Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy
Published in: Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Research

Reasons for betel quid chewing amongst dependent and non-dependent betel quid chewing adolescents: a school-based cross-sectional survey

Authors: Azmina Hussain, Sidra Zaheer, Kashif Shafique

Published in: Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Betel quid (BQ) chewing in children is initiated in their adolescence. It is pivotal to understand adolescents’ reasons behind chewing BQ. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the reasons for BQ chewing amongst adolescents using reasons for betel quid chewing scale (RBCS) and their associated dependency on it.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional school based survey. Out of 2200 adolescents from 26 schools of Karachi, 874 BQ chewers were assessed for their reasons of BQ chewing and dependency on it. Regression analyses were employed to report crude and adjusted (after adjusting for all reasons of BQ chewing) effect sizes with 95% confidence interval and P-value was set significant at < 0.05.

Results

Students who believed that BQ chewing relaxes them (stimulation construct) were twice as likely to be dependent on BQ (OR = 2.36, 95% CI (1.20–4.65) as compared with others. Participants who thought it eases their decision making (stimulation construct), were sizably more likely to be dependent on BQ (OR = 9.65, 95% CI (4.15–22.43) than those who did not consider ease in decision making important. Adolescents who considered not chewing as rude (social/cultural construct), were thrice more likely to be dependent on BQ (OR = 2.50, 95% CI (1.11–5.63) than others.

Conclusions

Stimulation remained fundamental chewing reason followed by social/cultural trigger amongst adolescents. Any future intervention may get favorable results if it addresses ways to overcome stimulation and social/cultural barriers that are strongly associated with BQ chewing and dependency.
Literature
1.
Auluck A, Hislop G, Poh C, Zhang L, Rosin M. Areca nut and betel quid chewing among south Asian immigrants to western countries and its implications for oral cancer screening. Rural Remote Health. 2009;9(2):1118.PubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Sorensen G, Gupta PC, Sinha DN, Shastri S, Kamat M, Pednekar MS, et al. Teacher tobacco use and tobacco use prevention in two regions in India: qualitative research findings. Prev Med. 2005;41(2):424–32.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Boucher BJ, Mannan N. Metabolic effects of the consumption of Areca catechu. Addict Biol. 2002;7(1):103–10.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Warnakulasuriya S, Peters T. Introduction: biology, medical and socio-economic aspects of areca nut use. Addict Biol. 2002;7(1):75–6.CrossRef
5.
Mazahir S, Malik R, Maqsood M, Merchant KA, Malik F, Majeed A, et al. Socio-demographic correlates of betel, areca and smokeless tobacco use as a high risk behavior for head and neck cancers in a squatter settlement of Karachi, Pakistan. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006;1(1):10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Winstock A. Areca nut-abuse liability, dependence and public health. Addict Biol. 2002;7(1):133–8.CrossRefPubMed
7.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut-derived nitrosamines. IARC; 2004.
8.
Zaw K-K, Ohnmar M, Hlaing M-M, Win S-S, Aye P-P, Shwe S, et al. Betel quid and oral potentially malignant disorders in a periurban township in Myanmar. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0162081.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Lin C-F, Wang J-D, Chen P-H, Chang S-J, Yang Y-H, Ko Y-C. Predictors of betel quid chewing behavior and cessation patterns in Taiwan aborigines. BMC Public Health. 2006;6(1):1.CrossRef
10.
Ghani WM, Razak IA, Yang Y-H, Talib NA, Ikeda N, Axell T, et al. Factors affecting commencement and cessation of betel quid chewing behaviour in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):82.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Lee C-H, Min-Shan Ko A, Warnakulasuriya S, Ling T-Y, Rajapakse PS, Zain RB, et al. Population burden of betel quid abuse and its relation to oral premalignant disorders in south, southeast, and East Asia: an Asian betel-quid consortium study. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(3):e17–24.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Little MA, Pokhrel P, Murphy KL, Kawamoto CT, Suguitan GS, Herzog TA. The reasons for betel-quid chewing scale: assessment of factor structure, reliability, and validity. BMC oral health. 2014;14(1):62.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Abrams DB, Niaura RS. Social learning theory. Psychol Theor Drinking Alcohol. 1987;1:131–78.
14.
Ho Y-C, Yang S-F, Lee S-S, Chang Y-C. Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in human buccal mucosal fibroblasts stimulated with arecoline. J Formos Med Assoc. 2017;116(6):484–7.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Khaja AH, Zwiad AA, Tarakji B, Gazal G, Albaba F, KalajI N, et al. The dependence on smokeless tobacco in the south Asian communities in East London. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;8(1):194.CrossRef
16.
Kuo S, Lew-Ting C. The health lifestyles of areca quid-chewing taxi drivers-an exploratory study from the viewpoint of social context. Taiwan J Public Health. 2008;27(1):67–80.
17.
Valliani A, Ahmed B, Nanji K, Valliani S, Zulfiqar B, Fakih M, et al. Use of smoke-less tobacco amongst the staff of tertiary care hospitals in the largest City of Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(5):2315–7.CrossRefPubMed
18.
19.
Bennett S, Woods T, Liyanage WM, Smith DL. A simplified general method for cluster-sample surveys of health in developing countries. 1991.
20.
Piper ME, Piasecki TM, Federman EB, Bolt DM, Smith SS, Fiore MC, et al. A multiple motives approach to tobacco dependence: the Wisconsin inventory of smoking dependence motives (WISDM-68). J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72(2):139.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Brandon TH, Baker TB. The smoking consequences questionnaire: the subjective expected utility of smoking in college students. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1991;3(3):484.CrossRef
22.
Berlin I, Singleton EG, Pedarriosse AM, Lancrenon S, Rames A, Aubin HJ, et al. The modified reasons for smoking scale: factorial structure, gender effects and relationship with nicotine dependence and smoking cessation in French smokers. Addiction. 2003;98(11):1575–83.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Herzog TA, Murphy KL, Little MA, Suguitan GS, Pokhrel P, Kawamoto CT. The betel quid dependence scale: replication and extension in a Guamanian sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;138:154–60.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Lee C-Y, Chang C-S, Shieh T-Y, Chang Y-Y. Development and validation of a self-rating scale for betel quid chewers based on a male-prisoner population in Taiwan: the betel quid dependence scale. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;121(1):18–22.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zhu X, Zhu Q, Jiang C, Shen H, Wang F, Liao W, et al. Disrupted resting-state default mode network in betel quid-dependent individuals. Front Psychol. 2017;8
26.
Colby SM, Tiffany ST, Shiffman S, Niaura RS. Are adolescent smokers dependent on nicotine? A review of the evidence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2000;59:83–95.CrossRef
27.
Hussain A, Zaheer S, Shafique K. Betel quid dependency and associated intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors among adolescents: a school-based cross-sectional survey. Subst Use Misuse. 2018:1–7.
28.
Bonilha AG, de Souza EST, Sicchieri MP, Achcar JA, Crippa JAS, Baddini-Martinez J. A motivational profile for smoking among adolescents. J Addict Med. 2013;7(6):439–46.CrossRefPubMed
29.
De Wilde KS, Tency I, Boudrez H, Temmerman M, Maes L, Clays E. The modified reasons for smoking scale: factorial structure, validity and reliability in pregnant smokers. J Eval Clin Pract. 2016;22(3):403–10.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Anjum MS, Srikanth MK, Reddy PP, Monica M, Rao KY, Sheetal A. Reasons for smoking among the teenagers of age 14–17 years in Vikarabad town: a cross-sectional study. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent. 2016;14(1):80.CrossRef
31.
Perkins KA, Conklin CA, Levine MD. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for smoking cessation: a practical guidebook to the most effective treatments: Taylor & Francis; 2008.
32.
Yap S-F, Ho P-S, Kuo H-C, Yang Y-H. Comparing factors affecting commencement and cessation of betel quid chewing behavior in Taiwanese adults. BMC Public Health. 2008;8(1):199.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Wang S-C, Tsai C-C, Huang S-T, Hong Y-J. Betel nut chewing and related factors in adolescent students in Taiwan. Public Health. 2003;117(5):339–45.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Reasons for betel quid chewing amongst dependent and non-dependent betel quid chewing adolescents: a school-based cross-sectional survey
Authors
Azmina Hussain
Sidra Zaheer
Kashif Shafique
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1747-597X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-018-0154-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 1/2018 Go to the issue

Research

Psychometric properties of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and prevalence of alcohol use among Iranian psychiatric outpatients

Research

Smoking, alcohol consumption, and illicit substances use among adolescents in Poland

Research

Impact of anti-doping education and doping control experience on anti-doping knowledge in Japanese university athletes: a cross-sectional study

Review

Effects of behavioural activation on substance use and depression: a systematic review

Research

Older adults in treatment for alcohol use disorders: service utilisation, patient characteristics and treatment outcomes

Review

Principles for managing OUD related to chronic pain in the Nordic countries based on a structured assessment of current practice