Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1/2017

Open Access 01-01-2017 | Research

Validation of the dutch version of the health education impact questionnaire (HEIQ) and comparison of the Dutch translation with the English, German and French HEIQ

Authors: Judy W. Ammerlaan, Harmieke van Os-Medendorp, Jacob K. Sont, Gerald R. Elsworth, Richard H. Osborne

Published in: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) evaluates the effectiveness of health education and self-management programs provided to people dealing with a wide range of conditions. Aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Dutch translation of the heiQ and to compare the results with the English, German and French translations.

Methods

A systematic translation process was undertaken. Psychometric properties were studied among patients with arthritis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy and asthma (n = 286). Factorial validity using confirmatory factor analysis, item difficulty (D), item remainder correlation and composite reliability were conducted. Stability was tested using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

Items were well understood and only minor language adjustments were required. Confirmatory fit indices were >0.95 and item difficulty was D ≥ 0.65 for all items in scales showing acceptable fit indices, except for the reversed Emotional distress scale. Composite reliability ranged between 0.67 and 0.85. Test-retest reliability (n = 93) ICC varied between 0.61 and 0.84. Comparisons with other translations showed comparable fit indices. A lower ICC on Self-monitoring and insight scale was observed.

Conclusions

The Dutch translation of the heiQ was found to be well understood and user friendly by patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Atopic Dermatitis, Food allergy and asthma and to have robust psychometric properties for evaluating the impact of health education and self-management programs. Given the wide applications of the heiQ and the comparability of the Dutch results with the English, German and French version, the heiQ is a practical and useful questionnaire to evaluate the impact of self-management support programs in different countries and populations with different diseases.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Kiebert G, Sorensen SV, Revicki D, Fagan SC, Doyle JJ, Cohen J, Fivenson D. Atopic dermatitis is associated with a decrement in health-related quality of life. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41:151–8.CrossRefPubMed Kiebert G, Sorensen SV, Revicki D, Fagan SC, Doyle JJ, Cohen J, Fivenson D. Atopic dermatitis is associated with a decrement in health-related quality of life. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41:151–8.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Le TM, Flokstra-de Blok BM, van Hoffen E, Lebens AF, Goossens NJ, Dubois AE, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Knulst AC. Quality of life is more impaired in patients seeking medical care for food allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;162:335–9.CrossRefPubMed Le TM, Flokstra-de Blok BM, van Hoffen E, Lebens AF, Goossens NJ, Dubois AE, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Knulst AC. Quality of life is more impaired in patients seeking medical care for food allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;162:335–9.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Peniamina RL, Bremer P, Conner TS, Mirosa M. Understanding the needs of food-allergic adults. Qual Health Res. 2014;24:933–45.CrossRefPubMed Peniamina RL, Bremer P, Conner TS, Mirosa M. Understanding the needs of food-allergic adults. Qual Health Res. 2014;24:933–45.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, Feldman SR, Hanifin JM, Simpson EL, Berger TG, Bergman JN, Cohen DE, Cooper KD, Cordoro KM, Davis DM, Krol A, Margolis DJ, Paller AS, Schwarzenberger K, Silverman RA, Williams HC, Elmets CA, Block J, Harrod CG, Begolka WS, Sidbury R. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: Section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013. Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, Feldman SR, Hanifin JM, Simpson EL, Berger TG, Bergman JN, Cohen DE, Cooper KD, Cordoro KM, Davis DM, Krol A, Margolis DJ, Paller AS, Schwarzenberger K, Silverman RA, Williams HC, Elmets CA, Block J, Harrod CG, Begolka WS, Sidbury R. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: Section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013.
5.
go back to reference Overman CL, Jurgens MS, Bossema ER, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW, Geenen R. Change of psychological distress and physical disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis over the last two decades. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66:671–8.CrossRef Overman CL, Jurgens MS, Bossema ER, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW, Geenen R. Change of psychological distress and physical disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis over the last two decades. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66:671–8.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Salaffi F, Carotti M, Gasparini S, Intorcia M, Grassi W. The health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis: a comparison with a selected sample of healthy people. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009;7:25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Salaffi F, Carotti M, Gasparini S, Intorcia M, Grassi W. The health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis: a comparison with a selected sample of healthy people. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009;7:25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
go back to reference Kristiansen TM, Primdahl J, Antoft R, Horslev-Petersen K. Everyday life with rheumatoid arthritis and implications for patient education and clinical practice: a focus group study. Musculoskeletal Care. 2012;10:29–38.CrossRefPubMed Kristiansen TM, Primdahl J, Antoft R, Horslev-Petersen K. Everyday life with rheumatoid arthritis and implications for patient education and clinical practice: a focus group study. Musculoskeletal Care. 2012;10:29–38.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Zuberbier T, Orlow SJ, Paller AS, Taieb A, Allen R, Hernanz-Hermosa JM, Ocampo-Candiani J, Cox M, Langeraar J, Simon JC. Patient perspectives on the management of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:226–32.CrossRefPubMed Zuberbier T, Orlow SJ, Paller AS, Taieb A, Allen R, Hernanz-Hermosa JM, Ocampo-Candiani J, Cox M, Langeraar J, Simon JC. Patient perspectives on the management of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:226–32.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Hamnes B, Hauge MI, Kjeken I, Hagen KB. ‘I have come here to learn how to cope with my illness, not to be cured’: a qualitative study of patient expectations prior to a one-week self-management programme. Musculoskeletal Care. 2011;9:200–10.CrossRefPubMed Hamnes B, Hauge MI, Kjeken I, Hagen KB. ‘I have come here to learn how to cope with my illness, not to be cured’: a qualitative study of patient expectations prior to a one-week self-management programme. Musculoskeletal Care. 2011;9:200–10.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Bodenheimer T, Lorig K, Holman H, Grumbach K. Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. JAMA. 2002;288:2469–75.CrossRefPubMed Bodenheimer T, Lorig K, Holman H, Grumbach K. Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. JAMA. 2002;288:2469–75.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Barlow J, Wright C, Sheasby J, Turner A, Hainsworth J. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Educ Couns. 2002;48:177–87.CrossRefPubMed Barlow J, Wright C, Sheasby J, Turner A, Hainsworth J. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Educ Couns. 2002;48:177–87.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Lorig KR, Holman H. Self-management education: history, definition, outcomes, and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med. 2003;26:1–7.CrossRefPubMed Lorig KR, Holman H. Self-management education: history, definition, outcomes, and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med. 2003;26:1–7.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Newman S, Steed L, Mulligan K. Self-management interventions for chronic illness. Lancet. 2004;364:1523–37.CrossRefPubMed Newman S, Steed L, Mulligan K. Self-management interventions for chronic illness. Lancet. 2004;364:1523–37.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Iversen MD, Hammond A, Betteridge N. Self-management of rheumatic diseases: state of the art and future perspectives. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:955–63.CrossRefPubMed Iversen MD, Hammond A, Betteridge N. Self-management of rheumatic diseases: state of the art and future perspectives. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:955–63.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Osborne RH, Spinks JM, Wicks IP. Patient education and self-management programs in arthritis. Med J Aust. 2004;180:S23–6.PubMed Osborne RH, Spinks JM, Wicks IP. Patient education and self-management programs in arthritis. Med J Aust. 2004;180:S23–6.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Lorig KR, Ritter PL, Dost A, Plant K, Laurent DD, McNeil I. The expert patients programme online, a 1-year study of an Internet-based self-management programme for people with long-term conditions. Chronic Illn. 2008;4:247–56.CrossRefPubMed Lorig KR, Ritter PL, Dost A, Plant K, Laurent DD, McNeil I. The expert patients programme online, a 1-year study of an Internet-based self-management programme for people with long-term conditions. Chronic Illn. 2008;4:247–56.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference van der Meer V, Bakker MJ, van den Hout WB, Rabe KF, Sterk PJ, Kievit J, Assendelft WJ, Sont JK, SMASHING (Self-Management in Asthma Supported by Hospitals, ICT, Nurses and General Practitioners) Study Group. Internet-based self-management plus education compared with usual care in asthma: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:110–20.CrossRefPubMed van der Meer V, Bakker MJ, van den Hout WB, Rabe KF, Sterk PJ, Kievit J, Assendelft WJ, Sont JK, SMASHING (Self-Management in Asthma Supported by Hospitals, ICT, Nurses and General Practitioners) Study Group. Internet-based self-management plus education compared with usual care in asthma: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:110–20.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference van Gaalen JL, Beerthuizen T, van der Meer V, van Reisen P, Redelijkheid GW, Snoeck-Stroband JB, Sont JK, SMASHING Study Group. Long-term outcomes of internet-based self-management support in adults with asthma: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15:e188.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral van Gaalen JL, Beerthuizen T, van der Meer V, van Reisen P, Redelijkheid GW, Snoeck-Stroband JB, Sont JK, SMASHING Study Group. Long-term outcomes of internet-based self-management support in adults with asthma: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15:e188.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference Trappenburg J, Jonkman N, Jaarsma T, van Os-Medendorp H, Kort H, de Wit N, Hoes A, Schuurmans M. Self-management: one size does not fit all. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;92:134–7.CrossRefPubMed Trappenburg J, Jonkman N, Jaarsma T, van Os-Medendorp H, Kort H, de Wit N, Hoes A, Schuurmans M. Self-management: one size does not fit all. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;92:134–7.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Nolte S, Elsworth GR, Newman S, Osborne RH. Measurement issues in the evaluation of chronic disease self-management programs. Qual Life Res. 2013;22:1655–64.CrossRefPubMed Nolte S, Elsworth GR, Newman S, Osborne RH. Measurement issues in the evaluation of chronic disease self-management programs. Qual Life Res. 2013;22:1655–64.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Kroon FP, van der Burg LR, Buchbinder R, Osborne RH, Johnston RV, Pitt V. Self-management education programmes for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1:CD008963. Kroon FP, van der Burg LR, Buchbinder R, Osborne RH, Johnston RV, Pitt V. Self-management education programmes for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1:CD008963.
22.
go back to reference Osborne RH, Elsworth GR, Whitfield K. The Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ): an outcomes and evaluation measure for patient education and self-management interventions for people with chronic conditions. Patient Educ Couns. 2007;66:192–201.CrossRefPubMed Osborne RH, Elsworth GR, Whitfield K. The Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ): an outcomes and evaluation measure for patient education and self-management interventions for people with chronic conditions. Patient Educ Couns. 2007;66:192–201.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Schuler M, Musekamp G, Faller H, Ehlebracht-Konig I, Gutenbrunner C, Kirchhof R, Bengel J, Nolte S, Osborne RH, Schwarze M. Assessment of proximal outcomes of self-management programs: translation and psychometric evaluation of a German version of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ). Qual Life Res. 2013;22:1391–403.CrossRefPubMed Schuler M, Musekamp G, Faller H, Ehlebracht-Konig I, Gutenbrunner C, Kirchhof R, Bengel J, Nolte S, Osborne RH, Schwarze M. Assessment of proximal outcomes of self-management programs: translation and psychometric evaluation of a German version of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ). Qual Life Res. 2013;22:1391–403.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Elsworth GR, Nolte S, Osborne RH. Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire: Does the subjectivity of the response perspective threaten the contextual validity of inferences? SAGE Open Med. 2015;3. Elsworth GR, Nolte S, Osborne RH. Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire: Does the subjectivity of the response perspective threaten the contextual validity of inferences? SAGE Open Med. 2015;3.
25.
go back to reference Epstein J, Osborne RH, Elsworth GR, Beaton DE, Guillemin F. Cross-cultural adaptation of the health education impact questionnaire: experimental study showed expert committee, not back-translation, added value. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68:360–9.CrossRefPubMed Epstein J, Osborne RH, Elsworth GR, Beaton DE, Guillemin F. Cross-cultural adaptation of the health education impact questionnaire: experimental study showed expert committee, not back-translation, added value. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68:360–9.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Morita R, Arakida M, Osborne RH, Nolte S, Elsworth GR, Mikami H. Adaptation and validation of the Japanese version of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ-J) for the evaluation of self-management education interventions. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2013;10:255–66.CrossRefPubMed Morita R, Arakida M, Osborne RH, Nolte S, Elsworth GR, Mikami H. Adaptation and validation of the Japanese version of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ-J) for the evaluation of self-management education interventions. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2013;10:255–66.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference van Os-Medendorp H, van Leent-de Wit I, de Bruin-Weller M, Knulst A. Usage and users of online self-management programs for adult patients with atopic dermatitis and food allergy: an explorative study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2015;4:e57.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral van Os-Medendorp H, van Leent-de Wit I, de Bruin-Weller M, Knulst A. Usage and users of online self-management programs for adult patients with atopic dermatitis and food allergy: an explorative study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2015;4:e57.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
go back to reference Ammerlaan J, van Os-Medendorp H, Scholtus L, de Vos A, Zwier M, Bijlsma H, Kruize AA. Feasibility of an online and a face-to-face version of a self-management program for young adults with a rheumatic disease: experiences of young adults and peer leaders. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2014;12:10. 0096-12-10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ammerlaan J, van Os-Medendorp H, Scholtus L, de Vos A, Zwier M, Bijlsma H, Kruize AA. Feasibility of an online and a face-to-face version of a self-management program for young adults with a rheumatic disease: experiences of young adults and peer leaders. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2014;12:10. 0096-12-10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference Hawkins M, Osborne RH. Questionnaire translation and cultural adaption procedure version 1.0. 2010. Hawkins M, Osborne RH. Questionnaire translation and cultural adaption procedure version 1.0. 2010.
30.
go back to reference van Gaalen JL, Bakker MJ, van Bodegom-Vos L, Snoeck-Stroband JB, Assendelft WJ, Kaptein AA, van der Meer V, Taube C, Thoonen BP, Sont JK, IMPASSE study group. Implementation strategies of internet-based asthma self-management support in usual care Study protocol for the IMPASSE cluster randomized trial. Implement Sci. 2012;7:113.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral van Gaalen JL, Bakker MJ, van Bodegom-Vos L, Snoeck-Stroband JB, Assendelft WJ, Kaptein AA, van der Meer V, Taube C, Thoonen BP, Sont JK, IMPASSE study group. Implementation strategies of internet-based asthma self-management support in usual care Study protocol for the IMPASSE cluster randomized trial. Implement Sci. 2012;7:113.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
go back to reference Beauducel A, Herzberg PY. Performance of maximum likelihood versus means and variance adjusted weighted least squares estimation in CFA. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 2006;13:186.CrossRef Beauducel A, Herzberg PY. Performance of maximum likelihood versus means and variance adjusted weighted least squares estimation in CFA. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 2006;13:186.CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Raykov T, Marcoulides GA. Introduction to psychometric theory. New York: Routledge; 2011. Raykov T, Marcoulides GA. Introduction to psychometric theory. New York: Routledge; 2011.
33.
go back to reference Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 1999;6:1.CrossRef Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 1999;6:1.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS, editors. testing structural equation models: Newbury Park: Sage; 1993. p. 136–62. Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS, editors. testing structural equation models: Newbury Park: Sage; 1993. p. 136–62.
35.
go back to reference Raykov T. On the large-sample bias, variance, and mean squared error of the conventional noncentrality parameter estimator of covariance structure models. Struct Equation Modeling. 2000;7:431–41. Raykov T. On the large-sample bias, variance, and mean squared error of the conventional noncentrality parameter estimator of covariance structure models. Struct Equation Modeling. 2000;7:431–41.
36.
go back to reference De Vet HCW, Terwee CB, Mokkink LB, Knol D. Chapter 4. Field-testing: item reduction and data structure. Measurement in medicine. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2015. De Vet HCW, Terwee CB, Mokkink LB, Knol D. Chapter 4. Field-testing: item reduction and data structure. Measurement in medicine. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2015.
37.
go back to reference Raykov T. Scale construction and development using structural equation modeling. In: Hoyle RH, editor. Handbook of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press; 2012. p. 472. Raykov T. Scale construction and development using structural equation modeling. In: Hoyle RH, editor. Handbook of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press; 2012. p. 472.
38.
go back to reference Kenny DA, McCoach DB. Effect of the number of variables on measures of fit in structural equation modeling. Struct Equ Model. 2003;10:333–51.CrossRef Kenny DA, McCoach DB. Effect of the number of variables on measures of fit in structural equation modeling. Struct Equ Model. 2003;10:333–51.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Hattie JA. Methodology review: assessing unidimensionality of tests and items. Appl Psychol Meas. 1985;9:139–64.CrossRef Hattie JA. Methodology review: assessing unidimensionality of tests and items. Appl Psychol Meas. 1985;9:139–64.CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Brunet J, Lauzier S, Campbell HS, Fillion L, Osborne RH, Maunsell E. Measurement invariance of English and French Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) empowerment scales validated for cancer. Qual Life Res. 2015;24:2375–84.CrossRefPubMed Brunet J, Lauzier S, Campbell HS, Fillion L, Osborne RH, Maunsell E. Measurement invariance of English and French Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) empowerment scales validated for cancer. Qual Life Res. 2015;24:2375–84.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Wahl AK, Osborne RH, Langeland E, Wentzel-Larsen T, Mengshoel AM, Ribu L, Peersen K, Elsworth GR, Nolte S. Making robust decisions about the impact of health education programs: psychometric evaluation of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) in diverse patient groups in Norway. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99:1733–8.CrossRefPubMed Wahl AK, Osborne RH, Langeland E, Wentzel-Larsen T, Mengshoel AM, Ribu L, Peersen K, Elsworth GR, Nolte S. Making robust decisions about the impact of health education programs: psychometric evaluation of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) in diverse patient groups in Norway. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99:1733–8.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Maunsell E, Lauzier S, Brunet J, Pelletier S, Osborne RH, Campbell HS. Health-related empowerment in cancer: validity of scales from the Health Education Impact Questionnaire. Cancer. 2014;120:3228–36.CrossRefPubMed Maunsell E, Lauzier S, Brunet J, Pelletier S, Osborne RH, Campbell HS. Health-related empowerment in cancer: validity of scales from the Health Education Impact Questionnaire. Cancer. 2014;120:3228–36.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Cheng JJ, Arenhold F, Braakhuis AJ. Determining the efficacy of the chronic disease self-management programme and readability of ‘living a healthy life with chronic conditions’ in a New Zealand setting. Intern Med J. 2016;46:1284–90.CrossRefPubMed Cheng JJ, Arenhold F, Braakhuis AJ. Determining the efficacy of the chronic disease self-management programme and readability of ‘living a healthy life with chronic conditions’ in a New Zealand setting. Intern Med J. 2016;46:1284–90.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Millard T, Agius PA, McDonald K, Slavin S, Girdler S, Elliott JH. The positive outlook study: a randomised controlled trial evaluating online self-management for HIV positive gay men. AIDS Behav. 2016;20:1907–18.CrossRefPubMed Millard T, Agius PA, McDonald K, Slavin S, Girdler S, Elliott JH. The positive outlook study: a randomised controlled trial evaluating online self-management for HIV positive gay men. AIDS Behav. 2016;20:1907–18.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Osborne RH, Batterham R, Livingston J. The evaluation of chronic disease self-management support across settings: the international experience of the health education impact questionnaire quality monitoring system. Nurs Clin North Am. 2011;46:255–70.CrossRefPubMed Osborne RH, Batterham R, Livingston J. The evaluation of chronic disease self-management support across settings: the international experience of the health education impact questionnaire quality monitoring system. Nurs Clin North Am. 2011;46:255–70.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Validation of the dutch version of the health education impact questionnaire (HEIQ) and comparison of the Dutch translation with the English, German and French HEIQ
Authors
Judy W. Ammerlaan
Harmieke van Os-Medendorp
Jacob K. Sont
Gerald R. Elsworth
Richard H. Osborne
Publication date
01-01-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 1477-7525
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0601-4

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1/2017 Go to the issue