Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Systematic Reviews
Published in: Systematic Reviews 1/2019

Open Access 01-12-2019 | Protocol

Effectiveness of stop smoking interventions among adults: protocol for an overview of systematic reviews and an updated systematic review

Authors: Mona Hersi, Gregory Traversy, Brett D. Thombs, Andrew Beck, Becky Skidmore, Stéphane Groulx, Eddy Lang, Donna L. Reynolds, Brenda Wilson, Steven L. Bernstein, Peter Selby, Stephanie Johnson-Obaseki, Douglas Manuel, Smita Pakhale, Justin Presseau, Susan Courage, Brian Hutton, Beverley J. Shea, Vivian Welch, Matt Morrow, Julian Little, Adrienne Stevens

Published in: Systematic Reviews | Issue 1/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of cancer, preventable death, and disability. Smoking cessation can increase life expectancy by nearly a decade if achieved in the third or fourth decades of life. Various stop smoking interventions are available including pharmacotherapies, electronic cigarettes, behavioural support, and alternative therapies. This protocol outlines an evidence review which will evaluate the benefits and harms of stop smoking interventions in adults.

Methods

The evidence review will consist of two stages. First, an overview of systematic reviews evaluating the benefits and harms of various stop smoking interventions delivered in or referred from the primary care setting will be conducted. The second stage will involve updating a systematic review on electronic cigarettes identified in the overview; randomized controlled trials will be considered for outcomes relating to benefits while randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, and comparative observational studies will be considered for evaluating harms. Search strategies will be developed and peer-reviewed by medical information specialists. The search strategy for the updated review on e-cigarettes will be developed using that of the candidate systematic review. The MEDLINE®, PsycINFO, Embase, and the Cochrane Library electronic databases will be searched as of 2008 for the overview of reviews and from the last search date of the selected review for the updated review. Organizational websites and trial registries will be searched for unpublished or ongoing reviews/studies. Two reviewers will independently screen the title and abstracts of citations using the liberal accelerated method. Full-text screening will be performed independently by two reviewers. Extracted data will be verified by a second reviewer. Disagreements regarding full-text screening and data extraction will be resolved by consensus or third-party adjudication. The methodological quality of systematic reviews, risk of bias of randomized and non-randomized trials, and methodological quality of cohort studies will be evaluated using AMSTAR 2, the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and a modified version of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network critical appraisal tool, respectively. The GRADE framework will be used to assess the quality of the evidence for outcomes.

Discussion

The evidence review will evaluate the benefits and harms of various stop smoking interventions for adults. Findings will be used to inform a national tobacco cessation guideline by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO (CRD42018099691, CRD42018099692)
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
2.
3.
Reid RD, Pritchard G, Walker K, Aitken D, Mullen K-A, Pipe AL. Managing smoking cessation. Can Med Assoc J. 2016;188:E484–92.CrossRef
4.
Baliunas D, Patra J, Rehm J, Popova S, Kaiserman M, Taylor B. Smoking-attributable mortality and expected years of life lost in Canada 2002: conclusions for prevention and policy. Chronic Dis Inj Can. 2007;27:154.
5.
6.
Statistics Canada (2018) Smoking, 2017. https://​www150.​statcan.​gc.​ca/​n1/​pub/​82-625-x/​2018001/​article/​54974-eng.​htm.​ Accessed 16 July 2018.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CAN-ADAPTT (2011) Canadian smoking cessation guideline - specific populations: mental health and/or other addiction(s).
11.
Kirst M, Mecredy G, Chaiton M (2013) The prevalence of tobacco use co-morbidities in Canada. Can J public health rev can Sante Publique 104:e210–e215.
12.
Guydish J, Passalacqua E, Tajima B, Chan M, Chun J, Bostrom A. Smoking prevalence in addiction treatment: a review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13:401–11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
14.
15.
Alberg AJ, Shopland DR, Cummings KM. The 2014 Surgeon General’s Report: commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the 1964 Report of the Advisory Committee to the US Surgeon General and updating the evidence on the health consequences of cigarette smoking. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179:403–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
17.
Siu AL. Behavioral and pharmacotherapy interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant women: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:622–34.PubMedCrossRef
18.
19.
Global Initiative for Asthma (2018) Global strategy for asthma management and prevention.
20.
Montazeri Z, Nyiraneza C, El-Katerji H, Little J. Waterpipe smoking and cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Control. 2017;26:92–97.PubMedCrossRef
21.
22.
Knishkowy B, Amitai Y. Water-pipe (narghile) smoking: an emerging health risk behavior. Pediatrics. 2005;116:e113–9.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Cao S, Yang C, Gan Y, Lu Z. The health effects of passive smoking: an overview of systematic reviews based on observational epidemiological evidence. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0139907.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2017: monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies. http://​www.​who.​int/​tobacco/​global_​report/​2017/​en/​.​
25.
Hori M, Tanaka H, Wakai K, Sasazuki S, Katanoda K. Secondhand smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer in Japan: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2016;46:942–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Fischer F, Kraemer A. Meta-analysis of the association between second-hand smoke exposure and ischaemic heart diseases, COPD and stroke. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1202.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
Shields M, Garner RE, Wilkins K. Dynamics of smoking cessation and health-related quality of life among Canadians. Health Rep. 2013;24:3.PubMed
28.
Pirie K, Peto R, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V, Million Women Study Collaborators (2013) The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK. Lancet Lond Engl 381:133–141.
29.
Mons U, Müezzinler A, Gellert C, Schöttker B, Abnet CC, Bobak M, de Groot L, Freedman ND, Jansen E, Kee F. Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on cardiovascular events and mortality among older adults: meta-analysis of individual participant data from prospective cohort studies of the CHANCES consortium. BMJ. 2015;350:h1551.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
Jha P, Peto R. Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:60–8.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Lam TH. Absolute risk of tobacco deaths: one in two smokers will be killed by smoking: comment on “smoking and all-cause mortality in older people”. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:845–6.PubMedCrossRef
32.
McIvor A. Tobacco control and nicotine addiction in Canada: current trends, management and challenges. Can Respir J J Can Thorac Soc. 2009;16:21–6.
33.
Wadgave U, Nagesh L. Nicotine replacement therapy: an overview. Int J Health Sci. 2016;10:425.
34.
35.
Prochaska JJ, Das S, Benowitz NL. Cytisine, the world’s oldest smoking cessation aid. BMJ. 2013;347:f5198.PubMedCrossRef
36.
37.
Brandon TH, Drobes DJ, Unrod M, Heckman BW, Oliver JA, Roetzheim RC, Karver SB, Small BJ. Varenicline effects on craving, cue reactivity, and smoking reward. Psychopharmacology. 2011;218:391–403.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Westergaard CG, Porsbjerg C, Backer V. The effect of Varenicline on smoking cessation in a group of young asthma patients. Respir Med. 2015;109:1416–22.PubMedCrossRef
39.
40.
Slemmer JE, Martin BR, Damaj MI. Bupropion is a nicotinic antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000;295:321–7.PubMed
41.
McCarthy DE, Jorenby DE, Minami H, Yeh V. Treatment options in smoking cessation: what place for bupropion sustained-release? Clin Med Ther. 2009;1:CMT.S2044.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
Hess CA, Olmedo P, Navas-Acien A, Goessler W, Cohen JE, Rule AM. E-cigarettes as a source of toxic and potentially carcinogenic metals. Environ Res. 2017;152:221–5.PubMedCrossRef
48.
49.
de Bruin M, Viechtbauer W, Eisma MC, Hartmann-Boyce J, West R, Bull E, Michie S, Johnston M. Identifying effective behavioural components of Intervention and Comparison group support provided in SMOKing cEssation (IC-SMOKE) interventions: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev. 2016. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s13643-016-0253-1.
50.
Michie S, Hyder N, Walia A, West R. Development of a taxonomy of behaviour change techniques used in individual behavioural support for smoking cessation. Addict Behav. 2011;36:315–9.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Riemsma RP, Pattenden J, Bridle C, Sowden AJ, Mather L, Watt IS, Walker A. Systematic review of the effectiveness of stage based interventions to promote smoking cessation. BMJ. 2003;326:1175.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
Zhu S-H, Anderson CM, Tedeschi GJ, Rosbrook B, Johnson CE, Byrd M, Gutiérrez-Terrell E. Evidence of real-world effectiveness of a telephone quitline for smokers. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1087–93.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Gilbert H, Sutton S. Evaluating the effectiveness of proactive telephone counselling for smoking cessation in a randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2006;101:590–8.PubMedCrossRef
58.
59.
60.
Hassandra M, Goudas M, Theodorakis Y. Exercise and smoking: a literature overview. Health (N Y). 2015;07:1477–91.
61.
62.
White AR, Rampes H, Liu JP, Stead LF, Campbell J (2011) Acupuncture and related interventions for smoking cessation Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000009.
63.
Barnes J, Dong CY, McRobbie H, Walker N, Mehta M, Stead LF. Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD001008. 2010.
64.
Jurcic J, Pereira JA, Kavanaugh D. St John’s wort versus paroxetine for depression. Can Fam Physician. 2007;53:1511–3.PubMedPubMedCentral
65.
Sood A, Ebbert JO, Prasad K, Croghan IT, Bauer B, Schroeder DR. A randomized clinical trial of St. John’s wort for smoking cessation. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16:761–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Sood A, Prasad K, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Ehlers SL, Ebbert JO. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) for smoking abstinence: a randomized clinical trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18:854–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
CAN-ADAPTT (2012) Canadian smoking cessation clinical practice guideline. http://​www.​strokebestpracti​ces.​ca/​wp-content/​uploads/​2012/​04/​CAN-ADAPTT2.​pdf.​
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
Patnode CD, O’connor E, Whitlock EP, Perdue LA, Soh C, Hollis J. Primary care–relevant interventions for tobacco use prevention and cessation in children and adolescents: a systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:253–60.PubMedCrossRef
73.
74.
75.
National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health (2013) Tobacco fact sheet.
76.
Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, Shekelle P, Stewart LA. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ. 2015;349:g7647.CrossRef
77.
Bougioukas KI, Liakos A, Tsapas A, Ntzani E, Haidich A-B. Preferred reporting items for overviews of systematic reviews including harms checklist: a pilot tool to be used for balanced reporting of benefits and harms. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018;93:9–24.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000100.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Pollock A, Campbell P, Brunton G, Hunt H, Estcourt L. Selecting and implementing overview methods: implications from five exemplar overviews. Syst Rev. 2017;6:145.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
Becker L, Oxman AD. Chapter 22: overviews of reviews. Cochrane Handb. Syst Rev Interv. 2011 Version 5.1.0.
81.
82.
Pollock M, Fernandes RM, Becker LA, Featherstone R, Hartling L. What guidance is available for researchers conducting overviews of reviews of healthcare interventions? A scoping review and qualitative metasummary. Syst Rev. 2016;5:190.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
Ballard M, Montgomery P. Risk of bias in overviews of reviews: a scoping review of methodological guidance and four-item checklist. Res Synth Methods. 2017;8:92–108.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Hartling L, Vandermeer B, Fernandes RM. Systematic reviews, overviews of reviews and comparative effectiveness reviews: a discussion of approaches to knowledge synthesis. Evidence-Based Child Health Cochrane Rev J. 2014;9:486–94.CrossRef
85.
86.
McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40–6.PubMedCrossRef
87.
88.
89.
90.
Caraballo RS, Shafer PR, Patel D, Davis KC, McAfee TA. Peer reviewed: quit methods used by US adult cigarette smokers, 2014–2016. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017;14.
91.
Thomson Reuters Reference Manager 12. Thomson Reuters, New York.
92.
93.
Pieper D, Antoine S-L, Mathes T, Neugebauer EA, Eikermann M. Systematic review finds overlapping reviews were not mentioned in every other overview. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67:368–75.PubMedCrossRef
94.
95.
Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
Mills EJ, Kanters S, Thorlund K, Chaimani A, Veroniki A-A, Ioannidis JP. The effects of excluding treatments from network meta-analyses: survey. BMJ. 2013;347:f5195.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
Brignardello-Petersen R, Johnston BC, Jadad AR, Tomlinson G. Using decision thresholds for ranking treatments in network meta-analysis results in more informative rankings. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018;98:62–9.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Salanti G, Ades AE, Ioannidis JP. Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:163–71.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Sun X, Briel M, Walter SD, Guyatt GH. Is a subgroup effect believable? Updating criteria to evaluate the credibility of subgroup analyses. BMJ. 2010;340:c117.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Edwards SJ, Clarke MJ, Wordsworth S, Borrill J. Indirect comparisons of treatments based on systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63:841–54.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Sun X, Ioannidis JPA, Agoritsas T, Alba AC, Guyatt G. How to use a subgroup analysis: users’ guide to the medical literature. JAMA. 2014;311:405–11.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. GRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence--inconsistency. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:1294–302.CrossRef
103.
Ioannidis JP. Integration of evidence from multiple meta-analyses: a primer on umbrella reviews, treatment networks and multiple treatments meta-analyses. Can Med Assoc J. 2009;181:488–93.CrossRef
104.
Moja L, Del Rio MPF, Banzi R, Cusi C, D’Amico R, Liberati A, Lodi G, Lucenteforte E, Minozzi S, Pecoraro V. Multiple systematic reviews: methods for assessing discordances of results. Intern Emerg Med. 2012;7:563–8.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Jadad AR, Cook DJ, Browman GP. A guide to interpreting discordant systematic reviews. Can Med Assoc J. 1997;156:1411–6.
106.
107.
Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2004;328:1490.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Puhan MA, Schünemann HJ, Murad MH, Li T, Brignardello-Petersen R, Singh JA, Kessels AG, Guyatt GH. A GRADE Working Group approach for rating the quality of treatment effect estimates from network meta-analysis. Bmj. 2014;349:g5630.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC. Chapter 8: assessing risk of bias in included studies. Cochrane Handb. Syst Rev Interv; 2011.
110.
111.
Balshem H, Stevens A, Ansari M, Norris S, Kansagara D, Shamliyan T, Chou R, Chung M, Moher D, Dickersin K. Finding Grey Literature Evidence and Assessing for Outcome and Analysis Reporting Biases When Comparing Medical Interventions: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program. Methods Guide for Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. (Prepared by the Oregon Health and Science University and the University of Ottawa Evidencebased Practice Centers under Contract Nos. 290-2007-10057-I and 290-2007-10059-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 13(14)-EHC096-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. November 2013. www.​effectivehealthc​are.​ahrq.​gov/​reports/​final.​cfm.
112.
Guyatt GH, Thorlund K, Oxman AD, et al. GRADE guidelines: 13. Preparing summary of findings tables and evidence profiles-continuous outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66:173–83.CrossRef
113.
114.
Sterne JAC, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JPA, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d4002.PubMedCrossRef
115.
116.
The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). The Nordic Cochrane Centre. Copenhagen; 2015.
117.
Metadata
Title
Effectiveness of stop smoking interventions among adults: protocol for an overview of systematic reviews and an updated systematic review
Authors
Mona Hersi
Gregory Traversy
Brett D. Thombs
Andrew Beck
Becky Skidmore
Stéphane Groulx
Eddy Lang
Donna L. Reynolds
Brenda Wilson
Steven L. Bernstein
Peter Selby
Stephanie Johnson-Obaseki
Douglas Manuel
Smita Pakhale
Justin Presseau
Susan Courage
Brian Hutton
Beverley J. Shea
Vivian Welch
Matt Morrow
Julian Little
Adrienne Stevens
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Systematic Reviews / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 2046-4053
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0928-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

Systematic Reviews 1/2019 Go to the issue

Systematic review update

Recovery rate and determinants of severe acute malnutrition children treatment in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Research

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among HIV-positive and HIV-negative populations in sub-Saharan Africa—a systematic review and meta-analysis

Systematic review update

Evidence of past dental visits and incidence of head and neck cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Protocol

Non-Interventional Factors Influencing Velopharyngeal Function For Speech In Initial Cleft Palate Repair: A Systematic Review Protocol

Protocol

Psychological intervention for universal prevention of antenatal and postnatal depression among pregnant women: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Research

Educational outcomes of children in contact with social care in England: a systematic review