Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research article

Effect of electrolyzed high-pH alkaline water on blood viscosity in healthy adults

Authors: Joseph Weidman, Ralph E. Holsworth Jr., Bradley Brossman, Daniel J. Cho, John St.Cyr, Gregory Fridman

Published in: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Previous research has shown fluid replacement beverages ingested after exercise can affect hydration biomarkers. No specific hydration marker is universally accepted as an ideal rehydration parameter following strenuous exercise. Currently, changes in body mass are used as a parameter during post-exercise hydration. Additional parameters are needed to fully appreciate and better understand rehydration following strenuous exercise. This randomized, double-blind, parallel-arm trial assessed the effect of high-pH water on four biomarkers after exercise-induced dehydration.

Methods

One hundred healthy adults (50 M/50 F, 31 ± 6 years of age) were enrolled at a single clinical research center in Camden, NJ and completed this study with no adverse events. All individuals exercised in a warm environment (30 °C, 70% relative humidity) until their weight was reduced by a normally accepted level of 2.0 ± 0.2% due to perspiration, reflecting the effects of exercise in producing mild dehydration. Participants were randomized to rehydrate with an electrolyzed, high-pH (alkaline) water or standard water of equal volume (2% body weight) and assessed for an additional 2-h recovery period following exercise in order to assess any potential variations in measured parameters. The following biomarkers were assessed at baseline and during their recovery period: blood viscosity at high and low shear rates, plasma osmolality, bioimpedance, and body mass, as well as monitoring vital signs. Furthermore, a mixed model analysis was performed for additional validation.

Results

After exercise-induced dehydration, consumption of the electrolyzed, high-pH water reduced high-shear viscosity by an average of 6.30% compared to 3.36% with standard purified water (p = 0.03). Other measured biomarkers (plasma osmolality, bioimpedance, and body mass change) revealed no significant difference between the two types of water for rehydration. However, a mixed model analysis validated the effect of high-pH water on high-shear viscosity when compared to standard purified water (p = 0.0213) after controlling for covariates such as age and baseline values.

Conclusions

A significant difference in whole blood viscosity was detected in this study when assessing a high-pH, electrolyte water versus an acceptable standard purified water during the recovery phase following strenuous exercise-induced dehydration.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(2):377.CrossRefPubMed Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(2):377.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Montain SJ, Coyle EF. Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1992;73(4):1340–50.PubMed Montain SJ, Coyle EF. Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1992;73(4):1340–50.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, Montain SJ, Sawka MN. Mechanisms of aerobic performance impairment with heat stress and dehydration. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(6):1989–95.CrossRefPubMed Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, Montain SJ, Sawka MN. Mechanisms of aerobic performance impairment with heat stress and dehydration. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(6):1989–95.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Gonzalez-Alonso J, Mora-Rodriguez R, Below PR, Coyle EF. Dehydration reduces cardiac output and increases systemic and cutaneous vascular resistance during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1995;79(5):1487–96.PubMed Gonzalez-Alonso J, Mora-Rodriguez R, Below PR, Coyle EF. Dehydration reduces cardiac output and increases systemic and cutaneous vascular resistance during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1995;79(5):1487–96.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Evans GH, Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. Postexercise rehydration in man: the effects of osmolality and carbohydrate content of ingested drinks. Nutrition. 2009;25(9):905–13.CrossRefPubMed Evans GH, Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. Postexercise rehydration in man: the effects of osmolality and carbohydrate content of ingested drinks. Nutrition. 2009;25(9):905–13.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Siegler JC, Mermier CM, Amorim FT, Lovell RJ, McNaughton LR, Robergs RA. Hydration, thermoregulation, and performance effects of two sport drinks during soccer training sessions. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(5):1394–401.CrossRefPubMed Siegler JC, Mermier CM, Amorim FT, Lovell RJ, McNaughton LR, Robergs RA. Hydration, thermoregulation, and performance effects of two sport drinks during soccer training sessions. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(5):1394–401.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Kalman DS, Feldman S, Krieger DR, Bloomer RJ. Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kalman DS, Feldman S, Krieger DR, Bloomer RJ. Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
8.
go back to reference Ruxton CH, Hart VA. Black tea is not significantly different from water in the maintenance of normal hydration in human subjects: results from a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(4):588–95.CrossRefPubMed Ruxton CH, Hart VA. Black tea is not significantly different from water in the maintenance of normal hydration in human subjects: results from a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(4):588–95.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Wingo JE, Casa DJ, Berger EM, Dellis WO, Knight JC, McClung JM. Influence of a pre-exercise glycerol hydration beverage on performance and physiologic function during mountain-bike races in the heat. J Athl Train. 2004;39(2):169–75.PubMedPubMedCentral Wingo JE, Casa DJ, Berger EM, Dellis WO, Knight JC, McClung JM. Influence of a pre-exercise glycerol hydration beverage on performance and physiologic function during mountain-bike races in the heat. J Athl Train. 2004;39(2):169–75.PubMedPubMedCentral
10.
go back to reference Shi X, Summers RW, Schedl HP, Flanagan SW, Chang R, Gisolfi CV. Effects of carbohydrate type and concentration and solution osmolality on water absorption. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(12):1607–15.CrossRefPubMed Shi X, Summers RW, Schedl HP, Flanagan SW, Chang R, Gisolfi CV. Effects of carbohydrate type and concentration and solution osmolality on water absorption. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(12):1607–15.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Alexy T, Wenby RB, Pais E, Goldstein LJ, Hogenauer W, Meiselman HJ. An automated tube-type blood viscometer: validation studies. Biorheology. 2005;42(3):237–47.PubMed Alexy T, Wenby RB, Pais E, Goldstein LJ, Hogenauer W, Meiselman HJ. An automated tube-type blood viscometer: validation studies. Biorheology. 2005;42(3):237–47.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Holsworth Jr RE, Cho YI, Weidman J. Effect of hydration on whole blood viscosity in firefighters. Altern Ther Health Med. 2014;19(4):44–9. Holsworth Jr RE, Cho YI, Weidman J. Effect of hydration on whole blood viscosity in firefighters. Altern Ther Health Med. 2014;19(4):44–9.
13.
go back to reference Kovacs EM, Senden JM, Brouns F. Urine color, osmolality and specific electrical conductance are not accurate measures of hydration status during postexercise rehydration. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1999;39(1):47–53.PubMed Kovacs EM, Senden JM, Brouns F. Urine color, osmolality and specific electrical conductance are not accurate measures of hydration status during postexercise rehydration. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1999;39(1):47–53.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Cheuvront SN, Ely BR, Kenefick RW, Sawka MN. Biological variation and diagnostic accuracy of dehydration assessment markers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(3):565–73.CrossRefPubMed Cheuvront SN, Ely BR, Kenefick RW, Sawka MN. Biological variation and diagnostic accuracy of dehydration assessment markers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(3):565–73.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Armstrong LE. Assessing hydration status: the elusive gold standard. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;26(5 Suppl):575s–84s.CrossRefPubMed Armstrong LE. Assessing hydration status: the elusive gold standard. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;26(5 Suppl):575s–84s.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Connes P, Pichon A, Hardy-Dessources MD, Waltz X, Lamarre Y, Simmonds MJ, Tripette J. Blood viscosity and hemodynamics during exercise. Clin Hemorrheol Microcirc. 2012;51(2):101–9. Connes P, Pichon A, Hardy-Dessources MD, Waltz X, Lamarre Y, Simmonds MJ, Tripette J. Blood viscosity and hemodynamics during exercise. Clin Hemorrheol Microcirc. 2012;51(2):101–9.
17.
go back to reference Smith MM, Lucas AR, Hamlin RL, Devor ST. Associatons amoung hemorrheological factors and maximal oxygen consumption. Is there a role for blood viscosity in explaning athletic performance? Clinc Hemorrheol Microcirc. 2015;60(4):347–62.CrossRef Smith MM, Lucas AR, Hamlin RL, Devor ST. Associatons amoung hemorrheological factors and maximal oxygen consumption. Is there a role for blood viscosity in explaning athletic performance? Clinc Hemorrheol Microcirc. 2015;60(4):347–62.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Nageswari K, Banerjee R, Gupte RV, Puniyani RR. Effects of exercise on rheological and microcirculatory parameters. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2002;23(2-4):243–7. Nageswari K, Banerjee R, Gupte RV, Puniyani RR. Effects of exercise on rheological and microcirculatory parameters. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2002;23(2-4):243–7.
19.
go back to reference Martin DG, Ferguson EW, Wigutoff S, Gawne T, Schoomaker EB. Blood viscosity responses to maximal exercise in endurance-trained and sedentary female subjects. J Appl Physiol. 1985;59(2):348–53.CrossRefPubMed Martin DG, Ferguson EW, Wigutoff S, Gawne T, Schoomaker EB. Blood viscosity responses to maximal exercise in endurance-trained and sedentary female subjects. J Appl Physiol. 1985;59(2):348–53.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Cocklet G, Meiselman H. Blood rheology. In: Baskurt OK, Hardeman MR, Rampling MW, Meiselman HJ, editors. Handbook of Hemorheology and Hemodynamics. Washington, DC: Ios Press; 2007. Cocklet G, Meiselman H. Blood rheology. In: Baskurt OK, Hardeman MR, Rampling MW, Meiselman HJ, editors. Handbook of Hemorheology and Hemodynamics. Washington, DC: Ios Press; 2007.
21.
go back to reference Murakami K, Sasaki S, Takahashi Y, Uenishi K. Association between dietary acid-base load and cardiometabolic risk factors in young Japanese women. Br J Nutr. 2008;100(3):642–51.CrossRefPubMed Murakami K, Sasaki S, Takahashi Y, Uenishi K. Association between dietary acid-base load and cardiometabolic risk factors in young Japanese women. Br J Nutr. 2008;100(3):642–51.CrossRefPubMed
22.
23.
go back to reference Heil D, Seifert J. Influence of bottled water on rehydration following a dehydrating bout of cycling exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009;6 Suppl 1:1–2.CrossRef Heil D, Seifert J. Influence of bottled water on rehydration following a dehydrating bout of cycling exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009;6 Suppl 1:1–2.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Heil DP, Jacobson EA, Howe SM. Influence of an alkalizing supplement on markers of endurance performance using a double-blind placebo-controlled design. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9:8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Heil DP, Jacobson EA, Howe SM. Influence of an alkalizing supplement on markers of endurance performance using a double-blind placebo-controlled design. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9:8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
go back to reference Paik IY, Jeong MH, Jin HE, Kim YI, Suh AR, Cho SY, Roh HT, Jin CH, Suh SH. Fluid replacement following dehydration reduces oxidative stress during recovery. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;383(1):103–7.CrossRefPubMed Paik IY, Jeong MH, Jin HE, Kim YI, Suh AR, Cho SY, Roh HT, Jin CH, Suh SH. Fluid replacement following dehydration reduces oxidative stress during recovery. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;383(1):103–7.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Baskurt OK, Meiselman HJ. Blood rheology and hemodynamics. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2003;29(5):435–50.CrossRefPubMed Baskurt OK, Meiselman HJ. Blood rheology and hemodynamics. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2003;29(5):435–50.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Halliwell B, Gutteridge J. Free radicals in medicine and biology. Oxford: Clarendon; 1999. Halliwell B, Gutteridge J. Free radicals in medicine and biology. Oxford: Clarendon; 1999.
28.
go back to reference Ney PA, Christopher MM, Hebbel RP. Synergistic effects of oxidation and deformation on erythrocyte monovalent cation leak. Blood. 1990;75(5):1192–8.PubMed Ney PA, Christopher MM, Hebbel RP. Synergistic effects of oxidation and deformation on erythrocyte monovalent cation leak. Blood. 1990;75(5):1192–8.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Nwose EU, Jelinek HF, Richards RS, Kerr PG. Erythrocyte oxidative stress in clinical management of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Br J Biomed Sci. 2007;64(1):35–43.CrossRefPubMed Nwose EU, Jelinek HF, Richards RS, Kerr PG. Erythrocyte oxidative stress in clinical management of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Br J Biomed Sci. 2007;64(1):35–43.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Richards RS, Nwose EU. Blood viscosity at different stages of diabetes pathogenesis. Br J Biomed Sci. 2010;67(2):67–70.CrossRefPubMed Richards RS, Nwose EU. Blood viscosity at different stages of diabetes pathogenesis. Br J Biomed Sci. 2010;67(2):67–70.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Saunders MJ, Blevins JE, Broeder CE. Effects of hydration changes on bioelectrical impedance in endurance trained individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(6):885–92.PubMed Saunders MJ, Blevins JE, Broeder CE. Effects of hydration changes on bioelectrical impedance in endurance trained individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(6):885–92.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Berneis K, Keller U. Bioelectrical impedance analysis during acute changes of extracellular osmolality in man. Clin Nutr. 2000;19(5):361–6.CrossRefPubMed Berneis K, Keller U. Bioelectrical impedance analysis during acute changes of extracellular osmolality in man. Clin Nutr. 2000;19(5):361–6.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Effect of electrolyzed high-pH alkaline water on blood viscosity in healthy adults
Authors
Joseph Weidman
Ralph E. Holsworth Jr.
Bradley Brossman
Daniel J. Cho
John St.Cyr
Gregory Fridman
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-016-0153-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 1/2016 Go to the issue