Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Trials
Published in: Trials 1/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Study protocol

‘Fit Moms/Mamás Activas’ internet-based weight control program with group support to reduce postpartum weight retention in low-income women: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Authors: Suzanne Phelan, Anna Brannen, Karen Erickson, Molly Diamond, Andrew Schaffner, Karen Muñoz-Christian, Ana Stewart, Teresa Sanchez, Vanessa C Rodriguez, Dalila I Ramos, Linda McClure, Caro Stinson, Deborah F Tate

Published in: Trials | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

High postpartum weight retention is a strong independent risk factor for lifetime obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes in women. Interventions to promote postpartum weight loss have met with some success but have been limited by high attrition. Internet-based treatment has the potential to overcome this barrier and reduce postpartum weight retention, but no study has evaluated the effects of an internet-based program to prevent high postpartum weight retention in women.

Methods/Design

Fit Moms/Mamás Activas targets recruitment of 12 Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Supplemental Nutrition Program clinics with a total of 408 adult (>18 years), postpartum (<1 year) women with 14.5 kg or more weight retention or a body mass index of 25.0 kg/m2 or higher. Clinics are matched on size and randomly assigned within county to either a 12-month standard WIC intervention or to a 12-month WIC enhanced plus internet-based weight loss intervention. The intervention includes: monthly face-to-face group sessions; access to a website with weekly lessons, a web diary, instructional videos, and computer-tailored feedback; four weekly text messages; and brief reinforcement from WIC counselors. Participants are assessed at baseline, six months, and 12 months. The primary outcome is weight loss over six and 12 months; secondary outcomes include diet and physical activity behaviors, and psychosocial measures.

Discussion

Fit Moms/Mamás Activas is the first study to empirically examine the effects of an internet-based treatment program, coupled with monthly group contact at the WIC program, designed to prevent sustained postpartum weight retention in low-income women at high risk for weight gain, obesity, and related comorbidities.

Trial registration

This trial was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT01408147) on 29 July 2011.
Literature
1.
Keppel KG, Taffel SM. Pregnancy-related weight gain and retention: implications of the 1990 Institute of Medicine Guidelines. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:1100–3.PubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Ohlin A, Rossner S. Maternal body weight development after pregnancy. Int J Obes. 1990;14(2):159–73.PubMed
3.
Parker JD, Abrams B. Differences in postpartum weight retention between black and white mothers. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81:768–74.PubMed
4.
Walker LO, Timmerman GM, Sterling BS, Kim M, Dickson P. Keeping pregnancy-related weight may result in long-term weight problems for women. Ethn Dis. 2004;14(1):161–2.PubMed
5.
Kac G, Benicio MH, Velasquez-Melendez G, Valente JG. Nine months postpartum weight retention predictors for Brazilian women. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(5):621–8.PubMed
6.
Walker LO, Sterling BS, Timmerman GM. Retention of pregnancy-related weight in the early postpartum period: implications for women’s health services. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2005;34(4):418–27.PubMed
7.
Walker L, Freeland-Graves JH, Milani T, George G, Hanss-Nuss H, Kim M, et al. Weight and behavioral and psychosocial factors among ethnically diverse, low-income women after childbirth: II. Trends and correlates. Women Health. 2004;40(2):19–34.PubMed
8.
Walker LO. Managing excessive weight gain during pregnancy and the postpartum period. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2007;36(5):490–500.PubMed
9.
Schauberger CW, Rooney BL, Brimer LM. Factors that influence weight loss in the puerperium. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;79(3):424–9.PubMed
10.
Olson CM, Strawderman MS. The relationship between food insecurity and obesity in rural childbearing women. J Rural Health. 2008;24(1):60–6.PubMed
11.
Schieve LA, Cogswell ME, Scanlon KS. Trends in pregnancy weight gain within and outside ranges recommended by the Institute of Medicine in a WIC population. Matern Child Health J. 1998;2(2):111–6.PubMed
12.
Ostbye T, Krause KM, Swamy GK, Lovelady CA. Effect of breastfeeding on weight retention from one pregnancy to the next: results from the North Carolina WIC program. Prev Med. 2010;51:368–72.PubMed
13.
Krause KM, Lovelady CA, Peterson BL, Chowdhury N, Ostbye T. Effect of breast-feeding on weight retention at 3 and 6 months postpartum: data from the North Carolina WIC Programme. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13:2019–29.PubMed
14.
Rooney BL, Schauberger CW. Excess pregnancy weight gain and long-term obesity: one decade later. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100(2):245–52.PubMed
15.
Linne Y, Dye L, Barkeling B, Rossner S. Long-term weight development in women: a 15-year follow-up of the effects of pregnancy. Obes Res. 2004;12(7):1166–78.PubMed
16.
Villamor E, Cnattingius S. Interpregnancy weight change and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study. Lancet. 2006;368(9542):1164–70.PubMed
17.
Driul L, Cacciaguerra G, Citossi A, Martina MD, Peressini L, Marchesoni D. Prepregnancy body mass index and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008;278(1):23–6.PubMed
18.
Samuels-Kalow ME, Funai EF, Buhimschi C, Norwitz E, Perrin M, Calderon-Margalit R, et al. Prepregnancy body mass index, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and long-term maternal mortality. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(5):490. e491-496.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005;115(3):e290–296.PubMed
20.
Watkins ML, Botto LD. Maternal prepregnancy weight and congenital heart defects in offspring. Epidemiology. 2001;12(4):439–46.PubMed
21.
Olson CM, Strawderman MS, Dennison BA. Maternal weight gain during pregnancy and child weight at age 3 years. Matern Child Health J. 2009;13(6):839–46.PubMed
22.
Gore SA, Brown DM, West DS. The role of postpartum weight retention in obesity among women: a review of the evidence. Ann Behav Med. 2003;26(2):149–59.PubMed
23.
Lovelady CA, Garner KE, Moreno KL, Williams JP. The effect of weight loss in overweight, lactating women on the growth of their infants. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(7):449–53.PubMed
24.
Leermakers EA, Anglin K, Wing RR. Reducing postpartum weight retention through a correspondence intervention. Int J Obes. 1998;22:1103–9.
25.
O’Toole ML, Sawicki MA, Artal R. Structured diet and physical activity prevent postpartum weight retention. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2003;12(10):991–8.
26.
Kinnunen TI, Pasanen M, Aittasalo M, Fogelholm M, Weiderpass E, Luoto R. Reducing postpartum weight retention–a pilot trial in primary health care. Nutr J. 2007;6:21.PubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Wing RR. Behavioral weight control. In: Wadden TA, Stunkard AJ, editors. Handbook of obesity treatment. New York: Guilford; 2002. p. 301–16.
28.
Keller C, Records K, Ainsworth B, Permana P, Coonrod DV. Interventions for weight management in postpartum women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(1):71–9.PubMed
29.
Polley BA, Wing RR, Sims CJ. Randomized controlled trial to prevent excessive weight gain in pregnant women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26(11):1494–502.PubMed
30.
Olson CM, Strawderman MS, Reed RG. Efficacy of an intervention to prevent excessive gestational weight gain. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(2):530–6.PubMed
31.
Wolff S, Legarth J, Vangsgaard K, Toubro S, Astrup A. A randomized trial of the effects of dietary counseling on gestational weight gain and glucose metabolism in obese pregnant women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(3):495–501.
32.
Thornton YS. Preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy through dietary and lifestyle counseling: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(1):173. author reply 173–174.PubMed
33.
Shirazian T, Monteith S, Friedman F, Rebarber A. Lifestyle modification program decreases pregnancy weight gain in obese women. Am J Perinatol. 2010;27:411–4.PubMed
34.
Claesson IM, Sydsjo G, Brynhildsen J, Cedergren M, Jeppsson A, Nystrom F, et al. Weight gain restriction for obese pregnant women: a case–control intervention study. BJOG. 2008;115(1):44–50.PubMed
35.
Artal R, Catanzaro RB, Gavard JA, Mostello DJ, Friganza JC. A lifestyle intervention of weight-gain restriction: diet and exercise in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007;32(3):596–601.PubMed
36.
Mottola MF, Giroux I, Gratton R, Hammond JA, Hanley A, Harris S, et al. Nutrition and exercise prevents excess weight gain in overweight pregnant women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:265–72.PubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Algert S, Shragg P, Hollingswroth DR. Moderate caloric restriction in obese women with gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;65:487–91.PubMed
38.
Phelan S, Phipps MG, Abrams B, Darroch F, Grantham K, Schaffner A, et al. Does behavioral intervention in pregnancy reduce postpartum weight retention? Twelve-month outcomes of the Fit for Delivery randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(2):302–11.PubMed
39.
Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy people 2010, 2nd ed. Washington: GPO; 2000.
40.
Harwood P, Rainie L, editors. People who use the internet away form home and work (Internet. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project; 2004.
41.
Pew Internet and American Life Project, editor. Older Americans and the Internet. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project; 2004.
42.
Cooper KB, Gallagher MD. A nation online: entering the broadband age. US Department of Commerce: Washington, DC; 2004.
43.
Pew Internet and American Life Project, editor. Health information online: eight in ten internet users have looked for health information online, with increased interest in diet, fitness, drugs, health insurance, experimental treatment, and particular doctors and hospitals. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project; 2005.
44.
McNeely JK, Hoffman GM, Eckert JE. Postoperative pain relief in children from the parascalene injection technique. Reg Anesth. 1991;16(1):20–2.PubMed
45.
Census Bureau US. Computer and internet use in the United States. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau; 2013.
46.
Bensley RJ, Brusk JJ, Anderson JV, Mercer N, Rivas J, Broadbent LN. wichealth.org: impact of a stages of change-based internet nutrition education program. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2006;38(4):222–9.PubMed
47.
Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro S, Buzzell P, Gold EC. Effect of internet support on the long-term maintenance of weight loss. Obes Res. 2004;12(2):320–9.PubMed
48.
Micco N, Gold B, Buzzell P, Leonard H, Pintauro S, Harvey-Berino J. Minimal in-person support as an adjunct to internet obesity treatment. Ann Behav Med. 2007;33(1):49–56.PubMed
49.
Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. A randomized trial comparing human e-mail counseling, computer-automated tailored counseling, and no counseling in an Internet weight loss program. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(15):1620–5.PubMed
50.
Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289(14):1833–6.PubMed
51.
Womble LG, Wadden TA, McGuckin BG, Sargent SL, Rothman RA, Krauthamer-Ewing ES. A randomized controlled trial of a commercial internet weight loss program. Obes Res. 2004;12(6):1011–8.PubMed
52.
McConnon A, Kirk SF, Cockroft JE, Harvey EL, Greenwood DC, Thomas JD, et al. The Internet for weight control in an obese sample: results of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007;7:206.PubMedPubMedCentral
53.
Heneghan AM, Mercer M, DeLeone NL. Will mothers discuss parenting stress and depressive symptoms with their child’s pediatrician? Pediatrics. 2004;113(3 Pt 1):460–7.PubMed
54.
Fidanza AA, Simonetti MS, Cucchia LM. A nutrition study involving a group of pregnant women in Assisi, Italy. Part 2: determination of vitamin nutriture. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1986;56(4):381–6.PubMed
55.
Baker CW, Carter AS, Cohen LR, Brownell KD. Eating attitudes and behaviors in pregnancy and postpartum: global stability versus specific transitions. Ann Behav Med. 1999;21(2):143–8.PubMed
56.
Fidanza AA, Fidanza R. A nutrition study involving a group of pregnant women in Assisi, Italy. Part 1: anthropometry, dietary intake and nutrition knowledge, practices and attitudes. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1986;56(4):373–80.PubMed
57.
Abraham S. Problems with weight control during pregnancy. Med J Aust. 1989;151(4):237.PubMed
58.
United States Department of Agriculture. WIC the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children. Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Service; 2008.
59.
Cole N. The prevalence of overweight among WIC children WIC-01-PCOM. Alexandria, VA: US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation; 2001.
60.
California WIC Association. California WIC facts. Sacramento, CA: California WIC Association; 2008.
61.
Rush D, Leighton J, Sloan NL, Alvir JM, Horvitz DG, Seaver WB, et al. The National WIC evaluation: evaluation of the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children. VI. Study of infants and children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48 Suppl 2:484–511.PubMed
62.
Rush D, Sloan NL, Leighton J, Alvir JM, Horvitz DG, Seaver WB, et al. The National WIC Evaluation: evaluation of the special supplemental food program for Women, Infants, and Children. V. Longitudinal study of pregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(2 Suppl):439–83.PubMed
63.
Rush D, Horvitz DG, Seaver WB, Leighton J, Sloan NL, Johnson SS, et al. The National WIC Evaluation: evaluation of the special supplemental food program for Women, Infants, and Children. IV. Study methodology and sample characteristics in the longitudinal study of pregnant women, the study of children, and the food expenditures study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48 Suppl 2:429–38.PubMed
64.
Owen AL, Owen GM. Twenty years of WIC: a review of some effects of the program. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97(7):777–82.PubMed
65.
Caan B, Horgen DM, Margen S, King JC, Jewell NP. Benefits associated with WIC supplemental feeding during the interpregnancy interval. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;45(1):29–41.PubMed
66.
Birkett D, Johnson D, Thompson JR, Oberg D. Reaching low-income families: focus group results provide direction for a behavioral approach to WIC services. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(8):1277–80.PubMed
67.
Bensley RJ, Mercer N, Brusk JJ, Underhile R, Rivas J, Anderson J, et al. The eHealth behavior management model: a stage-based approach to behavior change and management. Prev Chronic Dis. 2004;1(4):A14.PubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Whitehead M, Dahlgren G. What can be done about inequalities in health? Lancet. 1991;338(8774):1059–63.PubMed
69.
Committee on Assuring the Health of the Public in the 21st Century. The future of the public’s health in the 21st century. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine and Board of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention; 2002.
70.
Winett RA, Tate DF, Anderson ES, Wojcik JR, Winett SG. Long-term weight gain prevention: a theoretically based Internet approach. Prev Med. 2005;41(2):629–41.PubMed
71.
Arozullah AM, Khuri SF, Henderson WG, Daley J. Development and validation of a multifactorial risk index for predicting postoperative pneumonia after major noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(10):847–57.PubMed
72.
Lee SY, Bender DE, Ruiz RE, Cho YI. Development of an easy-to-use Spanish Health Literacy test. Health Serv Res. 2006;41(4 Pt 1):1392–412.PubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Lee CF, Hwang FM, Liou YM, Chien LY. A preliminary study on the pattern of weight change from pregnancy to 6 months postpartum: a latent growth model approach. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011;35(8):1079–86.
74.
McCrory MA, Nommsen-Rivers LA, Mole PA, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG. Randomized trial of the short-term effects of dieting compared with dieting plus aerobic exercise on lactation performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(5):959–67.PubMed
75.
Larson-Meyer DE. Effect of postpartum exercise on mothers and their offspring: a review of the literature. Obes Res. 2002;10(8):841–53.PubMed
76.
Amorim Adeqboye AR, Linne YM. Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:No CD005627.
77.
Thomas S, Reading J, Shephard RJ. Revision of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1992;17:338–45.
78.
Cooper Z, Fairburn CG. The Eating Disorder Examination: a semi-structured interview for the assessment of the specific psychopathology of eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 1987;6:1–8.
79.
Mayberry LJ, Horowitz JA, Declercq E. Depression symptom prevalence and demographic risk factors among U.S. women during the first 2 years postpartum. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2007;36(6):542–9.PubMed
80.
Beck AT, Steer RA. Manual for the Beck depression inventory. New York: Psychological Corporation; 1987.
81.
Wiebe JS, Penley JA. A psychometric comparison of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in English and Spanish. Psychol Assess. 2005;17(4):481–5.PubMed
82.
Beck AT, Steer RA. Beck depression inventory. 1993rd ed. San Antonio: Harcourt Brace & Company; 1987.
83.
Gunderson EP, Abrams B, Selvin S. Does the pattern of postpartum weight change differ according to pregravid body size? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(6):853–62.PubMed
84.
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403.PubMedCentral
85.
Perri MG, Corsica JA. Improving the maintenance of weight lost in behavioral treatment of obesity. In: Wadden T, Stunkard A, editors. Treatment of obesity. New York: Guilford; 2002.
86.
Wing RR, Tate DF, Gorin AA, Raynor HA, Fava JL. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(15):1563–71.PubMed
87.
Tate DF, Wing RR, Winett RA. Using internet technology to deliver a behavioral weight loss program. JAMA. 2001;285(9):1172–7.PubMed
88.
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Research Group. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP): description of lifestyle intervention. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(12):2165–71.
89.
Ryan DH, Espeland MA, Foster GD, Haffner SM, Hubbard VS, Johnson KC, et al. Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes): design and methods for a clinical trial of weight loss for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Control Clin Trials. 2003;24(5):610–28.PubMed
90.
Wing RR, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82 Suppl 1:222S–5S.PubMed
91.
NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification EaToOaOiA. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults-The evidence report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res. 1998;6 Suppl 2:51S–210S.
92.
Jakicic JM, Wing RR, Butler BA, Robertson RJ. Prescribing exercise in multiple short bouts versus one continuous bout: effects on adherence, cardiorespiratory fitness, and weight loss in overweight women. Int J Obes. 1995;19:893–901.
93.
Phelan S, Roberts M, Lang W, Wing RR. Empirical evaluation of physical activity recommendations for weight control in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(10):1832–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
94.
Pronk NP, Wing RR. Physical activity and long-term maintenance of weight loss. Obes Res. 1994;2(6):587–99.PubMed
95.
Wing RR. Physical activity in the treatment of the adulthood overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exer. 1999;31 Suppl 11:S547–552.
96.
Thomas JG, Bond DS, Phelan S, Hill JO, Wing RR. Weight-loss maintenance for 10 years in the National Weight Control Registry. Am J Prev Med. 2014;46(1):17–23.PubMed
97.
Patrick K, Raab F, Adams MA, Dillon L, Zabinski M, Rock CL, et al. A text message-based intervention for weight loss: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2009;11(1):e1.PubMedPubMedCentral
98.
Carr A. Breastfeeding and the WIC program. Breastfeed Med. 2009;4 Suppl 1:S57–58.PubMed
99.
Stevens-Simon C, McAnarney E, Coulter M. How accurately do pregnant adolescents estimate their weight prior to pregnancy? Adolesc Health Care. 1986;7:250–4.
100.
Phelan S, Phipps MG, Abrams B, Darroch FE, Wing RR. Randomized trial of a behavioral intervention to prevent excessive gestational weight gain: the fit for delivery study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:772–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
101.
Stunkard AJ, Waxman M. Accuracy of self-reports of food intake: a review of the literature and a report of a small series. J Am Diet Assoc. 1981;79:547–51.PubMed
102.
Eck L, Klesges RC, Hanson CL, Slawson D, Lavasque ME. Measuring short-term dietary intake: development and testing of a 1-week food frequency questionnaire. J Am Diet Assoc. 1991;91:940–5.PubMed
103.
Schaffer DM, Velie EM, Shaw GM, Todoroff KP. Energy and nutrient intakes and health practices of Latinas and white non-Latinas in the 3 months before pregnancy. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98(8):876–84.PubMed
104.
Forsum E, Lof M. Energy metabolism during human pregnancy. Annu Rev Nutr. 2007;27:277–92.PubMed
105.
Phelan S, Wyatt H, Nassery S, Dibello J, Fava JL, Hill JO, et al. Three-year weight change in successful weight losers who lost weight on a low-carbohydrate diet. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(10):2470–7.
106.
Nichols JF, Morgan CG, Chabot LE, Sallis JF, Calfas KJ. Assessment of physical activity with the Computer Science and Applications, Inc., accelerometer: laboratory versus field validation. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000;71(1):36–43.PubMed
107.
Sirard JR, Melanson EL, Li L, Freedson PS. Field evaluation of the Computer Science and Applications. Inc. physical activity monitor. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(3):695–700.PubMed
108.
Freedson PS, Melanson E, Sirard J. Calibration of the Computer Science and Applications. Inc. accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(5):777–81.PubMed
109.
Sallis JF, Haskell WL, Wood PD, Fortmann SP, Rogers T, Blair SN, et al. Physical activity assessment methodology in the Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121(1):91–106.PubMed
110.
Raynor DA, Phelan S, Hill JO, Wing RR. Television viewing and long-term weight maintenance: results from the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14(10):1816–24.
111.
O’Neil PM, Currey HS, Hirsch AA, Malcolm RJ, Sexauer JD, Riddle FE, et al. Development and validation of the eating behavior inventory. J Behav Assess. 1979;1:123–32.
112.
O’Neil PM, Rieder S. Utility and validity of the eating behavior inventory in clinical obesity research: a review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2005;6(3):209–16.PubMed
113.
Klem ML, Wing RR, McGuire MT, Seagle HM, Hill JO. A descriptive study of individuals successful at long-term maintenance of substantial weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:239–46.PubMed
114.
Raynor HA, Polley BA, Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Is dietary fat intake related to liking or household availability of high- and low-fat foods? Obes Res. 2004;12(5):816–23.PubMed
115.
Gorin AA, Wing RR, Fava JL, Jakicic JM, Jeffery R, West DS, et al. Weight loss treatment influences untreated spouses and the home environment: evidence of a ripple effect. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:1678–84.
116.
Jakicic JM, Wing RR, Butler BA, Jeffery RW. The relationship between presence of exercise equipment in the home and physical activity level. Am J Health Prom. 1997;11:363–5.
117.
Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782–6.PubMed
118.
Lee KA, DeJoseph JF. Sleep disturbances, vitality, and fatigue among a select group of employed childbearing women. Birth. 1992;19(4):208–13.PubMed
119.
Fairburn CG, Berglin SJ. Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire? Int J Eat Disord. 1994;6:1–8.
120.
Evans C, Dolan B. Body shape questionnaire: derivation of shortened “alternate forms”. Int J Eat Disord. 1993;13(3):315–21.PubMed
121.
Warren CS, Cepeda-Benito A, Gleaves DH, Moreno S, Rodriguez S, Fernandez MC, et al. English and Spanish versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire: measurement equivalence across ethnicity and clinical status. Int J Eat Disord. 2008;41(3):265–72.PubMed
122.
Kendall A, Olson CM, Frongillo E. Evaluation of psychosocial measures for understanding weight-related behaviors in pregnant women. Ann Behav Med. 2001;23(1):50–8.PubMed
123.
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385–96.PubMed
124.
Walker LO. Weight and weight-related distress after childbirth: relationships to stress, social support, and depressive symptoms. J Holist Nurs. 1997;15(4):389–405.PubMed
125.
Osborn CY, Weiss BD, Davis TC, Skripkauskas S, Rodrigue C, Bass PF, et al. Measuring adult literacy in health care: performance of the newest vital sign. Am J Health Behav. 2007;31 Suppl 1:S36–46.PubMed
126.
Cuellar I, Arnold B, Maldonado R. Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II: a revision of the original ARSMA scale. Hispanic J Behav Sci. 1995;17(3):275–304.
127.
Yeh MC, Viladrich A, Bruning N, Roye C. Determinants of Latina obesity in the United States: the role of selective acculturation. J Transcult Nurs. 2009;20(1):105–15.PubMed
128.
Wolfe WS, Sobal J, Olson CM, Frongillo Jr EA. Parity-associated body weight: modification by sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Obes Res. 1997;5(2):131–41.PubMed
129.
Harris HE, Ellison GT, Holliday M. Is there an independent association between parity and maternal weight gain? Ann Hum Biol. 1997;24(6):507–19.PubMed
130.
Phelan S, Smith K, Steele J-M, Wilt D, Ames S, McClure L. What type of weight loss program do postpartum women want? Treatment preferences of postpartum women in two community settings. Calif J Health Prom. 2010;8(1):1–11.
131.
Smeeth L, Ng ES. Intraclass correlation coefficients for cluster randomized trials in primary care: data from the MRC Trial of the Assessment and Management of Older People in the Community. Control Clin Trials. 2002;23(4):409–21.PubMed
132.
Raudenbush S, Bryk A, editors. Hierarchical linear models. 2nd ed. New York: Sage Publications; 2002.
133.
Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Nutrition during pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1990.
134.
McKeown T, Record RG. The influence of weight and height on weight changes associated with pregnancy in women. J Endocrinol. 1957;15(4):423–9.PubMed
135.
Wolfe WS, Sobal J, Olson CM, Frongillo Jr EA, Williamson DF. Parity-associated weight gain and its modification by sociodemographic and behavioral factors: a prospective analysis in US women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997;21(9):802–10.PubMed
136.
Gunderson EP, Quesenberry Jr CP, Lewis CE, Tsai AL, Sternfeld B, Smith West D, et al. Development of overweight associated with childbearing depends on smoking habit: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Obes Res. 2004;12(12):2041–53.PubMedPubMedCentral
137.
Gunderson EP, Murtaugh MA, Lewis CE, Quesenberry CP, West DS, Sidney S. Excess gains in weight and waist circumference associated with childbearing: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(4):525–35.PubMedPubMedCentral
138.
Gunderson EP, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E, Rich-Edwards JW, Kleinman KP, Taveras EM, et al. Association of fewer hours of sleep at 6 months postpartum with substantial weight retention at 1 year postpartum. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(2):178–87.PubMed
139.
Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, Manson JE, Stefancik ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006;295(6):655–66.PubMed
140.
Pituch KA, Stapleton LM, Kang JY. A comparison of single sample and bootstrap methods to assess mediation in cluster randomized trials. Multivar Behav Res. 2006;41(3):364–400.
141.
Olson CM, Strawderman MS, Hinton PS, Pearson TA. Gestational weight gain and postpartum behaviors associated with weight change from early pregnancy to 1 y postpartum. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(1):117–27.PubMed
142.
Kumanyika SK, Obarzanek E. Pathways to obesity prevention: report of a National Institutes of Health workshop. Obes Res. 2003;11(10):1263–74.PubMed
143.
Kac G, Benicio MH, Velasquez-Melendez G, Valente JG, Struchiner CJ. Gestational weight gain and prepregnancy weight influence postpartum weight retention in a cohort of brazilian women. J Nutr. 2004;134(3):661–6.PubMed
144.
Abrams B, Altman SL, Pickett KE. Pregnancy weight gain: still controversial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71 Suppl 5:1233S–41S.PubMed
145.
Kuhlmann AK, Dietz PM, Galavotti C, England LJ. Weight-management interventions for pregnant or postpartum women. Am J Prev Med. 2008;34(6):523–8.PubMed
146.
Walker LO, Kim S, Sterling BS, Latimer L. Developing health promotion interventions: a multisource method applied to weight loss among low-income postpartum women. Public Health Nurs. 2010;27(2):188–95.PubMedPubMedCentral
147.
National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Overweight, obesity, and health risk. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(7):898–904.
148.
Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL, editors. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2009.
149.
Phelan S. Pregnancy: A “teachable moment” for weight control and obesity prevention. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(2):135. e131-138.PubMed
150.
McBride CM, Ostroff JS. Teachable moments for promoting smoking cessation: the context of cancer care and survivorship. Cancer Control. 2003;10(4):325–33.PubMed
Metadata
Title
‘Fit Moms/Mamás Activas’ internet-based weight control program with group support to reduce postpartum weight retention in low-income women: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors
Suzanne Phelan
Anna Brannen
Karen Erickson
Molly Diamond
Andrew Schaffner
Karen Muñoz-Christian
Ana Stewart
Teresa Sanchez
Vanessa C Rodriguez
Dalila I Ramos
Linda McClure
Caro Stinson
Deborah F Tate
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Trials / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1745-6215
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-0573-9

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

Trials 1/2015 Go to the issue

Study protocol

Tailored approaches to stroke health education (TASHE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Study protocol

The link between obesity and vitamin D in bariatric patients with omega-loop gastric bypass surgery - a vitamin D supplementation trial to compare the efficacy of postoperative cholecalciferol loading (LOAD): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Methodology

First outline and baseline data of a randomized, controlled multicenter trial to evaluate the health economic impact of home telemonitoring in chronic heart failure – CardioBBEAT

Study protocol

Youth Early-intervention Study (YES) – group interventions targeting social participation and physical well-being as an adjunct to treatment as usual: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Study protocol

Virtual restorative environment therapy as an adjunct to pain control during burn dressing changes: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Study protocol

Faecal incontinence intervention study (FINS): self-management booklet information with or without nurse support to improve continence in people with inflammatory bowel disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial