Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Trials
Published in: Trials 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Study protocol

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Esoteric Connective Tissue Therapy for chronic low back pain to reduce pain, and improve functionality and general well-being compared with physiotherapy: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Authors: Christoph Schnelle, Steffen Messerschmidt, Eunice J. Minford, Kate Greenaway-Twist, Maxine Szramka, Marianna Masiorski, Michelle Sheldrake, Mark Jones

Published in: Trials | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Low back pain causes more global disability than any other condition. Once the acute pain becomes chronic, about two-thirds of sufferers will not fully recover after 1–2 years. There is a paucity of effective treatments for non-specific, chronic low back pain.
It has been noted that low back pain is associated with changes in the connective tissue in the affected area, and a very low-impact treatment, Esoteric Connective Tissue Therapy (ECTT), has been developed to restore flexibility in connective tissue. ECTT uses patterns of very small, circular movements, to the legs, arms, spine, sacrum and head, which anecdotally are effective in pain relief. In an unpublished single-arm phase I/II trial with chronic pain patients, ECTT showed a 56% reduction in pain after five treatments and 45% and 54% improvements at 6 months and 7–9 years of follow-up respectively.

Methods

The aim of this randomised controlled trial is to compare ECTT with physiotherapy for reducing pain and improving physical function and physical and mental well-being in patients with chronic low back pain.
The trial will be held at two hospitals in Vietnam. One hundred participants with chronic low back pain greater than or equal to 40/100 on the visual analogue scale will be recruited and randomised to either ECTT or physiotherapy. Four weekly treatments will be provided by two experienced ECTT practitioners (Treatment Group, 40 minutes each) and hospital-employed physiotherapy nurses (Control Group, 50 minutes).
The primary outcomes will be changes in pain, physical function per the Quebec Pain Functionality Questionnaire and physical and mental well-being recorded by the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), with mixed modelling used as the primary statistical tool because the data are longitudinal. Initial follow-up will be at either 4 or 8 months, with a second follow-up after 12 months.

Discussion

The trial design has important strengths, because it is to be conducted in hospitals under medical supervision, because ECTT is to be compared with a standard therapy and because the assessor and analyst are to be blinded. The findings from this trial will provide evidence of the efficacy of ECTT for chronic low back pain compared with standard physiotherapy treatment.

Trial registration

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12616001196​437. Registered on 30 August 2016.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, Woolf A, Bain C, Williams G, Smith E, Vos T, Barendregt J, et al. The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(6):968–74.PubMed
2.
Driscoll T, Jacklyn G, Orchard J, Passmore E, Vos T, Freedman G, Lim S, Punnett L. The global burden of occupationally related low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(6):975–81.PubMed
3.
Hoa TTM, Darmawan J, Le Chen S, Van Hung N, Nhi CT, An TN, Damarwan J, Le CS. Prevalence of the rheumatic diseases in urban Vietnam: a WHO-ILAR COPCORD study. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(10):2252–6.
4.
Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, Jackman AM, Darter JD, Wallace AS, Castel LD, Kalsbeek WD, Carey TS. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(3):251–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Walker BF, Muller R, Grant WD. Low back pain in Australian adults. Prevalence and associated disability. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2004;27(4):238–44.
6.
7.
Ivanova JI, Birnbaum HG, Schiller M, Kantor E, Johnstone BM, Swindle RW. Real-world practice patterns, health-care utilization, and costs in patients with low back pain: the long road to guideline-concordant care. Spine J. 2011;11(7):622–32.PubMed
8.
Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain. 2000;84(1):95–103.PubMed
9.
Waddell G. The back pain revolution. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2004. p. 122.1st March 2004.
10.
Costa LCM, Maher CG, McAuley JH, Hancock MJ, Herbert RD, Refshauge KM, Henschke N. Prognosis for patients with chronic low back pain: inception cohort study. BMJ. 2009;339:b3829.PubMedCentral
11.
Carey TS, Garrett JM, Jackman AM. Beyond the good prognosis: examination of an inception cohort of patients with chronic low back pain. Spine. 2000;25(1):115.PubMed
12.
Korff MV, Deyo RA, Cherkin D, Barlow W. Back pain in primary care: outcomes at 1 year. Spine. 1993;18(7):855–62.
13.
Dunn KM, Croft PR. The importance of symptom duration in determining prognosis. Pain. 2006;121(1–2):126–32.PubMed
14.
Jones GT, Johnson RE, Wiles NJ, Chaddock C, Potter RG, Roberts C, Symmons DP, Macfarlane GJ. Predicting persistent disabling low back pain in general practice: a prospective cohort study. Br J Gen Pract. 2006;56(526):334–41.PubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Croft PR, Macfarlane GJ, Papageorgiou AC, Thomas E, Silman AJ. Outcome of low back pain in general practice: a prospective study. BMJ. 1998;316(7141):1356.PubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Nyiendo J, Haas M, Goldberg B, Sexton G. Pain, disability, and satisfation outcomes and predictors of outcomes: a practice-based study of chronic low back pain patients attending primary care and chiropractic physicians. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2001;24(7):433–9.
17.
Reme SE, Hagen EM, Eriksen HR. Expectations, perceptions, and physiotherapy predict prolonged sick leave in subacute low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10:139.PubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Airaksinen O, Brox J, Cedraschi C, Hildebrandt J, Klaber-Moffett J, Kovacs F, Mannion A, Reis S, Staal J, Ursin H. Chapter 4 European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006;15 Suppl 2:s192–300.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Bogduk N. Management of chronic low back pain. Med J Australia. 2004;180(2):79–83.PubMed
20.
Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans R, Kawchuk G, Dagenais S. Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with spinal manipulation and mobilization. Spine J. 2008;8(1):213–25.PubMed
21.
Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans RL, Bouter LM. Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization for low back pain and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis. Spine J. 2004;4(3):335–56.PubMed
22.
Brox JI, Storheim K, Grotle M, Tveito TH, Indahl A, Eriksen HR. Systematic review of back schools, brief education, and fear-avoidance training for chronic low back pain. Spine J. 2008;8(6):948–58.PubMed
23.
Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Deyo RA, Shekelle PG. A review of the evidence for the effectiveness, safety, and cost of acupuncture, massage therapy, and spinal manipulation for back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(11):898–906.PubMed
24.
Chou R, Huffman LH. Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: A review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):492–504.PubMed
25.
Chou R, Loeser JD, Owens DK, Rosenquist RW, Atlas SJ, Baisden J, Carragee EJ, Grabois M, Murphy DR, Resnick DK, et al. Interventional therapies, surgery, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the American Pain Society. Spine. 2009;34(10):1066–77.PubMed
26.
Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT, Shekelle P, Owens DK. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):478–91.PubMed
27.
Cramer H, Haller H, Lauche R, Dobos G. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for low back pain. A systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:162.PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Cramer H, Lauche R, Haller H, Dobos G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of yoga for low back pain. Clin J Pain. 2013;29(5):450–60.PubMed
29.
30.
Ernst E, Harkness E. Spinal manipulation: a systematic review of sham-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trials. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2001;22(4):879–89.PubMed
31.
Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Latimer J, Herbert R, Maher CG. Does spinal manipulative therapy help people with chronic low back pain? Aust J Physiother. 2002;48(4):277–84.PubMed
32.
Fersum KV, Dankaerts W, O'Sullivan PB, Maes J, Skouen JS, Bjordal JM, Kvåle A. Integration of subclassification strategies in randomised controlled clinical trials evaluating manual therapy treatment and exercise therapy for non-specific chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(14):1054–62.PubMed
33.
Franke H, Franke JD, Fryer G. Osteopathic manipulative treatment for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:286.PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Furlan AD, Imamura M, Dryden T, Irvin E. Massage for low back pain: an updated systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane back review group. Spine. 2009;34(16):1669–84.PubMed
35.
Furlan AD, van Tulder M, Cherkin D, Tsukayama H, Lao L, Koes B, Berman B. Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain: an updated systematic review within the framework of the cochrane collaboration. Spine. 2005;30(8):944–63.PubMed
36.
Furlan AD, Yazdi F, Tsertsvadze A, Gross A, Van Tulder M, Santaguida L, Gagnier J, Ammendolia C, Dryden T, Doucette S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and safety of selected complementary and alternative medicine for neck and low-back pain. Evid-Based Compl Alt. 2012;2012:953139.
37.
Guzmán J, Esmail R, Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, Irvin E, Bombardier C. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: systematic review. BMJ. 2001;322(7301):1511–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Tomlinson G. Systematic review: Strategies for using exercise therapy to improve outcomes in chronic low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(9):776–85.PubMed
39.
Henchoz Y, Kai-Lik SA. Exercise and nonspecific low back pain: a literature review. Joint Bone Spine. 2008;75(5):533–9.PubMed
40.
Heymans MW, van Tulder MW, Esmail R, Bombardier C, Koes BW. Back schools for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane collaboration back review group. Spine. 2005;30(19):2153–63.PubMed
41.
Hoffman BM, Papas RK, Chatkoff DK, Kerns RD. Meta-analysis of psychological interventions for chronic low back pain. Health Psychol. 2007;26(1):1–9.PubMed
42.
Hutchinson AJ, Ball S, Andrews JC, Jones GG. The effectiveness of acupuncture in treating chronic non-specific low back pain: a systematic review of the literature. J Orthop Surg Res. 2012;7:36.PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Kamper SJ, Apeldoorn AT, Chiarotto A, Smeets RJ, Ostelo RW, Guzman J, van Tulder MW. Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015;350:h444.PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Koes BW, Assendelft WJJ, Van der Heijden GJMG, Bouter LM. Spinal manipulation for low back pain: an updated systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Spine. 1996;21(24):2860–71.PubMed
45.
Liddle SD, Baxter GD, Gracey JH. Exercise and chronic low back pain: what works? Pain. 2004;107(1–2):176–90.PubMed
46.
Macario A, Pergolizzi JV. Systematic literature review of spinal decompression via motorized traction for chronic discogenic low back pain. Pain Pract. 2006;6(3):171–8.PubMed
47.
Macedo LG, Maher CG, Latimer J, McAuley JH. Motor control exercise for persistent, nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2008;89:9–25.PubMed
48.
Machado LAC, de Souza MS, Ferreira PH, Ferreira ML. The Mckenzie method for low back pain: a systematic review of the literature with a meta-analysis approach. Spine. 2006;31(9):E252–62.
49.
Manheimer E, White A, Berman B, Forys K, Ernst E. Meta-analysis: Acupuncture for low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(8):651–63.PubMed
50.
May S, Johnson R. Stabilisation exercises for low back pain: a systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2008;94(3):179–89.
51.
Orrock PJ, Myers SP. Osteopathic intervention in chronic non-specific low back pain: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:129.PubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Rainville J, Hartigan C, Martinez E, Limke J, Jouve C, Finno M. Exercise as a treatment for chronic low back pain. Spine J. 2004;4(1):106–15.PubMed
53.
Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW. Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;2, CD008112.
54.
Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Kuijpers T, Ostelo R, Verhagen AP, de Boer MR, Koes BW, van Tulder MW. A systematic review on the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine for chronic non-specific low-back pain. Eur Spine J. 2010;19(8):1213–28.PubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Slade SC, Keating JL. Trunk-strengthening exercises for chronic low back pain: a systematic review. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2006;29(2):163–73.
56.
Slade SC, Keating JL. Unloaded movement facilitation exercise compared to no exercise or alternative therapy on outcomes for people with nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2007;30(4):301–11.
57.
Steiger F, Wirth B, de Bruin ED, Mannion AF. Is a positive clinical outcome after exercise therapy for chronic non-specific low back pain contingent upon a corresponding improvement in the targeted aspect(s) of performance? A systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(4):575–98.PubMed
58.
van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Kuijpers T, Verhagen AP, Ostelo R, Koes BW, van Tulder MW. A systematic review on the effectiveness of physical and rehabilitation interventions for chronic non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(1):19–39.PubMed
59.
van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Verhagen AP, Ostelo RW, Koes BW, van Tulder MW. Exercise therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(2):193–204.PubMed
60.
van Tulder M, Malmivaara A, Esmail R, Koes B. Exercise therapy for low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane collaboration back review group. Spine. 2000;25(21):2784–96.PubMed
61.
van Tulder MW, Cherkin DC, Berman B, Lao L, Koes BW. The effectiveness of acupuncture in the management of acute and chronic low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane collaboration back review group. Spine. 1999;24(11):1113–23.PubMed
62.
van Tulder MW, Koes B, Malmivaara A. Outcome of non-invasive treatment modalities on back pain: an evidence-based review. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(1):S64–81.PubMed
63.
van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Conservative treatment of acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most common interventions. Spine. 1997;22(18):2128–56.PubMed
64.
Waller B, Lambeck J, Daly D. Therapeutic aquatic exercise in the treatment of low back pain: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(1):3–14.PubMed
65.
66.
Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea M, for the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: A clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(7):514–30.
67.
Haldeman S, Dagenais S. What have we learned about the evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain? Spine J. 2008;8(1):266–77.PubMed
68.
Bernstein IA, Malik Q, Carville S, Ward S. Low back pain and sciatica: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2017;356:i6748.
69.
70.
Buchbinder R, Blyth FM, March LM, Brooks P, Woolf AD, Hoy DG. Placing the global burden of low back pain in context. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013;27(5):575–89.PubMed
71.
72.
Harris P, Rees R. The prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine use among the general population: a systematic review of the literature. Complementary Ther Med. 2000;8(2):88–96.
73.
Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, et al. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA. 1998;280(18):1569–75.PubMed
74.
Barnes PM, Bloom B, Nahin RL. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics; 2008
75.
Hedley G. Demonstration of the integrity of human superficial fascia as an autonomous organ. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2008;12(3):258.
76.
Victoria A, Stahl JSG, Richard NT. A Biomechanical analysis of the crural fascia in the feline hindlimb during locomotion and intra-muscular stimulation. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2008;12(3):258–9.
77.
Guimberteau JC, Sentucq-Rigall J, Panconi B, Boileau R, Mouton P, Bakhach J. Introduction to the knowledge of subcutaneous sliding system in humans. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2005;50(1 Spec. Iss):19–34.PubMed
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
Langevin HM, Stevens-Tuttle D, Fox JR, Badger GJ, Bouffard NA, Krag MH, Wu J, Henry SM. Ultrasound evidence of altered lumbar connective tissue structure in human subjects with chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10(1):1–9.
84.
Oschman JL. Energy medicine in therapeutics and human performance. Elsevier Science. Published online 17 June 2003.
85.
86.
87.
Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M. Measures of adult pain. Arthr Rheum-Arthr. 2011;63(S11):S240–52.
88.
Price DD, McGrath PA, Rafii A, Buckingham B. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain. 1983;17(1):45–56.PubMed
89.
Collins SL, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. The visual analogue pain intensity scale: what is moderate pain in millimetres? Pain. 1997;72(1):95–7.PubMed
90.
Deyo RA, Dworkin SF, Amtmann D, Andersson G, Borenstein D, Carragee E, Carrino J, Chou R, Cook K, DeLitto A, et al. Report of the NIH Task Force on research standards for chronic low back pain. Spine J. 2014;14(8):1375–91.PubMed
91.
92.
Kopec JA, Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M, Abenhaim L, Wood-Dauphinee S, Lamping DL, Williams JI. The Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale: measurement properties. Spine. 1995;20(3):341–52.PubMed
93.
Kopec JA, Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M, Abenhaim L, Wood-Dauphinee S, Lamping DL, Williams JI. The Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale: conceptualization and development. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(2):151–61.PubMed
94.
Kelly A-M. The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain. Emerg Med J. 2001;18(3):205–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
95.
Bennell KL, Egerton T, Pua Y-H, Abbott JH, Sims K, Metcalf B, McManus F, Wrigley TV, Forbes A, Harris A, et al. Efficacy of a multimodal physiotherapy treatment program for hip osteoarthritis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial protocol. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11(1):238.PubMedPubMedCentral
96.
Ostelo RWJG, Deyo RA, Stratford P, Waddell G, Croft P, Von Korff M, Bouter LM, de Vet HC. Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine. 2008;33(1):90–4.PubMed
97.
Ware JE, Kosinski M, Dewey JE, Gandek B. SF-36 Health Survey: Manual and interpretation guide (Book) Quality Metric Inc., Lincoln RI USA; 2000.
98.
Angst F, Aeschlimann A, Stucki G. Smallest detectable and minimal clinically important differences of rehabilitation intervention with their implications for required sample sizes using WOMAC and SF-36 quality of life measurement instruments in patients with osteoarthritis of the lower extremities. Arthrit Rheum-Arthr. 2001;45(4):384–91.
99.
Hoy D, Brooks P, Blyth F, Buchbinder R. The epidemiology of low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(6):769–81.PubMed
100.
101.
Colquhoun D, Novella SP. Acupuncture is theatrical placebo. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;116(6):1360-3.
102.
Benhayon S, Benhayon C. Esoteric Connective Tissue Therapy advanced level 2; 2014. Instruction manual, paper only. Serge Benhayon; 2000.
103.
Benhayon S, Benhayon C. Esoteric Connective Tissue Therapy advanced level 1; 2014. Instruction manual, paper only. Serge Benhayon; 2000.
104.
Brox JI, Sørensen R, Friis A, Nygaard Ø, Indahl A, Keller A, Ingebrigtsen T, Eriksen HR, Holm I, Koller AK. Randomized clinical trial of lumbar instrumented fusion and cognitive intervention and exercises in patients with chronic low back pain and disc degeneration. Spine. 2003;28(17):1913–21.PubMed
105.
Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Kahn J, Wellman R, Cook AJ, Johnson E, Erro J, Delaney K, Deyo RA. A comparison of the effects of 2 types of massage and usual care on chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(1):1–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
106.
Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Latimer J, Herbert RD, Hodges PW, Jennings MD, Maher CG, Refshauge KM. Comparison of general exercise, motor control exercise and spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized trial. Pain. 2007;131(1):31–7.PubMed
107.
Fritzell P, Hägg O, Wessberg P, Nordwall A, Swedish Lumbar Spine Study G. 2001 Volvo Award Winner in Clinical Studies: Lumbar fusion versus nonsurgical treatment for chronic low back pain: a multicenter randomized controlled trial from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Spine. 2001;26(23):2521–32.PubMed
108.
McHorney CA, Ware Jr JE, Raczek AE. The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Med Care. 1993;31(3):247–63.
109.
Haake M, Müller H-H, Schade-Brittinger C, Basler HD, Schäfer H, Maier C, Endres HG, Trampisch HJ, Molsberger A. German Acupuncture Trials (GERAC) for chronic low back pain: randomized, multicenter, blinded, parallel-group trial with 3 groups. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(17):1892–8.PubMed
110.
Majchrzycki M, Kocur P, Kotwicki T. Deep tissue massage and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain: a prospective randomized trial. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:287597.PubMedPubMedCentral
111.
van Kleef M, Barendse GA, Kessels A, Voets HM, Weber WE, de Lange S. Randomized trial of radiofrequency lumbar facet denervation for chronic low back pain. Spine. 1999;24(18):1937.PubMed
112.
Ibrahim T, Tleyjeh IM, Gabbar O. Surgical versus non-surgical treatment of chronic low back pain: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Int Orthop. 2008;32(1):107–13.PubMed
113.
114.
Verbeke G, Molenberghs G. Linear mixed models for longitudinal data. Springer Science & Business Media; 2009. p. 285.
115.
Meyer KE, Tran YTT, Nguyen HV. Doing business in … Vietnam. Thunderbird International Business Review. 2006;48(2):263–90.
116.
117.
Hrynaszkiewicz I, Norton ML, Vickers AJ, Altman DG. Preparing raw clinical data for publication: guidance for journal editors, authors, and peer reviewers. Trials. 2010;11(1):1–5.
Metadata
Title
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Esoteric Connective Tissue Therapy for chronic low back pain to reduce pain, and improve functionality and general well-being compared with physiotherapy: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors
Christoph Schnelle
Steffen Messerschmidt
Eunice J. Minford
Kate Greenaway-Twist
Maxine Szramka
Marianna Masiorski
Michelle Sheldrake
Mark Jones
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Trials / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 1745-6215
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-2055-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Trials 1/2017 Go to the issue

Study protocol

A multicenter randomized controlled trial of surgery alone or surgery with atrial natriuretic peptide in lung cancer surgery: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Study protocol

Right median nerve electrical stimulation for acute traumatic coma (the Asia Coma Electrical Stimulation trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Study protocol

Effect of Guizhifulingwan (Keishibukuryogan) on climacteric syndrome: study protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial

Study protocol

The effects of ventilation tubes versus no ventilation tubes for recurrent acute otitis media or chronic otitis media with effusion in 9 to 36 month old Greenlandic children, the SIUTIT trial: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Study protocol

Community-based trial of annual versus biannual single-dose ivermectin plus albendazole against Wuchereria bancrofti infection in human and mosquito populations: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial

Research

Willingness to participate in pragmatic dialysis trials: the importance of physician decisional autonomy and consent approach