Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Human Resources for Health
Published in: Human Resources for Health 1/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Research

Job satisfaction and its associated factors among opticians in Ghana: a cross-sectional study

Authors: Kwadwo Owusu Akuffo, Akosua Kesewah Asare, Elsie Emelia Yelbert, Emmanuel Kobia-Acquah, Emmanuel Kofi Addo, Eldad Agyei-Manu, Thomas Brusah, Prince Antwi Asenso

Published in: Human Resources for Health | Issue 1/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Job satisfaction refers to the feeling of contentment one experiences with their job. Job satisfaction among opticians is a crucial variable in determining their motivation and has consequential influence on the quality of eye health care, systems and services. Nevertheless, little has been done to assess job satisfaction levels among human resources for eye-health, such as opticians, in Ghana. This study assessed (for the first time) the job satisfaction level among opticians in Ghana, and the factors associated with their job satisfaction.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional survey involving all registered and licensed opticians working in Ghana. A validated, well-structured job satisfaction questionnaire was distributed to 195 opticians across all regions of the country. The questionnaire was composed of 15-item job satisfaction variables which were measured on a five-point Likert scale (‘1—strongly disagree’ to ‘5—strongly agree’). Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between sociodemographic characteristics and factors of job satisfaction, and the overall job satisfaction level.

Results

A total of 101 opticians responded to the study. The mean presenting age of all participants was 25.3 ± 5.0 years (21 to 47 years), with majority being males (57.4%). The mean score of the overall job satisfaction level reported by participants was 2.65, with 12.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.0–21.0%) of them being satisfied with their jobs. There was no statistically significant association between overall job satisfaction and sociodemographic characteristics (p > 0.05; for all). Only salary was significantly associated with overall level of job satisfaction (odds ratio [OR]: 16.5; 95% CI: 2.06–132.86; p = 0.008).

Conclusion

Majority of opticians working in Ghana were not satisfied with their jobs. Enhancing salary/remuneration would improve the job satisfaction level among opticians in the country. There is the need for effective management of human resources for eye-health (particularly opticians) and policy revision on ophthalmic healthcare administration in Ghana.
Literature
1.
2.
Deriba BK, Sinke SO, Ereso BM, Badacho AS. Health professionals’ job satisfaction and associated factors at public health centers in West Ethiopia. Hum Resour Health. 2017;15(36):1–7.
3.
Bagheri S, Kousha A, Janati A, Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Factors influencing the job satisfaction of health system employees in tabriz, iran. Health promotion perspectives. 2012;2(2):190–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Van der Vaart L, Linde B, De Beer L, Cockeran M. Employee well-being, intention to leave and perceived employability: a psychological contract approach. South Afr J Econ Manag Sci. 2015;18(1):32–44.CrossRef
5.
Oliveira MZ, Natividade JC, Assis RS, Mambrini NSB. Performance, satisfaction and intention to remain in organizations: individual to contextual predictors. Trends Psychol. 2019;27(2):549–67.
6.
Maslow A, Lewis K. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Salenger Incorporated. 1987;14(17):987–90.
7.
Herzberg F. The motivation to work: two factor theory. Pers Psychol. 1965;18(3):364–76.
8.
Alderfer CP. An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organ Behav Hum Perform. 1969;4(2):142–75.CrossRef
9.
Vroom V, Porter L, Lawler E. Expectancy theories. Organ Behav. 1964;1:94–113.
10.
Lawler EE, Suttle JL. Expectancy Theory and Job Behaviour. Organiz Behav Human Perf. 1973;9(3):482–503.CrossRef
11.
Locke EA, Latham GP: Goal setting theory. In: Motivation: Theory and research. Volume 1, edn.: Routledge; 2012: 23–40.
12.
Sinha D: Job satisfaction and job behaviour. Motivation and Organizational Effectiveness New Delhi: Shri Ram Centre for Industrial Relations and Human Resources. 1972;136–174.
13.
Blum ML, Naylor JC: Industrial psychology; Its theoretical and social foundations. Harper & Row; 1968, p. 1–633.
14.
Chen AH, Jaafar SN, Noor AR. Comparison of job satisfaction among eight health care professions in private (non-government) settings. Malays J Med Sci. 2012;19(2):19–26.PubMed
15.
Khachatryan N, Bowen M, Cordiner M, Melkonyan A. The UK Optometric Workforce Survey: job satisfaction among optometrists. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(14):1418–1418.
16.
Hartzell S: The Needs Theory: Motivating Employees with Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. 2014.
17.
Sinsky CA, Willard-Grace R, Schutzbank AM, Sinsky TA, Margolius D, Bodenheimer T. In search of joy in practice: a report of 23 high-functioning primary care practices. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11(3):272–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
Iqbal S, Guohao L, Akhtar S. Effects of job organizational culture, benefits, salary on job satisfaction ultimately affecting employee retention. Review Pub Admin Manag. 2017;5(3):1–7.
19.
Wright TA, Cropanzano R, Bonett DG. The moderating role of employee positive well-being on the relation between job satisfaction and job performance. J Occup Health Psychol. 2007;12(2):93–104.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Ajayi MP, Abimbola OH. Job satisfaction, organizational stress and employee performance: A study of NAPIMS. IFE PsychologIA. 2013;21(2):75–82.
21.
Vance RJ: Employee Engagement and Commitment: A guide to understanding, Measuring and Increasing Engagement in your Organization., vol. 1. Duke Street, Alexandria.: Society for Human Resource Management Foundation; 2006.
22.
Oche M, Oladigbolu R, Ango J, Okafoagu N, Ango U. Work absenteeism amongst health care workers in a tertiary health institution in Sokoto, Nigeria. J Adv Med Med Res. 2018;2018:1–9.CrossRef
23.
Aduo-Adjei K, Emmanuel O, Forster OM. The impact of motivation on the work performance of health workers (Korle Bu Teaching Hospital): Evidence from Ghana. Hosp Pract Res. 2016;1(2):47–52.CrossRef
24.
Van Ham I, Verhoeven AAH, Groenier KH, Groothoff JW, De Haan J. Job satisfaction among general practitioners: a systematic literature review. Eur J Gen Pract. 2006;12(4):174–80.PubMedCrossRef
25.
United Nations. World Population Prospects 2019: Methodology of the United Nations Population Estimates and Projections. In: Nation U, editor. Population Division World Population Prospects United Nations. New York: United Nation; 2019. p. 1–61.
26.
Akpek EK, Smith RA. Overview of age-related ocular conditions. Am J Manag Care. 2013;19(5):67–75.
27.
Chen Y, Hahn P, Sloan FA. Changes in Visual Function in the Elderly Population in the United States: 1995–2010. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2016;23(3):137–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
29.
Chader GJ, Taylor A. Preface: the aging eye: normal changes, age-related diseases, and sight-saving approaches. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(14):1–4.CrossRef
30.
Service GH: Job Description for Allied Health Staff. In: Job description of Optician. Accra: Ministry of Health, Ghana; 2005: 1–183.
31.
Semachew A, Belachew T, Tesfaye T, Adinew YM. Predictors of job satisfaction among nurses working in Ethiopian public hospitals, 2014: institution-based cross-sectional study. Hum Resour Health. 2017;15(1):31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Lu H, Zhao Y, While A. Job satisfaction among hospital nurses: a literature review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2005;42(2):211–27.PubMedCrossRef
33.
De la Fuente-Solana EI, Suleiman-Martos N, Pradas-Hernández L, Gomez-Urquiza JL, Albendín-García L. Prevalence, related factors, and levels of burnout syndrome among nurses working in gynecology and obstetrics services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(14):1–16.
34.
Sabitova A, McGranahan R, Altamore F, Jovanovic N, Windle E, Priebe S. Indicators associated with job morale among physicians and dentists in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(1):1–17.CrossRef
35.
Rosta J, Aasland OG, Nylenna M. Changes in job satisfaction among doctors in Norway from 2010 to 2017: a study based on repeated surveys. BMJ Open. 2019;9(9):1–12.CrossRef
36.
Hoff T, Carabetta S, Collinson GE. Satisfaction, burnout, and turnover among nurse practitioners and physician assistants: a review of the empirical literature. Med Care Res Rev. 2019;76(1):3–31.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Osborn M, Satrom J, Schlenker A, Hazel M, Mason M, Hartwig K. Physician assistant burnout, job satisfaction, and career flexibility in Minnesota. J Am Acad PAs. 2019;32(7):41–7.
38.
College of Optometrists: The Optical Workforce Survey Full Report. In., vol. 1, 2 edn. London, : The College of Optometrists; 2016: 1–73.
39.
Palmer JJ, Chinanayi F, Gilbert A, Pillay D, Fox S, Jaggernath J, Naidoo K, Graham R, Patel D, Blanchet K. Trends and implications for achieving VISION 2020 human resources for eye health targets in 16 countries of sub-Saharan Africa by the year 2020. Hum Resour Health. 2014;12(45):1–16.
40.
Palmer JJ, Chinanayi F, Gilbert A, Pillay D, Fox S, Jaggernath J, Naidoo K, Graham R, Patel D, Blanchet K. Mapping human resources for eye health in 21 countries of sub-Saharan Africa: current progress towards VISION 2020. Hum Resour Health. 2014;12(44):1–15.
41.
World Health Organization: Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030. In: Workforce. vol. 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016: 1- 64.
42.
Paudel P, Cronjé S, O’Connor PM, Khadka J, Rao GN, Holden BA. Development and validation of an instrument to assess job satisfaction in eye-care personnel. Clin Exp Optom. 2017;100(6):683–9.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Rayhan RU, Zheng Y, Uddin E, Timbol C, Adewuyi O, Baraniuk JN. Administer and collect medical questionnaires with Google documents: a simple, safe, and free system. Appl Med Inform. 2013;33(3):12.PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Gedif G, Sisay Y, Alebel A, Belay YA. Level of job satisfaction and associated factors among health care professionals working at University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):1–7.
45.
Al Khalidi D, Wazaify M. Assessment of pharmacists’ job satisfaction and job related stress in Amman. Int J Clin Pharm. 2013;35(5):821–8.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Atif K, Khan HU, Maqbool S. Job satisfaction among doctors, a multi-faceted subject studied at a tertiary care hospital in Lahore. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2015;31(3):610.
47.
Farmer J, Hinds K, Richards H, Godden D. Urban versus rural populations’ views of health care in Scotland. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2005;10(4):212–9.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Lu Y, Hu XM, Huang XL, Zhuang XD, Guo P, Feng LF, Hu W, Chen L, Hao YT. Job satisfaction and associated factors among healthcare staff: a cross-sectional study in Guangdong Province China. BMJ Open. 2016;6(7):1–9.CrossRef
49.
Grossman HY, Chester NL: The experience and meaning of work in women's lives, vol. 1: Psychology Press; 2013.
50.
Graham KR, Davies BL, Woodend AK, Simpson J, Mantha SL. Impacting Canadian public health nurses’ job satisfaction. Can J Public Health. 2011;102(6):427–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Alhassan RK, Spieker N, van Ostenberg P, Ogink A, Nketiah-Amponsah E, de Wit TFR. Association between health worker motivation and healthcare quality efforts in Ghana. Hum Resour Health. 2013;11(1):37.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
Asiedu K, Kyei S, Ayobi B, Agyemang FO, Ablordeppey RK. Survey of eye practitioners’ preference of diagnostic tests and treatment modalities for dry eye in Ghana. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2016;39(6):411–5.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Ocansey S, Abu EK, Nii Armah O, Morny EK: The practise of paediatric optometry in a low‐resource environment. Clinical and Experimental Optometry 2019.
Metadata
Title
Job satisfaction and its associated factors among opticians in Ghana: a cross-sectional study
Authors
Kwadwo Owusu Akuffo
Akosua Kesewah Asare
Elsie Emelia Yelbert
Emmanuel Kobia-Acquah
Emmanuel Kofi Addo
Eldad Agyei-Manu
Thomas Brusah
Prince Antwi Asenso
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Human Resources for Health / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1478-4491
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00612-0

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

Human Resources for Health 1/2021 Go to the issue

Research

Evaluating a capacity building program on women’s health for displaced community health workers in fragile settings in Lebanon

Case study

Accreditation of private midwifery and nursing schools in Mali: a local sustainable solution to increasing the supply of qualified health workers

Review

Professional integration of immigrant medical professionals through alternative career pathways: an Internet scan to synthesize the current landscape

Review

The impact of colonial-era policies on health workforce regulation in India: lessons for contemporary reform

Review

A systematic mapping review of factors associated with willingness to work under emergency condition

Research

Reflecting on the current scenario and forecasting the future demand for medical doctors in South Africa up to 2030: towards equal representation of women