Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

ACC 2024 Congress

Catch up on all the top stories and latest evidence in cardiology research with our ACC 2024 Congress hub page.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
Published in: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research

Incremental validity of sense of coherence, neuroticism, extraversion, and general self-efficacy: longitudinal prediction of substance use frequency and mental health

Authors: Dennis Grevenstein, Matthias Bluemke, Henrik Kroeninger-Jungaberle

Published in: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Several studies have demonstrated the importance of sense of coherence (SOC), neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), and general self-efficacy (GSE) for health, yet the unique utility of these overlapping constructs remains uncertain. The present research aims at exploring incremental validity when predicting (1) substance use specifically and (2) mental health generally among adolescents.

Methods

A prospective and longitudinal design was used to predict (1) initial substance use nine years into the future and (2) mental health one year and four years into the future. Participants were 318 adolescents (age 14 to 15 at the beginning of the study).

Results

Structural equation modeling revealed (1) that SOC had long-term incremental validity over N, E, and GSE for tobacco use and alcohol use, whereas cannabis use was predicted by E and GSE; and (2) that long-term mental health after four years was only predicted by SOC.

Conclusions

Two studies provide further evidence for the importance of considering salutogenic factors when forecasting mental health and health-related behavior beyond classical constructs such as N, E, and GSE. Differences in criterion validity reveal that SOC cannot be equated with reversed neuroticism.
Footnotes
1
The rescaled values summed up to M = 65.58 (SD = 10.16) for men and M = 61.82 (SD = 11.22) for women. They resemble the norms published by Schumacher et al. [79] who reported a SOC sum score of M = 67.31 (SD = 12.09) for men and M = 64.52 (SD = 11.61) for women spanning a wider age range from 18 to 40.
 
2
Inspection with robust chi-squares and standard errors (MLR; Yuan & Bentler, 1998) showed that non-normal data did not severely affect the outcome or interpretation. Nonetheless, we chose the typical ML estimator as non-normal distributions of substance use and mental health represented the most important part of the variance that we explicitly wanted to incorporate in the model and predict.
 
3
If χ 2 is less than df, which is the expected χ 2 in the population, then RMSEA is set at zero, indicating a perfectly specified model. Similarly, if CFI is greater than one, it is set at one and if less than zero, it is set at zero (see http://​davidakenny.​net/​cm/​fit.​htm).
 
Literature
1.
Costa PT, McCrae RR. The Five-Factor Model and the NEO Inventories. In: Butcher JN, editor. Oxford handbook of personality assessment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2009. p. 299–322. Oxford library of psychology.
2.
Antonovsky A. Unraveling the mystery of health: How people manage stress and stay well. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 1987.
3.
Antonovsky A. The structural sources of salutogenic strengths. In: Cooper CL, Payne R, editors. Personality and stress: Individual differences in the stress process. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons; 1991. p. 67–104. Wiley series on studies in occupational stress.
4.
Antonovsky A. The sense of coherence: An historical and future perspective. In: McCubbin HI, Thompson EA, Thompson AI, Fromer JE, editors. Stress, coping, and health in families: Sense of coherence and resiliency. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998. p. 3–20. Resiliency in families series, Vol. 1.
5.
Bandura A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84:191–215.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. 1. print. edn. New York, NY: Freeman; 1997.
7.
Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M. Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In: Weinman J, Wright S, Johnston M, editors. Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio Causal and control beliefs. Windsor, United Kingdom: NFER-Nelson; 1995. p. 35–7.
8.
Tipton RM, Worthington EL. The measurement of generalized self-efficacy: A study of construct validity. J Pers Assess. 1984;48:545–8.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Silbereisen RK, Noack P, Reitzle M. Developmental perspectives on problem behavior and prevention in adolescence. In: Hurrelmann K, Kaufmann F-X, Lösel F, editors. Social intervention: Potential and constraints. Oxford, UK: Walter De Gruyter; 1987. p. 205–18. Prevention and intervention in childhood and adolescence, 1.
10.
Young R, Hasking PA, Oei TPS, Loveday W. Validation of the Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire—Revised in an Adolescent Sample (DRSEQ-RA). Addict Behav. 2007;32:862–8.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Behrendt S, Wittchen HU, Höfler M, Lieb R, Beesdo K. Transitions from first substance use to substance use disorders in adolescence: Is early onset associated with a rapid escalation? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;99:68–78.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Havighurst RJ. Developmental tasks and education. New York, NY: McKay; 1972.
13.
Hurrelmann K, Quenzel G. Lebensphase Jugend: eine Einführung in die sozialwissenschaftliche Jugendforschung. 11th ed. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz; 2012.
14.
15.
Almedom AM. Resilience, hardiness, sense of coherence, and posttraumatic growth: All paths leading to “light at the end of the tunnel”? Journal of Loss and Trauma. 2005;10:253–65.CrossRef
16.
Eriksson M, Lindström B. Antonovsky’s Sense of Coherence Scale and the relation with health: A systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60:376–81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
Nilsson KW, Leppert J, Simonsson B, Starrin B. Sense of coherence and psychological well-being: Improvement with age. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010;64:347–52.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Gilbar O. Relationship between burnout and sense of coherence in health social workers. Soc Work Health Care. 1998;26:39–49.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Carstens JA, Spangenberg JJ. Major depression: A breakdown in sense of coherence? Psychol Rep. 1997;80:1211–20.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Eriksson M, Lindström B, Lilja J. A sense of coherence and health. Salutogenesis in a societal context: Åland, a special case? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61:684–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Haukkala A, Konttinen H, Lehto E, Uutela A, Kawachi I, Laatikainen T. Sense of coherence, depressive symptoms, cardiovascular diseases, and all-cause mortality. Psychosom Med. 2013;75:429–35.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Moksnes UK, Espnes GA, Lillefjell M. Sense of coherence and emotional health in adolescents. J Adolesc. 2012;35:433–41.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zirke N, Schmid G, Mazurek B, Klapp BF, Rauchfuss M. Antonovsky’s Sense of Coherence in psychosomatic patients: A contribution to construct validation. GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine. 2007;4:1–9.
24.
Mattila M, Rautava P, Honkinen P, Ojanlatva A, Jaakkola S, Aromaa M, et al. Sense of coherence and health behaviour in adolescence. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100:1590–5.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Nilsson KW, Starrin B, Simonsson B, Leppert J. Alcohol-related problems among adolescents and the role of a sense of coherence. Int J Soc Welf. 2007;16:159–67.CrossRef
26.
Feldt T, Leskinen E, Kinnunen U, Mauno S. Longitudinal factor analysis models in the assessment of the stability of sense of coherence. Personal Individ Differ. 2000;28:239–57.CrossRef
27.
Feldt T, Leskinen E, Kinnunen U, Ruoppila I. The stability of sense of coherence: Comparing two age groups in a 5-year follow-up study. Personal Individ Differ. 2003;35:1151–65.CrossRef
28.
Honkinen P, Suominen S, Helenius H, Aromaa M, Rautava P, Sourander A, et al. Stability of the sense of coherence in adolescence. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2008;20:85–91.PubMedCrossRef
29.
30.
Schwarzer R. Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing; 1992.
31.
Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50:179–211.CrossRef
32.
Egger JW. Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung—ein bedeutsames kognitives Konstrukt für gesundheitliches Verhalten. Psychologische Medizin. 2011;22:43–58.
33.
34.
Petraitis J, Flay BR, Miller TQ. Reviewing theories of adolescent substance use: Organizing pieces in the puzzle. Psychol Bull. 1995;117:67–86.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Hiemstra M, Otten R, Engels RCME. Smoking onset and the time-varying effects of self-efficacy, environmental smoking, and smoking-specific parenting by using discrete-time survival analysis. J Behav Med. 2012;35:240–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
Walker DD, Neighbors C, Rodriguez LM, Stephens RS, Roffman RA. Social norms and self-efficacy among heavy using adolescent marijuana smokers. Psychol Addict Behav. 2011;25:727–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Lightsey Jr OR, Burke M, Ervin A, Henderson D, Yee C. Generalized self-efficacy, self-esteem, and negative affect. Can J Behav Sci. 2006;38:72–80.CrossRef
38.
Miyoshi A. The stability and causal effects of task‐specific and generalized self‐efficacy in college. Jpn Psychol Res. 2012;54:150–8.CrossRef
39.
Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M. Skalen zur Erfassung von Lehrer- und Schülermerkmalen. Dokumentation der psychometrischen Verfahren im Rahmen des Wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Modellversuchs Selbstwirksame Schulen [Scales for the assessment of teacher and student charecteristics]. Berlin, Germany: Freie Universität Berlin; 1999.
40.
Eysenck HJ. Dimensions of personality. Oxford, UK: Kegan Paul; 1947.
41.
Costa PT, McCrae RR. Neuroticism, somatic complaints, and disease: Is the bark worse than the bite? J Pers. 1987;55:299–316.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Gale CR, Booth T, Mõttus R, Kuh D, Deary IJ. Neuroticism and Extraversion in youth predict mental wellbeing and life satisfaction 40 years later. J Res Pers. 2013;47:687–97.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
44.
Malouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Schutte NS. The Relationship Between the Five-Factor Model of Personality and Symptoms of Clinical Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2005;27:101–14.CrossRef
45.
Otonari J, Nagano J, Morita M, Budhathoki S, Tashiro N, Toyomura K, et al. Neuroticism and extraversion personality traits, health behaviours, and subjective well-being: The Fukuoka Study (Japan). Qual Life Res. 2012;21:1847–55.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Williams PG, O’Brien CD, Colder CR. The effects of neuroticism and extraversion on self-assessed health and health-relevant cognition. Personal Individ Differ. 2004;37:83–94.CrossRef
47.
Finn M, Robinson EAR. Personality and drinking behavior in alcohol dependence: A survival analysis. Alcohol Treat Q. 2012;30:146–62.CrossRef
48.
Malouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Rooke SE, Schutte NS. Alcohol involvement and the Five-Factor Model of personality: A meta-analysis. J Drug Educ. 2007;37:277–94.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Mezquita L, Stewart SH, Ruipérez M. Big-five personality domains predict internal drinking motives in young adults. Personal Individ Differ. 2010;49:240–5.CrossRef
50.
Malouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Schutte NS. The Five-Factor Model of personality and smoking: A meta-analysis. J Drug Educ. 2006;36:47–58.PubMedCrossRef
51.
52.
Enns MW, Cox BJ. Personality dimensions and depression: Review and commentary. Can J Psychiatry. 1997;42:274–84.PubMed
53.
Jylhä P, Melartin T, Isometsä E. Relationships of neuroticism and extraversion with axis I and II comorbidity among patients with DSM-IV major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2009;114:110–21.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Grav S, Stordal E, Romild UK, Hellzen O. The relationship among neuroticism, extraversion, and depression in the HUNT Study: In relation to age and gender. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2012;33:777–85.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Kuntsche E, von Fischer M, Gmel G. Personality factors and alcohol use: A mediator analysis of drinking motives. Personal Individ Differ. 2008;45:796–800.CrossRef
56.
Harakeh Z, Scholte RHJ, de Vries H, Engels RCME. Association between personality and adolescent smoking. Addict Behav. 2006;31:232–45.PubMedCrossRef
57.
58.
Roberts BW, DelVecchio WF. The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychol Bull. 2000;126:3–25.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Robins RW, Fraley RC, Roberts BW, Trzesniewski KH. A longitudinal study of personality change in young adulthood. J Pers. 2001;69:617–40.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Specht J, Egloff B, Schmukle SC. Stability and change of personality across the life course: The impact of age and major life events on mean-level and rank-order stability of the Big Five. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011;101:862–82.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Amelang M, Schmidt-Rathjens C. Kohärenzsinn als Prädiktor und Suppressor bei der Unterscheidung von Gesundheit und Krankheit. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie. 2000;8:85–93.CrossRef
62.
Ebert SA, Tucker DC, Roth DL. Psychological resistance factors as predictors of general health status and physical symptom reporting. Psychol Health Med. 2002;7:363–75.CrossRef
63.
Feldt T, Metsäpelto R, Kinnunen U, Pulkkinen L. Sense of coherence and five-factor approach to personality: Conceptual relationships. Eur Psychol. 2007;12:165–72.CrossRef
64.
Schmidt-Rathjens C, Benz D, van Damme D, Feldt K, Amelang M. Über zwiespältige Erfahrungen mit Fragebögen zum Kohärenzsinn sensu Antonovsky. Diagnostica. 1997;43:327–46.
65.
66.
Wray NR, Birley AJ, Sullivan PF, Visscher PM, Martin NG. Genetic and phenotypic stability of measures of neuroticism over 22 years. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2007;10:695–702.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Grevenstein D, Bluemke M. Can the Big Five explain the criterion validity of Sense of Coherence for mental health, life satisfaction, and personal distress? Personal Individ Differ. 2015;77:106–11.CrossRef
68.
Hochwälder J. The contribution of the big five personality factors to sense of coherence. Personal Individ Differ. 2012;53:591–6.CrossRef
69.
Haas BW, Omura K, Constable RT, Canli T. Emotional conflict and neuroticism: Personality-dependent activation in the amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate. Behav Neurosci. 2007;121:249–56.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Norris CJ, Larsen JT, Cacioppo JT. Neuroticism is associated with larger and more prolonged electrodermal responses to emotionally evocative pictures. Psychophysiology. 2007;44:823–6.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Rettew DC, Vink JM, Willemsen G, Doyle A, Hudziak JJ, Boomsma DI. The genetic architecture of neuroticism in 3301 dutch adolescent twins as a function of age and sex: A study from the dutch twin register. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2006;9:24–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Honkinen P, Suominen S, Rautava P, Hakanen J, Kalimo R. The adult sense of coherence scale is applicable to 12-year-old schoolchildren—an additional tool in health promotion. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:952–5.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Feldt T, Leskinen E, Koskenvuo M, Suominen S, Vahtera J, Kivimäki M. Development of sense of coherence in adulthood: A person-centered approach. The population-based HeSSup cohort study. Qual Life Res. 2011;20:69–79.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Feldt T, Lintula H, Suominen S, Koskenvuo M, Vahtera J, Kivimäki M. Structural validity and temporal stability of the 13-item sense of coherence scale: Prospective evidence from the population-based HeSSup study. Qual Life Res. 2007;16:483–93.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Hakanen JJ, Feldt T, Leskinen E. Change and stability of sense of coherence in adulthood: Longitudinal evidence from the Healthy Child study. J Res Pers. 2007;41:602–17.CrossRef
76.
77.
Honkinen P, Aromaa M, Suominen S, Rautava P, Sourander A, Helenius H, et al. Early childhood psychological problems predict a poor sense of coherence in adolescents: A 15-year follow-up study. J Health Psychol. 2009;14:587–600.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Abel T, Kohlmann T, Noack H. Eine deutsche Übersetzung des SOC. Bern: Institut für Sozial- und Präventivmedizin; 1995.
79.
Schumacher J, Gunzelmann T, Brähler E. Deutsche Normierung der Sense of Coherence Scale von Antonovsky. Diagnostica. 2000;46:208–13.CrossRef
80.
Schumacher J, Wilz G, Gunzelmann T, Brähler E. Die Sense of Coherence Scale von Antonovsky—Teststatistische Überprüfung in einer repräsentativen Belvölkerungsstichprobe und Konstruktion einer Kurzskala. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2000;50:472–82.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Fahrenberg J, Hampel R, Selg H. Die revidierte Form des Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventars FPI-R. Diagnostica. 1985;31:1–21.
82.
Fahrenberg J, Hampel R, Selg H. FPI-R. Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar. 8. erweiterte Auflage. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe; 2010.
83.
Amelang M, Borkenau P. Über die faktorielle Struktur und externe Validität einiger Fragebogen-Skalen zur Erfassung von Dimensionen der Extraversion und emotionalen Labilität [The factional structure and external validity of some questionnaire scales for measurement of the dimensions of extraversion and emotional lability]. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie. 1982;3:119–45.
84.
Hinz A, Schumacher J, Albani C, Schmid G, Brähler E. Bevölkerungsrepräsentative Normierung der Skala zur Allgemeinen Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung. Diagnostica. 2006;52:26–32.CrossRef
85.
BZgA. Die Drogenaffinität Jugendlicher in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Köln, Germany: Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung; 2004.
86.
O’Farrell TJ, Fals-Stewart W, Murphy M. Concurrent validity of a brief self-report drug use frequency measure. Addict Behav. 2003;28:327–37.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Derogatis LR, Fitzpatrick M. The SCL-90-R, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the BSI-18. In: Maruish ME, editor. The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Volume 3: Instruments for adults. 3rd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2004. p. 1–41.
88.
Franke A. SCL-90-R - Die Symptom-Checkliste von Derogatis - Deutsche Version. Manual. 2. edn. Göttingen, Germany: Beltz; 2002.
89.
IBM. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM; 2012.
90.
Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus User’s Guide. 7th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén; 1998–2012.
91.
Hoe SL. Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modeling technique. Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods. 2008;3:76–83.
92.
Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 3rd ed. edn. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2011.
93.
Bentler PM, Bonett DG. Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychol Bull. 1980;88:588–606.CrossRef
94.
Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education; 2007.
95.
96.
Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model. 1999;6:1–55.CrossRef
97.
Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS, editors. Testing structural equation models. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage; 1993. p. 136–62.
98.
Chassin L, Hussong A, Beltran I. Adolescent substance use. In: Lerner RM, Steinberg L, editors. Handbook of adolescent psychology, Vol 1: Individual bases of adolescent development. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2009. p. 723–63.
99.
Gardner M, Steinberg L. Peer Influence on Risk Taking, Risk Preference, and Risky Decision Making in Adolescence and Adulthood: An Experimental Study. Dev Psychol. 2005;41:625–35.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Tucker JS, Ellickson PL, Orlando M, Martino SC, Klein DJ. Substance use trajectories from early adolescence to emerging adulthood: A comparison of smoking, binge drinking, and marijuana use. J Drug Issues. 2005;35:307–32.CrossRef
101.
Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SBG. Manual of the Eysenck Personality Scales (EPS Adult): Comprising the EPQ-Revised (EPQ-R), EPQ-R Short Scale, Impulsiveness (IVE) Questionnaire. Kent, United Kingdom: Hodder and Stoughton; 1991.
102.
Rohrmann S, Spinath FM. TBS-TK Rezension: “FPI-R. Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar.”. Psychol Rundsch. 2011;62:268–70.CrossRef
103.
Quon EC, McGrath JJ. Community, family, and subjective socioeconomic status: Relative status and adolescent health. Health Psychol. 2015;34:591–601.PubMedCrossRef
104.
105.
Maddi SR. Hardiness: Turning stressful circumstances into resilient growth. New York, NY: Springer; 2013.CrossRef
106.
Scheier MF, Carver CS. Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cogn Ther Res. 1992;16:201–28.CrossRef
107.
Judge TA, Erez A, Bono JE, Thoresen CJ. Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct? J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;83:693–710.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zimprich D, Allemand M, Hornung R. Measurement invariance of the abridged sense of coherence scale in adolescents. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2006;22:280–7.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Incremental validity of sense of coherence, neuroticism, extraversion, and general self-efficacy: longitudinal prediction of substance use frequency and mental health
Authors
Dennis Grevenstein
Matthias Bluemke
Henrik Kroeninger-Jungaberle
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1477-7525
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0412-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research

Correlation between health-related quality of life in the physical domain and heart rate variability in asymptomatic adults

Research

Validity, reliability and interpretability of the Thai version of the urticaria control test (UCT)

Research

Association of anemia and mineral and bone disorder with health-related quality of life in Asian pre-dialysis patients

Research

Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): secondary analysis of the Mexican Health and Aging Study

Research

Frail older adults with minor fractures show lower health-related quality of life (SF-12) scores up to six months following emergency department discharge

Research

Health-related quality of life in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with implantable defibrillators