Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Critical Care
Published in: Critical Care 1/2015

01-12-2015 | Review

Neuroprotection in acute brain injury: an up-to-date review

Authors: Nino Stocchetti, Fabio S Taccone, Giuseppe Citerio, Paul E Pepe, Peter D Le Roux, Mauro Oddo, Kees H Polderman, Robert D Stevens, William Barsan, Andrew IR Maas, Geert Meyfroidt, Michael J Bell, Robert Silbergleit, Paul M Vespa, Alan I Faden, Raimund Helbok, Samuel Tisherman, Elisa R Zanier, Terence Valenzuela, Julia Wendon, David K Menon, Jean-Louis Vincent

Published in: Critical Care | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Neuroprotective strategies that limit secondary tissue loss and/or improve functional outcomes have been identified in multiple animal models of ischemic, hemorrhagic, traumatic and nontraumatic cerebral lesions. However, use of these potential interventions in human randomized controlled studies has generally given disappointing results. In this paper, we summarize the current status in terms of neuroprotective strategies, both in the immediate and later stages of acute brain injury in adults. We also review potential new strategies and highlight areas for future research.
Literature
1.
Selassie AW, Zaloshnja E, Langlois JA, Miller T, Jones P, Steiner C. Incidence of long-term disability following traumatic brain injury hospitalization, United States, 2003. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008;23:123–31.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Tagliaferri F, Compagnone C, Korsic M, Servadei F, Kraus J. A systematic review of brain injury epidemiology in Europe. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2006;148:255–68.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Roozenbeek B, Maas AI, Menon DK. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9:231–6.CrossRefPubMed
4.
5.
Zacharia BE, Hickman ZL, Grobelny BT, DeRosa P, Kotchetkov I, Ducruet AF, et al. Epidemiology of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2010;21:221–33.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Koenig MA. Brain resuscitation and prognosis after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Clin. 2014;30:765–83.CrossRefPubMed
7.
8.
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581–7.
9.
Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, Brozman M, Davalos A, Guidetti D, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1317–29.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, del Zoppo GJ. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;7:CD000213.
11.
Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams Jr HP, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk BM, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44:870–947.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Lansberg MG, Straka M, Kemp S, Mlynash M, Wechsler LR, Jovin TG, et al. MRI profile and response to endovascular reperfusion after stroke (DEFUSE 2): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:860–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
13.
Kidwell CS, Jahan R, Gornbein J, Alger JR, Nenov V, Ajani Z, et al. A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:914–23.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
14.
Lee M, Hong KS, Saver JL. Efficacy of intra-arterial fibrinolysis for acute ischemic stroke: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 2010;41:932–7.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Broderick JP, Palesch YY, Demchuk AM, Yeatts SD, Khatri P, Hill MD, et al. Endovascular therapy after intravenous t-PA versus t-PA alone for stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:893–903.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
16.
Ciccone A, Valvassori L, Nichelatti M, Sgoifo A, Ponzio M, Sterzi R, et al. Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:904–13.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
17.
Berkhemer OA, Fransen PS, Beumer D, van den Berg LA, Lingsma HF, Yoo AJ, et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:11–20.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Nelson KS, Brearley AM, Haines SJ. Evidence-based assessment of well-established interventions: the parachute and the epidural hematoma. Neurosurgery. 2014;75:552–9.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Bricolo AP, Pasut LM. Extradural hematoma: toward zero mortality. A prospective study. Neurosurgery. 1984;14:8–12.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Cooper DJ, Rosenfeld JV, Murray L, Arabi YM, Davies AR, D'Urso P, et al. Decompressive craniectomy in diffuse traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1493–502.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Chesnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR, Blunt BA, Baldwin N, Eisenberg HM, et al. The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma. 1993;34:216–22.CrossRefPubMed
22.
McHugh GS, Engel DC, Butcher I, Steyerberg EW, Lu J, Mushkudiani N, et al. Prognostic value of secondary insults in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24:287–93.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Franschman G, Peerdeman SM, Andriessen TM, Greuters S, Toor AE, Vos PE, et al. Effect of secondary prehospital risk factors on outcome in severe traumatic brain injury in the context of fast access to trauma care. J Trauma. 2011;71:826–32.PubMed
24.
Brenner M, Stein D, Hu P, Kufera J, Wooford M, Scalea T. Association between early hyperoxia and worse outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Arch Surg. 2012;147:1042–6.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. I. Blood pressure and oxygenation. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24 Suppl 1:S7-13.
26.
Bulger EM, May S, Brasel KJ, Schreiber M, Kerby JD, Tisherman SA, et al. Out-of-hospital hypertonic resuscitation following severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304:1455–64.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
27.
Wang HE, Peitzman AB, Cassidy LD, Adelson PD, Yealy DM. Out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation and outcome after traumatic brain injury. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;44:439–50.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Bernard SA, Nguyen V, Cameron P, Masci K, Fitzgerald M, Cooper DJ, et al. Prehospital rapid sequence intubation improves functional outcome for patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2010;252:959–65.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Stein SC, Georgoff P, Meghan S, Mirza KL, El Falaky OM. Relationship of aggressive monitoring and treatment to improved outcomes in severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2010;112:1105–12.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Rangel-Castilla L, Gasco J, Nauta HJ, Okonkwo DO, Robertson CS. Cerebral pressure autoregulation in traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;25:E7.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Steiner LA, Czosnyka M, Piechnik SK, Smielewski P, Chatfield D, Menon DK, et al. Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity allows determination of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:733–8.CrossRefPubMed
32.
33.
34.
Retter A, Wyncoll D, Pearse R, Carson D, McKechnie S, Stanworth S, et al. Guidelines on the management of anaemia and red cell transfusion in adult critically ill patients. Br J Haematol. 2013;160:445–64.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion requirements in critical care investigators, Canadian critical care trials group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:409–17.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Le Roux PD. Anemia and transfusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15:342–53.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Robertson CS, Hannay HJ, Yamal JM, Gopinath S, Goodman JC, Tilley BC, et al. Effect of erythropoietin and transfusion threshold on neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:36–47.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
38.
Naidech AM, Shaibani A, Garg RK, Duran IM, Liebling SM, Bassin SL, et al. Prospective, randomized trial of higher goal hemoglobin after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2010;13:313–20.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Kumar MA, Boland TA, Baiou M, Moussouttas M, Herman JH, Bell RD, et al. Red blood cell transfusion increases the risk of thrombotic events in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014;20:84–90.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Oddo M, Levine JM, Kumar M, Iglesias K, Frangos S, Maloney-Wilensky E, et al. Anemia and brain oxygen after severe traumatic brain injury. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:1497–504.CrossRefPubMed
41.
42.
Taccone FS, Scolletta S, Franchi F, Donadello K, Oddo M. Brain perfusion in sepsis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2013;11:170–86.PubMed
43.
Schramm P, Klein KU, Falkenberg L, Berres M, Closhen D, Werhahn KJ, et al. Impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation in patients with severe sepsis and sepsis-associated delirium. Crit Care. 2012;16:R181.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
44.
Hughes CG, Morandi A, Girard TD, Riedel B, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, et al. Association between endothelial dysfunction and acute brain dysfunction during critical illness. Anesthesiology. 2013;118:631–9.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Taccone FS, Su F, Pierrakos C, He X, James S, Dewitte O, et al. Cerebral microcirculation is impaired during sepsis: an experimental study. Crit Care. 2010;14:R140.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
46.
Bemeur C, Butterworth RF. Liver–brain proinflammatory signalling in acute liver failure: role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema. Metab Brain Dis. 2013;28:145–50.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Ytrebo LM, Kristiansen RG, Maehre H, Fuskevag OM, Kalstad T, Revhaug A, et al. L-ornithine phenylacetate attenuates increased arterial and extracellular brain ammonia and prevents intracranial hypertension in pigs with acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2009;50:165–74.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Jalan R, Olde Damink SW, Deutz NE, Davies NA, Garden OJ, Madhavan KK, et al. Moderate hypothermia prevents cerebral hyperemia and increase in intracranial pressure in patients undergoing liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Transplantation. 2003;75:2034–9.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Murphy N, Auzinger G, Bernel W, Wendon J. The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2004;39:464–70.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Rossi S, Zanier ER, Mauri I, Columbo A, Stocchetti N. Brain temperature, body core temperature, and intracranial pressure in acute cerebral damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71:448–54.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
51.
Polderman KH. Induced hypothermia and fever control for prevention and treatment of neurological injuries. Lancet. 2008;371:1955–69.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Polderman KH. Mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and complications of hypothermia. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:S186–202.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Yenari MA, Han HS. Neuroprotective mechanisms of hypothermia in brain ischaemia. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13:267–78.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Nielsen N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T, Erlinge D, Gasche Y, Hassager C, et al. Targeted temperature management at 33 degrees C versus 36 degrees C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2197–206.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Varon J, Polderman K. Targeted temperature management after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1358–9.PubMed
56.
Wu X, Drabek T, Kochanek PM, Henchir J, Stezoski SW, Stezoski J, et al. Induction of profound hypothermia for emergency preservation and resuscitation allows intact survival after cardiac arrest resulting from prolonged lethal hemorrhage and trauma in dogs. Circulation. 2006;113:1974–82.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Wu X, Drabek T, Tisherman SA, Henchir J, Stezoski SW, Culver S, et al. Emergency preservation and resuscitation with profound hypothermia, oxygen, and glucose allows reliable neurological recovery after 3 h of cardiac arrest from rapid exsanguination in dogs. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2008;28:302–11.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Lo EH. A new penumbra: transitioning from injury into repair after stroke. Nat Med. 2008;14:497–500.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Laroni A, Novi G, de Kerlero RN, Uccelli A. Towards clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of neurological diseases of the central nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2013;8:1062–76.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Phinney DG, Sensebe L. Mesenchymal stromal cells: misconceptions and evolving concepts. Cytotherapy. 2013;15:140–5.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Zanier ER, Pischiutta F, Riganti L, Marchesi F, Turola E, Fumagalli S, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells drive protective m2 microglia polarization after brain trauma. Neurotherapeutics. 2014;11:679–95.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
62.
Zanier ER, Montinaro M, Vigano M, Villa P, Fumagalli S, Pischiutta F, et al. Human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells protect mice brain after trauma. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:2501–10.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Murry CE, Jennings RB, Reimer KA. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation. 1986;74:1124–36.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Kharbanda RK, Nielsen TT, Redington AN. Translation of remote ischaemic preconditioning into clinical practice. Lancet. 2009;374:1557–65.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Kharbanda RK, Mortensen UM, White PA, Kristiansen SB, Schmidt MR, Hoschtitzky JA, et al. Transient limb ischemia induces remote ischemic preconditioning in vivo. Circulation. 2002;106:2881–3.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Hougaard KD, Hjort N, Zeidler D, Sorensen L, Norgaard A, Hansen TM, et al. Remote ischemic perconditioning as an adjunct therapy to thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a randomized trial. Stroke. 2014;45:159–67.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Meng R, Asmaro K, Meng L, Liu Y, Ma C, Xi C, et al. Upper limb ischemic preconditioning prevents recurrent stroke in intracranial arterial stenosis. Neurology. 2012;79:1853–61.CrossRefPubMed
68.
McAuliffe JJ, Joseph B, Vorhees CV. Isoflurane-delayed preconditioning reduces immediate mortality and improves striatal function in adult mice after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:1066–77.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Segal N, Matsuura T, Caldwell E, Sarraf M, McKnite S, Zviman M, et al. Ischemic postconditioning at the initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation facilitates functional cardiac and cerebral recovery after prolonged untreated ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation. 2012;83:1397–403.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
70.
Villa F, Iacca C, Molinari AF, Giussani C, Aletti G, Pesenti A, et al. Inhalation versus endovenous sedation in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: effects on regional cerebral blood flow. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:2797–804.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Bosel J, Purrucker JC, Nowak F, Renzland J, Schiller P, Perez EB, et al. Volatile isoflurane sedation in cerebrovascular intensive care patients using AnaConDa(®): effects on cerebral oxygenation, circulation, and pressure. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:1955–64.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Smith D, Pernet A, Hallett WA, Bingham E, Marsden PK, Amiel SA. Lactate: a preferred fuel for human brain metabolism in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23:658–64.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Maran A, Cranston I, Lomas J, Macdonald I, Amiel SA. Protection by lactate of cerebral function during hypoglycaemia. Lancet. 1994;343:16–20.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Berthet C, Castillo X, Magistretti PJ, Hirt L. New evidence of neuroprotection by lactate after transient focal cerebral ischaemia: extended benefit after intracerebroventricular injection and efficacy of intravenous administration. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;34:329–35.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Moxon-Lester L, Sinclair K, Burke C, Cowin GJ, Rose SE, Colditz P. Increased cerebral lactate during hypoxia may be neuroprotective in newborn piglets with intrauterine growth restriction. Brain Res. 2007;1179:79–88.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Herzog RI, Jiang L, Herman P, Zhao C, Sanganahalli BG, Mason GF, et al. Lactate preserves neuronal metabolism and function following antecedent recurrent hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:1988–98.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
77.
Rice AC, Zsoldos R, Chen T, Wilson MS, Alessandri B, Hamm RJ, et al. Lactate administration attenuates cognitive deficits following traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 2002;928:156–9.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Bouzat P, Sala N, Suys T, Zerlauth JB, Marques-Vidal P, Feihl F, et al. Cerebral metabolic effects of exogenous lactate supplementation on the injured human brain. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:412–21.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Ichai C, Payen JF, Orban JC, Quintard H, Roth H, Legrand R, et al. Half-molar sodium lactate infusion to prevent intracranial hypertensive episodes in severe traumatic brain injured patients: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:1413–22.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Patel SP, Sullivan PG, Lyttle TS, Magnuson DS, Rabchevsky AG. Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment following spinal cord injury improves mitochondrial function correlated with remarkable tissue sparing and functional recovery. Neuroscience. 2012;210:296–307.CrossRefPubMed
81.
White H, Venkatesh B, Jones M, Worrall S, Chuah T, Ordonez J. Effect of a hypertonic balanced ketone solution on plasma, CSF and brain beta-hydroxybutyrate levels and acid–base status. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:727–33.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Gatson JW, Warren V, AbdelFattah K, Wolf S, Hynan LS, Moore C, et al. Detection of beta-amyloid oligomers as a predictor of neurological outcome after brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2013;118:1336–42.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Pepe PE, Wigginton JG, Gatson JW, Simpkins JW, Maass DL, AbdelFattah K, et al. Single dose estrogen infusion can amplify brain levels of sonic hedgehog (SHH), a signal protein for neuro stem cells and repair following the indirect brain injury resulting after severe torso burns [abstract]. Crit Care. 2013;17 Suppl 2:P287.
84.
Simpkins JW, Yi KD, Yang SH, Dykens JA. Mitochondrial mechanisms of estrogen neuroprotection. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1800:1113–20.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Sayeed I, Stein DG. Progesterone as a neuroprotective factor in traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Prog Brain Res. 2009;175:219–37.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Wright DW, Yeatts SD, Silbergleit R, Palesch YY, Hertzberg VS, Frankel M, et al. Very early administration of progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2457–66.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
87.
Skolnick BE, Maas AI, Narayan RK, van der Hoop RG, MacAllister T, Ward JD, et al. A clinical trial of progesterone for severe traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2467–76.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Lambertsen CJ, Dough RH, Cooper DJ, Emmel GL, Loeschcke HH, Schmidt CF. Oxygen toxicity: effects in man of oxygen inhalation at 1 and 3.5 atmospheres upon blood gas transport, cerebral circulation and cerebral metabolism. J Appl Physiol. 1953;5:471–86.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Rincon F, Kang J, Maltenfort M, Vibbert M, Urtecho J, Athar MK, et al. Association between hyperoxia and mortality after stroke: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:387–96.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Kilgannon JH, Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Angelos MG, Milcarek B, Hunter K, et al. Association between arterial hyperoxia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality. JAMA. 2010;303:2165–71.CrossRefPubMed
91.
Rincon F, Kang J, Vibbert M, Urtecho J, Athar MK, Jallo J. Significance of arterial hyperoxia and relationship with case fatality in traumatic brain injury: a multicentre cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85:799–805.CrossRefPubMed
92.
Rockswold SB, Rockswold GL, Zaun DA, Zhang X, Cerra CE, Bergman TA, et al. A prospective, randomized clinical trial to compare the effect of hyperbaric to normobaric hyperoxia on cerebral metabolism, intracranial pressure, and oxygen toxicity in severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2010;112:1080–94.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Tolias CM, Reinert M, Seiler R, Gilman C, Scharf A, Bullock MR. Normobaric hyperoxia-induced improvement in cerebral metabolism and reduction in intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury: a prospective historical cohort-matched study. J Neurosurg. 2004;101:435–44.CrossRefPubMed
94.
Nortje J, Coles JP, Timofeev I, Fryer TD, Aigbirhio FI, Smielewski P, et al. Effect of hyperoxia on regional oxygenation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:273–81.CrossRefPubMed
95.
Diringer MN, Aiyagari V, Zazulia AR, Videen TO, Powers WJ. Effect of hyperoxia on cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen measured using positron emission tomography in patients with acute severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 2007;106:526–9.CrossRefPubMed
96.
Quintard H, Patet C, Suys T, Marques-Vidal P, Oddo M. Normobaric hyperoxia is associated with increased cerebral excitotoxicity after severe traumatic brain injury Neurocrit Care Epub ahead of print. 2014. doi:10.1007/s12028-014-0062-0.
97.
Vilalta A, Sahuquillo J, Merino MA, Poca MA, Garnacho A, Martinez-Valverde T, et al. Normobaric hyperoxia in traumatic brain injury: does brain metabolic state influence the response to hyperoxic challenge? J Neurotrauma. 2011;28:1139–48.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
98.
Miljkovic-Lolic M, Silbergleit R, Fiskum G, Rosenthal RE. Neuroprotective effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment in experimental focal cerebral ischemia are associated with reduced brain leukocyte myeloperoxidase activity. Brain Res. 2003;971:90–4.CrossRefPubMed
99.
Vlodavsky E, Palzur E, Soustiel JF. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy reduces neuroinflammation and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the rat model of traumatic brain injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2006;32:40–50.CrossRefPubMed
100.
Rockswold SB, Rockswold GL, Vargo JM, Erickson CA, Sutton RL, Bergman TA, et al. Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation therapy on cerebral metabolism and intracranial pressure in severely brain injured patients. J Neurosurg. 2001;94:403–11.CrossRefPubMed
101.
Rockswold SB, Rockswold GL, Zaun DA, Liu J. A prospective, randomized phase II clinical trial to evaluate the effect of combined hyperbaric and normobaric hyperoxia on cerebral metabolism, intracranial pressure, oxygen toxicity, and clinical outcome in severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2013;118:1317–28.CrossRefPubMed
102.
Oddo M, Levine JM, Mackenzie L, Frangos S, Feihl F, Kasner SE, et al. Brain hypoxia is associated with short-term outcome after severe traumatic brain injury independently of intracranial hypertension and low cerebral perfusion pressure. Neurosurgery. 2011;69:1037–45.PubMed
103.
Spiotta AM, Stiefel MF, Gracias VH, Garuffe AM, Kofke WA, Maloney-Wilensky E, et al. Brain tissue oxygen-directed management and outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2010;113:571–80.CrossRefPubMed
104.
Narotam PK, Morrison JF, Nathoo N. Brain tissue oxygen monitoring in traumatic brain injury and major trauma: outcome analysis of a brain tissue oxygen-directed therapy. J Neurosurg. 2009;111:672–82.CrossRefPubMed
105.
Janowitz T, Menon DK. Exploring new routes for neuroprotective drug development in traumatic brain injury. Sci Transl Med. 2010;2:27rv1.
106.
Loane DJ, Faden AI. Neuroprotection for traumatic brain injury: translational challenges and emerging therapeutic strategies. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2010;31:596–604.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
107.
Maas AI, Steyerberg EW, Marmarou A, McHugh GS, Lingsma HF, Butcher I, et al. IMPACT recommendations for improving the design and analysis of clinical trials in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2010;7:127–34.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
108.
Maas AI, Menon DK, Lingsma HF, Pineda JA, Sandel ME, Manley GT. Re-orientation of clinical research in traumatic brain injury: report of an international workshop on comparative effectiveness research. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29:32–46.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
109.
110.
Hung HM, O'Neill RT, Wang SJ, Lawrence J. A regulatory view on adaptive/flexible clinical trial design. Biom J. 2006;48:565–73.CrossRefPubMed
111.
Dragalin V. Adaptive designs: terminology and classification. Drug Informat. 2006;40:425–35.CrossRef
112.
Stein SC, Georgoff P, Meghan S, Mizra K, Sonnad SS. 150 years of treating severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of progress in mortality. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27:1343–53.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Neuroprotection in acute brain injury: an up-to-date review
Authors
Nino Stocchetti
Fabio S Taccone
Giuseppe Citerio
Paul E Pepe
Peter D Le Roux
Mauro Oddo
Kees H Polderman
Robert D Stevens
William Barsan
Andrew IR Maas
Geert Meyfroidt
Michael J Bell
Robert Silbergleit
Paul M Vespa
Alan I Faden
Raimund Helbok
Samuel Tisherman
Elisa R Zanier
Terence Valenzuela
Julia Wendon
David K Menon
Jean-Louis Vincent
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Critical Care / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1364-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0887-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

Critical Care 1/2015 Go to the issue

Research

A pilot study of change in fracture risk in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Research

Discrepant post filter ionized calcium concentrations by common blood gas analyzers in CRRT using regional citrate anticoagulation

Research

Management and outcome of patients supported with Impella 5.0 for refractory cardiogenic shock

Research

Pharmacokinetic variability and exposures of fluconazole, anidulafungin, and caspofungin in intensive care unit patients: Data from multinational Defining Antibiotic Levels in Intensive care unit (DALI) patients Study

Research

Extracorporeal life support as bridge to lung transplantation: a systematic review

Letter

One-size MAP does not fit all