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International Journal for Equity in Health
Published in: International Journal for Equity in Health 1/2014

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Research

Exploring sex differences in drug use, health and service use characteristics among young urban crack users in Brazil

Authors: Neilane Bertoni, Chantal Burnett, Marcelo Santos Cruz, Tarcisio Andrade, Francisco I Bastos, Erotildes Leal, Benedikt Fischer

Published in: International Journal for Equity in Health | Issue 1/2014

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Abstract

Introduction

Studies have shown important gender differences among drug (including crack) users related to: drug use patterns; health risks and consequences; criminal involvement; and service needs/use. Crack use is prevalent in Brazil; however, few comparative data by sex exist. We examined and compared by sex key drug use, health, socio-economic indicators and service use in a bi-city sample of young (18–24 years), regular and marginalized crack users in Brazil.

Methods

Study participants (total n = 159; n = 124 males and n = 35 females) were recruited by community-based methods from impoverished neighborhoods in Rio de Janeiro and Salvador. Assessments occurred by an anonymous interviewer-administered questionnaire and serum collection for blood-borne virus testing between November 2010 and June 2011. Descriptive statistics and differences for key variables by sex were computed; in addition, a ‘chi-squared automatic interaction detector’ (‘CHAID’) analysis explored potential primary factors differentiating male and female participants.

Results

Most participants were non-white, and had low education and multiple income sources. More women had unstable housing and income from sex work and/or panhandling/begging, whereas more men were employed. Both groups indicated multi-year histories of and frequent daily crack use, but virtually no drug injection histories. Men reported more co-use of other drugs. More women were: involved in sex-for-drug exchanges; Blood-Borne Virus (BBV) tested and HIV+. Both groups reported similar physical and mental health patterns; however women more commonly utilized social or health services. The CHAID analysis identified sex work; paid work; begging/panhandling; as well as physical and mental health status (all at p < 0.05) as primary differentiating factors by sex.

Conclusions

Crack users in our study showed notable differences by sex, including socio-economic indicators, drug co-use patterns, sex risks/work, BBV testing and status, and service utilization. Results emphasize the need for targeted special interventions and services for males and female crack users in Brazil.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Exploring sex differences in drug use, health and service use characteristics among young urban crack users in Brazil
Authors
Neilane Bertoni
Chantal Burnett
Marcelo Santos Cruz
Tarcisio Andrade
Francisco I Bastos
Erotildes Leal
Benedikt Fischer
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
International Journal for Equity in Health / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1475-9276
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0070-x

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International Journal for Equity in Health 1/2014 Go to the issue

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