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Molecular Cancer
Published in: Molecular Cancer 1/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Research

SPOCK1 as a potential cancer prognostic marker promotes the proliferation and metastasis of gallbladder cancer cells by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway

Authors: Yi-Jun Shu, Hao Weng, Yuan-Yuan Ye, Yun-Ping Hu, Run-Fa Bao, Yang Cao, Xu-An Wang, Fei Zhang, Shan-Shan Xiang, Huai-Feng Li, Xiang-Song Wu, Mao-Lan Li, Lin Jiang, Wei Lu, Bao-San Han, Zhi-Gang Jie, Ying-Bin Liu

Published in: Molecular Cancer | Issue 1/2015

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Abstract

Background

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and its prognosis remains poor, with 5-year survival of approximately 5%. In this study, we analyzed the involvement of a novel proteoglycan, Sparc/osteonectin, cwcv, and kazal-like domains proteoglycan 1 (SPOCK1), in the tumor progression and prognosis of human GBC.

Methods

SPOCK1 expression levels were measured in fresh samples and stored specimens of GBC and adjacent nontumor tissues. The effect of SPOCK1 on cell growth, DNA replication, migration and invasion were explored by Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, EdU retention assay, wound healing, and transwell migration assays, flow cytometric analysis, western blotting, and in vivo tumorigenesis and metastasis in nude mice.

Results

SPOCK1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in human GBC tissues compared with those in nontumor tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that SPOCK1 levels were increased in tumors that became metastatic, compared with those that did not, which was significantly associated with histological differentiation and patients with shorter overall survival periods. Knockdown of SPOCK1 expression by lentivirus-mediated shRNA transduction resulted in significant inhibition of GBC cell growth, colony formation, DNA replication, and invasion in vitro. The knockdown cells also formed smaller xenografted tumors than control GBC cells in nude mice. Overexpression of SPOCK1 had the opposite effects. In addition, SPOCK1 promoted cancer cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating the expression of relevant genes. We found that activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway was involved in the oncogenic functions of SPOCK1 in GBC.

Conclusions

SPOCK1 activates PI3K/Akt signaling to block apoptosis and promote proliferation and metastasis by GBC cells in vitro and in vivo. Levels of SPOCK1 increase with the progression of human GBC. SPOCK1 acts as an oncogene and may be a prognostic factor or therapeutic target for patients with GBC.
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Metadata
Title
SPOCK1 as a potential cancer prognostic marker promotes the proliferation and metastasis of gallbladder cancer cells by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway
Authors
Yi-Jun Shu
Hao Weng
Yuan-Yuan Ye
Yun-Ping Hu
Run-Fa Bao
Yang Cao
Xu-An Wang
Fei Zhang
Shan-Shan Xiang
Huai-Feng Li
Xiang-Song Wu
Mao-Lan Li
Lin Jiang
Wei Lu
Bao-San Han
Zhi-Gang Jie
Ying-Bin Liu
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Molecular Cancer / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1476-4598
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-014-0276-y

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