergy: the role in thymus in inducing self tolerance. Science 1990; 248: 1342–8PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Aoe T, Okamoto Y, Saito T. Activated macrophages induce structural abnormalities of the T cell receptor-CD3 complex. J Exp Med 1995 May 1; 181(5): 1881–6PubMedCrossRef Aoe T, Okamoto Y, Saito T. Activated macrophages induce structural abnormalities of the T cell receptor-CD3 complex. J Exp Med 1995 May 1; 181(5): 1881–6PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Kono K, Ressing ME, Brandt RM, et al. Decreased expression of signal-transducing zeta chain in peripheral T cells and natural killer cells in patients with cervical cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1996 Nov; 2(11): 1825–8PubMed Kono K, Ressing ME, Brandt RM, et al. Decreased expression of signal-transducing zeta chain in peripheral T cells and natural killer cells in patients with cervical cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1996 Nov; 2(11): 1825–8PubMed
72.
go back to reference Mizoguchi H, O’Shea JJ, Longo DL, et al. Alterations in signal transduction molecules in T lymphocytes from tumor-bearing mice. Science 1992 Dec 11; 258(5089): 1795–8PubMedCrossRef Mizoguchi H, O’Shea JJ, Longo DL, et al. Alterations in signal transduction molecules in T lymphocytes from tumor-bearing mice. Science 1992 Dec 11; 258(5089): 1795–8PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Finke JH, Zea AH, Stanley J, et al. Loss of T-cell receptor zeta chain and p561ck in T-cells infiltrating human renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993 Dec 1; 53(23): 5613–6PubMed Finke JH, Zea AH, Stanley J, et al. Loss of T-cell receptor zeta chain and p561ck in T-cells infiltrating human renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993 Dec 1; 53(23): 5613–6PubMed
74.
go back to reference Whiteside TL. Down-regulation of zeta-chain expression in T cells: a biomarker of prognosis in cancer? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004 Oct; 53(10): 865–78PubMedCrossRef Whiteside TL. Down-regulation of zeta-chain expression in T cells: a biomarker of prognosis in cancer? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004 Oct; 53(10): 865–78PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Sakaguchi S, Sakaguchi N, Shimizu J, et al. Immunologic tolerance maintained by CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells: their common role in controlling autoimmunity, tumor immunity, and transplantation tolerance. Immunol Rev 2001 Aug; 182: 18–32PubMedCrossRef Sakaguchi S, Sakaguchi N, Shimizu J, et al. Immunologic tolerance maintained by CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells: their common role in controlling autoimmunity, tumor immunity, and transplantation tolerance. Immunol Rev 2001 Aug; 182: 18–32PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Jonuleit H, Schmitt E. The regulatory T cell family: distinct subsets and their interrelations. J Immunol 2003 Dec 15; 171(12): 6323–7PubMed Jonuleit H, Schmitt E. The regulatory T cell family: distinct subsets and their interrelations. J Immunol 2003 Dec 15; 171(12): 6323–7PubMed
77.
go back to reference Woo EY, Chu CS, Goletz TJ, et al. Regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in tumors from patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and late-stage ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2001 Jun 15; 61(12): 4766–72PubMed Woo EY, Chu CS, Goletz TJ, et al. Regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in tumors from patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and late-stage ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2001 Jun 15; 61(12): 4766–72PubMed
78.
go back to reference Steinman RM, Nussenzweig MC. Avoiding horror autotoxicus: the importance of dendritic cells in peripheral T cell tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Jan 8; 99(1): 351–8PubMedCrossRef Steinman RM, Nussenzweig MC. Avoiding horror autotoxicus: the importance of dendritic cells in peripheral T cell tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Jan 8; 99(1): 351–8PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Albert ML, Jegathesan M, Darnell RB. Dendritic cell maturation is required for the cross-tolerization of CD8+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2001 Nov; 2(11): 1010–7PubMedCrossRef Albert ML, Jegathesan M, Darnell RB. Dendritic cell maturation is required for the cross-tolerization of CD8+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2001 Nov; 2(11): 1010–7PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Hoffmann TK, Muller-Berghaus J, Ferris RL, et al. Alterations in the frequency of dendritic cell subsets in the peripheral circulation of patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck [published erratum appears in Clin Cancer Res 2003 Jan; 9 (1): 441]. Clin Cancer Res 2002 Jun; 8(6): 1787–93PubMed Hoffmann TK, Muller-Berghaus J, Ferris RL, et al. Alterations in the frequency of dendritic cell subsets in the peripheral circulation of patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck [published erratum appears in Clin Cancer Res 2003 Jan; 9 (1): 441]. Clin Cancer Res 2002 Jun; 8(6): 1787–93PubMed
81.
go back to reference Kusmartsev S, Gabrilovich DI. Immature myeloid cells and cancer-associated immune suppression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2002; 51: 293–8PubMedCrossRef Kusmartsev S, Gabrilovich DI. Immature myeloid cells and cancer-associated immune suppression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2002; 51: 293–8PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Delia Bella S, Gennaro M, Vaccari M, et al. Altered maturation of peripheral blood dendritic cells in patients with breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2003 Oct 20; 89(8): 1463–72PubMedCrossRef Delia Bella S, Gennaro M, Vaccari M, et al. Altered maturation of peripheral blood dendritic cells in patients with breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2003 Oct 20; 89(8): 1463–72PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Gabrilovich DI, Ishida T, Nadaf S, et al. Antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by improving endogenous dendritic cell function. Clin Cancer Res 1999 Oct; 5(10): 2963–70PubMed Gabrilovich DI, Ishida T, Nadaf S, et al. Antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by improving endogenous dendritic cell function. Clin Cancer Res 1999 Oct; 5(10): 2963–70PubMed
84.
go back to reference Hoentjen F, Sartor RB, Ozaki M, et al. STAT3 regulates NF-kappaB recruitment to the IL-12p40 promoter in dendritic cells. Blood 2005 Jan 15; 105(2): 689PubMedCrossRef Hoentjen F, Sartor RB, Ozaki M, et al. STAT3 regulates NF-kappaB recruitment to the IL-12p40 promoter in dendritic cells. Blood 2005 Jan 15; 105(2): 689PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Nefedova Y, Huang M, Kusmartsev S, et al. Hyperactivation of STAT3 is involved in abnormal differentiation of dendritic cells in cancer. J Immunol 2004 Jan 1; 172(1): 464–74PubMed Nefedova Y, Huang M, Kusmartsev S, et al. Hyperactivation of STAT3 is involved in abnormal differentiation of dendritic cells in cancer. J Immunol 2004 Jan 1; 172(1): 464–74PubMed
86.
go back to reference Arista MC, Callopoli A, De Franceschi L, et al. Flow cytometric study of lymphocyte subsets in patients at different stages of colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1994 Feb; 37(2 Suppl.): 30–4CrossRef Arista MC, Callopoli A, De Franceschi L, et al. Flow cytometric study of lymphocyte subsets in patients at different stages of colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1994 Feb; 37(2 Suppl.): 30–4CrossRef
87.
go back to reference Knabel M, Franz TJ, Schiemann M, et al. Reversible MHC multimer staining for functional isolation of T-cell populations and effective adoptive transfer. Nat Med 2002; 8: 631–7PubMedCrossRef Knabel M, Franz TJ, Schiemann M, et al. Reversible MHC multimer staining for functional isolation of T-cell populations and effective adoptive transfer. Nat Med 2002; 8: 631–7PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Whelan JA, Dunbar PR, Price DA, et al. Specificity of CTL interactions with peptide-MHC class I tetrameric complexes is temperature dependent. J Immunol 1999 Oct 15; 163(8): 4342–8PubMed Whelan JA, Dunbar PR, Price DA, et al. Specificity of CTL interactions with peptide-MHC class I tetrameric complexes is temperature dependent. J Immunol 1999 Oct 15; 163(8): 4342–8PubMed
89.
go back to reference Palmowski M, Salio M, Dunbar RP, et al. The use of HLA class I tetramers to design a vaccination strategy for melanoma patients. Immunol Rev 2002 Oct; 188(1): 155–63PubMedCrossRef Palmowski M, Salio M, Dunbar RP, et al. The use of HLA class I tetramers to design a vaccination strategy for melanoma patients. Immunol Rev 2002 Oct; 188(1): 155–63PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Pittet MJ, Rubio-Godoy V, Bioley G, et al. Alpha 3 domain mutants of peptide/ MHC class I multimers allow the selective isolation of high avidity tumor-reactive CD8 T cells. J Immunol 2003 Aug 15; 171(4): 1844–9PubMed Pittet MJ, Rubio-Godoy V, Bioley G, et al. Alpha 3 domain mutants of peptide/ MHC class I multimers allow the selective isolation of high avidity tumor-reactive CD8 T cells. J Immunol 2003 Aug 15; 171(4): 1844–9PubMed
91.
go back to reference Reichstetter S, Ettinger RA, Liu AW, et al. Distinct T cell interactions with HLA class II tetramers characterize a spectrum of TCR affinities in the human antigen-specific T cell response. J Immunol 2000; 165: 6994–8PubMed Reichstetter S, Ettinger RA, Liu AW, et al. Distinct T cell interactions with HLA class II tetramers characterize a spectrum of TCR affinities in the human antigen-specific T cell response. J Immunol 2000; 165: 6994–8PubMed
92.
go back to reference Skinner PJ, Daniels MA, Schmidt CS, et al. Cutting edge: in situ tetramer staining of antigen-specific T cells in tissues. J Immunol 2000; 165: 613–7PubMed Skinner PJ, Daniels MA, Schmidt CS, et al. Cutting edge: in situ tetramer staining of antigen-specific T cells in tissues. J Immunol 2000; 165: 613–7PubMed
93.
go back to reference Kienzle N, Olver S, Buttigieg K, et al. The fluorolysis assay, a highly sensitive method for measuring the cytolytic activity of T cells at very low numbers. J Immunol Methods 2002; 267: 99–108PubMedCrossRef Kienzle N, Olver S, Buttigieg K, et al. The fluorolysis assay, a highly sensitive method for measuring the cytolytic activity of T cells at very low numbers. J Immunol Methods 2002; 267: 99–108PubMedCrossRef
94.
95.
go back to reference Lechmann M, Berchtold S, Hauber J, et al. CD83 on dendritic cells: more than just a marker for maturation. Trends Immunol 2002 Jun; 23(6): 273–5PubMedCrossRef Lechmann M, Berchtold S, Hauber J, et al. CD83 on dendritic cells: more than just a marker for maturation. Trends Immunol 2002 Jun; 23(6): 273–5PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Wang E, Phan GQ, Marincola FM. T-cell-directed cancer vaccines: the melanoma model. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2001 Mar; 1(2): 277–90PubMedCrossRef Wang E, Phan GQ, Marincola FM. T-cell-directed cancer vaccines: the melanoma model. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2001 Mar; 1(2): 277–90PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Soen Y, Chen DS, Stuge T, et al. A novel cellular microarray identifies functional deficiencies in tumor-specific T cell responses. J Clin Oncol 2003; 22: 2510 Soen Y, Chen DS, Stuge T, et al. A novel cellular microarray identifies functional deficiencies in tumor-specific T cell responses. J Clin Oncol 2003; 22: 2510
98.
go back to reference Morse MA, Chui S, Hobeika A, et al. Recent developments in therapeutic cancer vaccines. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2005 Feb; 2(2): 108–13PubMedCrossRef Morse MA, Chui S, Hobeika A, et al. Recent developments in therapeutic cancer vaccines. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2005 Feb; 2(2): 108–13PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Antonia S, Mulé JJ, Weber JS. Current developments of immunotherapy in the clinic. Curr Opin Immunol 2004 Apr; 16(2): 130–6PubMedCrossRef Antonia S, Mulé JJ, Weber JS. Current developments of immunotherapy in the clinic. Curr Opin Immunol 2004 Apr; 16(2): 130–6PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Acres B, Paul S, Haegel-Kronenberger H, et al. Therapeutic cancer vaccines. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2004 Feb; 6(1): 40–7PubMed Acres B, Paul S, Haegel-Kronenberger H, et al. Therapeutic cancer vaccines. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2004 Feb; 6(1): 40–7PubMed
101.
go back to reference Knutson KL, Disis ML. Tumor antigen-specific T helper cells in cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005 Aug; 54(8): 721–8PubMedCrossRef Knutson KL, Disis ML. Tumor antigen-specific T helper cells in cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005 Aug; 54(8): 721–8PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Korman A, Yellin M, Keler T. Tumor immunotherapy: preclinical and clinical activity of anti-CTLA4 antibodies. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2005 Jun; 6(6): 582–91PubMed Korman A, Yellin M, Keler T. Tumor immunotherapy: preclinical and clinical activity of anti-CTLA4 antibodies. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2005 Jun; 6(6): 582–91PubMed
103.
go back to reference Overwijk WW. Breaking tolerance in cancer immunotherapy: time to ACT. Curr Opin Immunol 2005 Apr; 17(2): 187–94PubMedCrossRef Overwijk WW. Breaking tolerance in cancer immunotherapy: time to ACT. Curr Opin Immunol 2005 Apr; 17(2): 187–94PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Klebanoff CA, Khong HAT, Antony PA, et al. Sinks, suppressors and antigen presenters: how lymphodepletion enhances T cell-mediated tumor immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2005 Feb; 26(2): 111–7PubMedCrossRef Klebanoff CA, Khong HAT, Antony PA, et al. Sinks, suppressors and antigen presenters: how lymphodepletion enhances T cell-mediated tumor immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2005 Feb; 26(2): 111–7PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Kipriyanov SM, Le Gall F. Recent advances in the generation of bispecific antibodies for tumor immunotherapy. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2004 Mar; 7(2): 233–42PubMed Kipriyanov SM, Le Gall F. Recent advances in the generation of bispecific antibodies for tumor immunotherapy. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2004 Mar; 7(2): 233–42PubMed
Metadata
Title
Strategies of Tumor Immune Evasion
Author
Professor Dr Barbara Seliger
Publication date
01-11-2005
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
BioDrugs / Issue 6/2005
Print ISSN: 1173-8804
Electronic ISSN: 1179-190X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/00063030-200519060-00002

Other articles of this Issue 6/2005

BioDrugs 6/2005 Go to the issue