Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BioPsychoSocial Medicine 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Review

History, aims and present structure of psychosomatic medicine in Germany

Authors: Hans-Christian Deter, Johannes Kruse, Stephan Zipfel

Published in: BioPsychoSocial Medicine | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Combining its two traditions of integrated psychosomatics in internal medicine and focusing on psychotherapeutic/psychiatric methods in many clinical fields, German psychosomatic medicine has developed well over the last decades. It benefits from its institutional independence and the progressive changes in health care. Clinically, disorder-oriented psychotherapy is a core method integrated with other modes of therapy. As a conceptual base for empirical research, non-reductionist accounts of the interactions of (sick) persons with their environment are most important. Germany has developed a model of Psychosomatic Medicine that has conceptualized and integrated psychotherapeutic methods into clinical practice and realized one way to practice bio-psycho-social medicine in the health care system of the country.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Herzog W, Beutel M, Kruse J. Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie heute - zur Lage des Fachgebietes in Deutschland. Stuttgart: Schattauer; 2014. Herzog W, Beutel M, Kruse J. Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie heute - zur Lage des Fachgebietes in Deutschland. Stuttgart: Schattauer; 2014.
2.
go back to reference Deter HC. Psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy: on the historical development of a special field in Germany. Adv Psychosom Med. 2004;26:181–9.CrossRefPubMed Deter HC. Psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy: on the historical development of a special field in Germany. Adv Psychosom Med. 2004;26:181–9.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Henkelmann T, Hahn P. Historical insights of psychosomatic medicine in Heidelberg. NewYork: Proc 16 EurConf on Psychosomatic Research; 1987. p. 47–52.CrossRef Henkelmann T, Hahn P. Historical insights of psychosomatic medicine in Heidelberg. NewYork: Proc 16 EurConf on Psychosomatic Research; 1987. p. 47–52.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Hahn P. Wissenschaftstheoretische Leitlinien. In: Hahn P, editor. Ärztliche Propädeutik (German). Heidelberg: Springer; 1988. p. 65–148.CrossRef Hahn P. Wissenschaftstheoretische Leitlinien. In: Hahn P, editor. Ärztliche Propädeutik (German). Heidelberg: Springer; 1988. p. 65–148.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Schneider F. Psychiatry and Nationalsocialism – remembrance and responsibility (German: Psychiatrie und Nationalsozialismus): Springer; 2011. Schneider F. Psychiatry and Nationalsocialism – remembrance and responsibility (German: Psychiatrie und Nationalsozialismus): Springer; 2011.
6.
go back to reference Dührssen A, Jorswieck E. Eine empirisch-statistische Untersuchung zur Leistungsfähigkeit Psychoanalytischer Behandlung. [Article in German]. Nervenarzt. 1965;36:166–9. Dührssen A, Jorswieck E. Eine empirisch-statistische Untersuchung zur Leistungsfähigkeit Psychoanalytischer Behandlung. [Article in German]. Nervenarzt. 1965;36:166–9.
8.
go back to reference Schepank H. Japanese methods of psychotherapy and theirsocio-cultural determinants.Impression from Japan together with a report on the IV congress of the International College of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sept.5-9,1977 in Kyoto. Z Psychosom Med Psychoanal. 1978;24(3):238–84. GermanPubMed Schepank H. Japanese methods of psychotherapy and theirsocio-cultural determinants.Impression from Japan together with a report on the IV congress of the International College of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sept.5-9,1977 in Kyoto. Z Psychosom Med Psychoanal. 1978;24(3):238–84. GermanPubMed
9.
go back to reference Lambert MJ. Evaluation the ingredients of therapeutic efficiacy. In: Bergin AE, Garfield SL, editors. Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. 4th ed. Oxford: Wiley; 1994. Lambert MJ. Evaluation the ingredients of therapeutic efficiacy. In: Bergin AE, Garfield SL, editors. Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. 4th ed. Oxford: Wiley; 1994.
10.
go back to reference Zipfel S, Giel KE, Bulik CM, Hay P, Schmidt U. Anorexia nervosa: Aetiology, assessment, and treatment. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2:1099–111.CrossRefPubMed Zipfel S, Giel KE, Bulik CM, Hay P, Schmidt U. Anorexia nervosa: Aetiology, assessment, and treatment. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2:1099–111.CrossRefPubMed
11.
12.
go back to reference von Uexküll T, Adler R, Joraschky P, Köhle K, Langewitz W, Söllner W, Wesiak W. Psychosomatic medicine: theoretic models and clinical practice, vol. 6. Munich: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 2010. von Uexküll T, Adler R, Joraschky P, Köhle K, Langewitz W, Söllner W, Wesiak W. Psychosomatic medicine: theoretic models and clinical practice, vol. 6. Munich: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 2010.
13.
go back to reference Jacobi F, Höfler M, Siegert J, Mack S, Gerschler A, Scholl L, Busch MA, Hapke U, Maske U, Seiffert I, Gaebel W, Maier W, Wagner M, Zielasek J, Wittchen HU. Twelve-month prevalence, comorbidity and correlates of mental disorders in Germany: the mental health module of the German health interview and examination survey for adults (DEGS1-MH). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23(3):304–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1439. Epub 2014 Apr 11CrossRefPubMed Jacobi F, Höfler M, Siegert J, Mack S, Gerschler A, Scholl L, Busch MA, Hapke U, Maske U, Seiffert I, Gaebel W, Maier W, Wagner M, Zielasek J, Wittchen HU. Twelve-month prevalence, comorbidity and correlates of mental disorders in Germany: the mental health module of the German health interview and examination survey for adults (DEGS1-MH). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23(3):304–19. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​mpr.​1439. Epub 2014 Apr 11CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Franz M, Lieberz K, Schmitz N, Schepank H. A decade of spontaneous long-term course of psychogenic impairment in a community population sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1999;34(12):651–6.CrossRefPubMed Franz M, Lieberz K, Schmitz N, Schepank H. A decade of spontaneous long-term course of psychogenic impairment in a community population sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1999;34(12):651–6.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Deter HC. The integration of psychosomatics into clinical medicine. In: Seva A, editor. The handbook of psychiatry and mental health. Barcelona: Anthropos; 1991. Deter HC. The integration of psychosomatics into clinical medicine. In: Seva A, editor. The handbook of psychiatry and mental health. Barcelona: Anthropos; 1991.
18.
go back to reference Statistik-Portal. g-bdndIS-D: Anzahl vertragsärztlicher Psychotherapeuten in Deutschland nach Bundesland im Jahr 2014. Statistik-Portal. g-bdndIS-D: Anzahl vertragsärztlicher Psychotherapeuten in Deutschland nach Bundesland im Jahr 2014.
19.
go back to reference Huyse FJ, Herzog T, Lobo A, Malt UF, Opmeer BC, Stein B, de Jonge P, van Dijck R, Creed F, Crespo MD, Cardoso G, Guimaraes-Lopes R, Mayou R, van Moffaert M, Rigatelli M, Sakkas P, Tienari P. Consultation-liaison psychiatric service delivery: results from a European study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2001;23(3):124–32.CrossRefPubMed Huyse FJ, Herzog T, Lobo A, Malt UF, Opmeer BC, Stein B, de Jonge P, van Dijck R, Creed F, Crespo MD, Cardoso G, Guimaraes-Lopes R, Mayou R, van Moffaert M, Rigatelli M, Sakkas P, Tienari P. Consultation-liaison psychiatric service delivery: results from a European study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2001;23(3):124–32.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Probst T, von Heymann F, Zaudig M, Konermann J, Lahmann C, Loew T, Tritt K. The effectiveness of psychosomatic inpatient treatment - results of a multicenter follow-up study. Z Psychosom Med Psychother. 2009;55:409–20.PubMed Probst T, von Heymann F, Zaudig M, Konermann J, Lahmann C, Loew T, Tritt K. The effectiveness of psychosomatic inpatient treatment - results of a multicenter follow-up study. Z Psychosom Med Psychother. 2009;55:409–20.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Linden M. Psychosomatic inpatient rehabilitation: the german model. Psychother Psychosom. 2014;83:205–12.CrossRefPubMed Linden M. Psychosomatic inpatient rehabilitation: the german model. Psychother Psychosom. 2014;83:205–12.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Zipfel S, Wild B, Gross G, Friederich HC, Teufel M, Schellberg D, Giel KE, de Zwaan M, Dinkel A, Herpertz S, Burgmer M, Lowe B, Tagay S, von Wietersheim J, Zeeck A, Schade-Brittinger C, Schauenburg H, Herzog W, group As. Focal psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, and optimised treatment as usual in outpatients with anorexia nervosa (antop study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383:127–37.CrossRefPubMed Zipfel S, Wild B, Gross G, Friederich HC, Teufel M, Schellberg D, Giel KE, de Zwaan M, Dinkel A, Herpertz S, Burgmer M, Lowe B, Tagay S, von Wietersheim J, Zeeck A, Schade-Brittinger C, Schauenburg H, Herzog W, group As. Focal psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, and optimised treatment as usual in outpatients with anorexia nervosa (antop study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383:127–37.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Herrmann-Lingen C, Beutel ME, Bosbach A, Deter HC, Fritzsche K, Hellmich M, Jordan J, Jünger J, Ladwig KH, Michal M, Petrowski K, Pieske B, Ronel J, Söllner W, Stöhr A, Weber C, de Zwaan M, Albus C, SPIRR-CAD Study Group. A stepwise psychotherapy intervention for reducing risk in coronary artery disease (SPIRR-CAD): results of an observer-blinded, multicenter, randomized trial in depressed patients with coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 2016;78(6):704–15.CrossRefPubMed Herrmann-Lingen C, Beutel ME, Bosbach A, Deter HC, Fritzsche K, Hellmich M, Jordan J, Jünger J, Ladwig KH, Michal M, Petrowski K, Pieske B, Ronel J, Söllner W, Stöhr A, Weber C, de Zwaan M, Albus C, SPIRR-CAD Study Group. A stepwise psychotherapy intervention for reducing risk in coronary artery disease (SPIRR-CAD): results of an observer-blinded, multicenter, randomized trial in depressed patients with coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 2016;78(6):704–15.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Lossnitzer N, Herzog W, Stork S, Wild B, Muller-Tasch T, Lehmkuhl E, Zugck C, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Pankuweit S, Maisch B, Ertl G, Gelbrich G, Angermann CE. Competence network heart F: incidence rates and predictors of major and minor depression in patients with heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167:502–7.CrossRefPubMed Lossnitzer N, Herzog W, Stork S, Wild B, Muller-Tasch T, Lehmkuhl E, Zugck C, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Pankuweit S, Maisch B, Ertl G, Gelbrich G, Angermann CE. Competence network heart F: incidence rates and predictors of major and minor depression in patients with heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167:502–7.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Sattel H, Lahmann C, Gundel H, Guthrie E, Kruse J, Noll-Hussong M, Ohmann C, Ronel J, Sack M, Sauer N, Schneider G, Henningsen P. Brief psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with multisomatoform disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200:60–7.CrossRefPubMed Sattel H, Lahmann C, Gundel H, Guthrie E, Kruse J, Noll-Hussong M, Ohmann C, Ronel J, Sack M, Sauer N, Schneider G, Henningsen P. Brief psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with multisomatoform disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200:60–7.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Henningsen P, Zipfel S, Herzog W. Management of functional somatic syndromes. Lancet. 2007;369:946–55.CrossRefPubMed Henningsen P, Zipfel S, Herzog W. Management of functional somatic syndromes. Lancet. 2007;369:946–55.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Leichsenring F, Salzer S, Beutel ME, Herpertz S, Hiller W, Hoyer J, Huesing J, Joraschky P, Nolting B, Poehlmann K, Ritter V, Stangier U, Strauss B, Stuhldreher N, Tefikow S, Teismann T, Willutzki U, Wiltink J, Leibing E. Psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:759–67.CrossRefPubMed Leichsenring F, Salzer S, Beutel ME, Herpertz S, Hiller W, Hoyer J, Huesing J, Joraschky P, Nolting B, Poehlmann K, Ritter V, Stangier U, Strauss B, Stuhldreher N, Tefikow S, Teismann T, Willutzki U, Wiltink J, Leibing E. Psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:759–67.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Petrak F, Herpertz S, Albus C, Hermanns N, Hiemke C, Hiller W, Kronfeld K, Kruse J, Kulzer B, Ruckes C, Zahn D, Muller MJ. Cognitive behavioral therapy versus sertraline in patients with depression and poorly controlled diabetes: the diabetes and depression (dad) study: a randomized controlled multicenter trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:767–75.CrossRefPubMed Petrak F, Herpertz S, Albus C, Hermanns N, Hiemke C, Hiller W, Kronfeld K, Kruse J, Kulzer B, Ruckes C, Zahn D, Muller MJ. Cognitive behavioral therapy versus sertraline in patients with depression and poorly controlled diabetes: the diabetes and depression (dad) study: a randomized controlled multicenter trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:767–75.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Petrak F, Baumeister H, Skinner TC, Brown A, Holt RI. Depression and diabetes: treatment and health-care delivery. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:472–85.CrossRefPubMed Petrak F, Baumeister H, Skinner TC, Brown A, Holt RI. Depression and diabetes: treatment and health-care delivery. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:472–85.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Leichsenring F, Schauenburg H. Empirically supported methods of short-term psychodynamic therapy in depression - towards an evidence-based unified protocol. J Affect Disord. 2014;169:128–43.CrossRefPubMed Leichsenring F, Schauenburg H. Empirically supported methods of short-term psychodynamic therapy in depression - towards an evidence-based unified protocol. J Affect Disord. 2014;169:128–43.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Dinger U, Klipsch O, Kohling J, Ehrenthal JC, Nikendei C, Herzog W, Schauenburg H. Day-clinic and inpatient psychotherapy for depression (dip-d): a randomized controlled pilot study in routine clinical care. Psychother Psychosom. 2014;83:194–5.CrossRefPubMed Dinger U, Klipsch O, Kohling J, Ehrenthal JC, Nikendei C, Herzog W, Schauenburg H. Day-clinic and inpatient psychotherapy for depression (dip-d): a randomized controlled pilot study in routine clinical care. Psychother Psychosom. 2014;83:194–5.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Schaeffeler N, Pfeiffer K, Ringwald J, Brucker S, Wallwiener M, Zipfel S, Teufel M. Assessing the need for psychooncological support: screening instruments in combination with patients’ subjective evaluation may define psychooncological pathways. Psychooncology. 2015;24:1784–91.CrossRefPubMed Schaeffeler N, Pfeiffer K, Ringwald J, Brucker S, Wallwiener M, Zipfel S, Teufel M. Assessing the need for psychooncological support: screening instruments in combination with patients’ subjective evaluation may define psychooncological pathways. Psychooncology. 2015;24:1784–91.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Weissflog G, Brahler E, Leuteritz K, Barthel Y, Kuhnt S, Wiltink J, Zwerenz R, Beutel ME. Does psychodynamic short-term psychotherapy for depressed breast cancer patients also improve fatigue? Results from a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;152:581–8.CrossRefPubMed Weissflog G, Brahler E, Leuteritz K, Barthel Y, Kuhnt S, Wiltink J, Zwerenz R, Beutel ME. Does psychodynamic short-term psychotherapy for depressed breast cancer patients also improve fatigue? Results from a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;152:581–8.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference de Zwaan M, Herpertz S, Zipfel S, Tuschen-Caffier B, Friederich HC, Schmidt F, Gefeller O, Mayr A, Lam T, Schade-Brittinger C, Hilbert A. Interbed: internet-based guided self-help for overweight and obese patients with full or subsyndromal binge eating disorder. A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2012;13:220.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral de Zwaan M, Herpertz S, Zipfel S, Tuschen-Caffier B, Friederich HC, Schmidt F, Gefeller O, Mayr A, Lam T, Schade-Brittinger C, Hilbert A. Interbed: internet-based guided self-help for overweight and obese patients with full or subsyndromal binge eating disorder. A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2012;13:220.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
go back to reference Wild B, Hunnemeyer K, Sauer H, Hain B, Mack I, Schellberg D, Muller-Stich BP, Weiner R, Meile T, Rudofsky G, Konigsrainer A, Zipfel S, Herzog W, Teufel M. A 1-year videoconferencing-based psychoeducational group intervention following bariatric surgery: results of a randomized controlled study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11:1349–60.CrossRefPubMed Wild B, Hunnemeyer K, Sauer H, Hain B, Mack I, Schellberg D, Muller-Stich BP, Weiner R, Meile T, Rudofsky G, Konigsrainer A, Zipfel S, Herzog W, Teufel M. A 1-year videoconferencing-based psychoeducational group intervention following bariatric surgery: results of a randomized controlled study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11:1349–60.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Sattel H, Schaefert R, Hauser W, Herrmann M, Ronel J, Henningsen P, Hausteiner-Wiehle C. Treatment of non-specific, functional and somatoform bodily complaints. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2014;139:602–7.CrossRefPubMed Sattel H, Schaefert R, Hauser W, Herrmann M, Ronel J, Henningsen P, Hausteiner-Wiehle C. Treatment of non-specific, functional and somatoform bodily complaints. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2014;139:602–7.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Enck P, Aziz, Q., Barbara, G., Farmer, A., Fukudo, S., Mayer, AE., Niesler,B., Quigley, E., Rajilic-Stojanovicm M.,, Schemann M, Schwille-Kiuntke, J., Simren, M., Zipfel, S., Spiller, R.: Iriitable bowel syndrome. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2016;2:1–24. Enck P, Aziz, Q., Barbara, G., Farmer, A., Fukudo, S., Mayer, AE., Niesler,B., Quigley, E., Rajilic-Stojanovicm M.,, Schemann M, Schwille-Kiuntke, J., Simren, M., Zipfel, S., Spiller, R.: Iriitable bowel syndrome. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2016;2:1–24.
38.
go back to reference Beutel ME, Wiltink J, Kirschner Y, Sinning C, Espinola-Klein C, Wild PS, Munzel T, Blettner M, Zwiener I, Lackner K, Michal M. History of depression but not current depression is associated with signs of atherosclerosis: data from the gutenberg health study. Psychol Med. 2014;44:919–25.CrossRefPubMed Beutel ME, Wiltink J, Kirschner Y, Sinning C, Espinola-Klein C, Wild PS, Munzel T, Blettner M, Zwiener I, Lackner K, Michal M. History of depression but not current depression is associated with signs of atherosclerosis: data from the gutenberg health study. Psychol Med. 2014;44:919–25.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Schaefert R, Kaufmann C, Wild B, Schellberg D, Boelter R, Faber R, Szecsenyi J, Sauer N, Guthrie E, Herzog W. Specific collaborative group intervention for patients with medically unexplained symptoms in general practice: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2013;82:106–19.CrossRefPubMed Schaefert R, Kaufmann C, Wild B, Schellberg D, Boelter R, Faber R, Szecsenyi J, Sauer N, Guthrie E, Herzog W. Specific collaborative group intervention for patients with medically unexplained symptoms in general practice: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2013;82:106–19.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Harter M, Kentgens M, Brandes A, Bock T, Dirmaier J, Erzberger M, Furstenberg W, Hillebrandt B, Karow A, von dem Knesebeck O, Konig HH, Lowe B, Meyer HJ, Romer G, Rouhiainen T, Scherer M, Thomasius R, Watzke B, Wegscheider K, Lambert M. Rationale and content of psychenet: the hamburg network for mental health. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;262(Suppl 2):S57–63.CrossRefPubMed Harter M, Kentgens M, Brandes A, Bock T, Dirmaier J, Erzberger M, Furstenberg W, Hillebrandt B, Karow A, von dem Knesebeck O, Konig HH, Lowe B, Meyer HJ, Romer G, Rouhiainen T, Scherer M, Thomasius R, Watzke B, Wegscheider K, Lambert M. Rationale and content of psychenet: the hamburg network for mental health. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;262(Suppl 2):S57–63.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Shedden-Mora MC, Gross B, Lau K, Gumz A, Wegscheider K, Lowe B. Collaborative stepped care for somatoform disorders: a pre-post-intervention study in primary care. J Psychosom Res. 2016;80:23–30.CrossRefPubMed Shedden-Mora MC, Gross B, Lau K, Gumz A, Wegscheider K, Lowe B. Collaborative stepped care for somatoform disorders: a pre-post-intervention study in primary care. J Psychosom Res. 2016;80:23–30.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Sklenarova H, Krumpelmann A, Haun MW, Friederich HC, Huber J, Thomas M, Winkler EC, Herzog W, Hartmann M. When do we need to care about the caregiver? Supportive care needs, anxiety, and depression among informal caregivers of patients with cancer and cancer survivors. Cancer. 2015;121:1513–9.CrossRefPubMed Sklenarova H, Krumpelmann A, Haun MW, Friederich HC, Huber J, Thomas M, Winkler EC, Herzog W, Hartmann M. When do we need to care about the caregiver? Supportive care needs, anxiety, and depression among informal caregivers of patients with cancer and cancer survivors. Cancer. 2015;121:1513–9.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Harter M, Buchholz A, Nicolai J, Reuter K, Komarahadi F, Kriston L, Kallinowski B, Eich W, Bieber C. Shared decision making and the use of decision aids. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112:672–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Harter M, Buchholz A, Nicolai J, Reuter K, Komarahadi F, Kriston L, Kallinowski B, Eich W, Bieber C. Shared decision making and the use of decision aids. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112:672–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
go back to reference Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Jonkers DM, Salonen A, Hanevik K, Raes J, Jalanka J, de Vos WM, Manichanh C, Golic N, Enck P, Philippou E, Iraqi FA, Clarke G, Spiller RC, Penders J. Intestinal microbiota and diet in ibs: Causes, consequences, or epiphenomena? Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:278–87.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Jonkers DM, Salonen A, Hanevik K, Raes J, Jalanka J, de Vos WM, Manichanh C, Golic N, Enck P, Philippou E, Iraqi FA, Clarke G, Spiller RC, Penders J. Intestinal microbiota and diet in ibs: Causes, consequences, or epiphenomena? Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:278–87.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
go back to reference Meyer T, Herrmann-Lingen C, Chavanon ML, Pieske B, Wachter R, Edelmann F. Plasma mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin levels are inversely associated with anxiety but unrelated to depression: results from the observational diast-chf study in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;62:227–32.CrossRefPubMed Meyer T, Herrmann-Lingen C, Chavanon ML, Pieske B, Wachter R, Edelmann F. Plasma mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin levels are inversely associated with anxiety but unrelated to depression: results from the observational diast-chf study in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;62:227–32.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Waller C, Bauersachs J, Hoppmann U, Hoch J, Krause S, Szabo F, Engler H, Rottler E, Herrmann-Lingen C, Gundel H. Blunted cortisol stress response and depression-induced hypocortisolism is related to inflammation in patients with cad. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1124–6.CrossRefPubMed Waller C, Bauersachs J, Hoppmann U, Hoch J, Krause S, Szabo F, Engler H, Rottler E, Herrmann-Lingen C, Gundel H. Blunted cortisol stress response and depression-induced hypocortisolism is related to inflammation in patients with cad. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1124–6.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Friederich HC, Wu M, Simon JJ, Herzog W. Neurocircuit function in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46:425–32.CrossRefPubMed Friederich HC, Wu M, Simon JJ, Herzog W. Neurocircuit function in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46:425–32.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Maatouk-Burmann B, Ringel N, Spang J, Weiss C, Moltner A, Riemann U, Langewitz W, Schultz JH, Juenger J. Improving patient-centered communication: results of a randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99:117–24.CrossRefPubMed Maatouk-Burmann B, Ringel N, Spang J, Weiss C, Moltner A, Riemann U, Langewitz W, Schultz JH, Juenger J. Improving patient-centered communication: results of a randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99:117–24.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Fava GA, Belaise C, Sonino N. Psychosomatic medicine is a comprehensive field, not a synonym for consultation liaison psychiatry. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2010;12:215–21.CrossRefPubMed Fava GA, Belaise C, Sonino N. Psychosomatic medicine is a comprehensive field, not a synonym for consultation liaison psychiatry. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2010;12:215–21.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Malt UF. German psychosomatic medicine: an international perspective. Adv Psychosom Med. 2004;26:196–202.CrossRefPubMed Malt UF. German psychosomatic medicine: an international perspective. Adv Psychosom Med. 2004;26:196–202.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference von Uexküll T. Integrierte Medizin als Gesamtkonzept der Heilkunde: Ein bio-psycho-soziales Modell. In: Adler R, Joraschky P, Köhle K, Langewitz W, Söllner W, Wesiak W, editors. Psychosomatische Medizin: Theoretische Modelle und klinische Praxis, vol. 7. München: Elsevier; 2011. p. 3–40. von Uexküll T. Integrierte Medizin als Gesamtkonzept der Heilkunde: Ein bio-psycho-soziales Modell. In: Adler R, Joraschky P, Köhle K, Langewitz W, Söllner W, Wesiak W, editors. Psychosomatische Medizin: Theoretische Modelle und klinische Praxis, vol. 7. München: Elsevier; 2011. p. 3–40.
Metadata
Title
History, aims and present structure of psychosomatic medicine in Germany
Authors
Hans-Christian Deter
Johannes Kruse
Stephan Zipfel
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BioPsychoSocial Medicine / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1751-0759
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-017-0120-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

BioPsychoSocial Medicine 1/2018 Go to the issue