Robotic Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction with Gel Implant

Excerpt

Endoscopic-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy (E-NSM) alone or followed by immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) with implants or autologous flaps were reported to be associated with small, inconspicuous incisions and good cosmetic outcome.1 However, the two-dimensional, endoscopic, in-line camera produces an inconsistent optical window around the curvature of the breast skin flap. The internal mobility was limited, and the dissection angles were inadequate with traditional endoscopic rigid tips instruments through single access. Due to the limitations of endoscopy instruments and technique difficulty, neither conventional E-NSM nor single access E-NSM was used widespread in breast cancer. …