Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Health Services Research 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Research article

Predictors of mental health help-seeking among Polish people living in the United Kingdom

Authors: Dawid Gondek, James B. Kirkbride

Published in: BMC Health Services Research | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Migration has been shown to be associated with negative mental health outcomes. Moreover, migrants tend to underutilise mental health services. The current study aimed to assess the association between predictors, divided into three groups (predisposing, enabling and need), and two outcome variables: (1) past professional mental health help-seeking during the stay in the United Kingdom; (2) intentions of mental health help-seeking from a mental health professional within the next three months.

Methods

The study utilised a population-based cross-sectional survey with the final sample of 536 participants. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the association between predictors and the outcomes.

Results

We found strong evidence that older age, mental health stigma and living circumstances (predisposing factors), as well as knowledge of the National Health Service, social support, and education (enabling factors) were associated with past and future help-seeking for mental health problems. Finally, mental health status was associated with both past help-seeking and intentions.

Conclusion

Due to large numbers of migrants in the UK it is vital to ensure that these populations receive adequate mental health support. Findings of the present study may inform development of policies and interventions better tailored to specific migrant populations.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference ONS. Census: International Migrants in England and Wales 2011. London: Office for National Statistics; 2011. ONS. Census: International Migrants in England and Wales 2011. London: Office for National Statistics; 2011.
2.
go back to reference Belfast Health and Social Care Trust: ‘Barriers to health- migrant health and wellbeing in Belfast’, Report of a European Commission Funded Project: Healthy and Wealthy Together. 2011. Belfast Health and Social Care Trust: ‘Barriers to health- migrant health and wellbeing in Belfast’, Report of a European Commission Funded Project: Healthy and Wealthy Together. 2011.
3.
go back to reference Lakasing E, Mirza Z. The health of Britain’s polish migrants: a suitable case for history taking and examination. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;59(559):138–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lakasing E, Mirza Z. The health of Britain’s polish migrants: a suitable case for history taking and examination. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;59(559):138–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
go back to reference Garapich M. The unwanted. Social and cultural determinants of homelessness and alcohol abuse among eastern European migrants in London. London: Roehampton University; 2010. Garapich M. The unwanted. Social and cultural determinants of homelessness and alcohol abuse among eastern European migrants in London. London: Roehampton University; 2010.
5.
go back to reference Fazel S, Khosla V, Doll H, Geddes J. The prevalence of mental disorders among the homeless in western countries: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. PLoS Med. 2008;5(12):e225.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fazel S, Khosla V, Doll H, Geddes J. The prevalence of mental disorders among the homeless in western countries: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. PLoS Med. 2008;5(12):e225.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
go back to reference Kouvonen A, Bell J, Donnelly M. We asked for workers, but human beings came. Mental health and well-being of Polish migrants in Northern Ireland. Belfast: NI Assembly KESS; 2014. Kouvonen A, Bell J, Donnelly M. We asked for workers, but human beings came. Mental health and well-being of Polish migrants in Northern Ireland. Belfast: NI Assembly KESS; 2014.
7.
go back to reference Kozlowska O, Sallah D, Galasinski D: Migration, stress and mental health: An exploratory study of post-accession Polish immigrants to the United Kingdom. Final report. In. Wolverhampton, UK: Centre for Health and Social Care Improvement History and Governance Research Institute (University of Wolverhampton); 2008. Kozlowska O, Sallah D, Galasinski D: Migration, stress and mental health: An exploratory study of post-accession Polish immigrants to the United Kingdom. Final report. In. Wolverhampton, UK: Centre for Health and Social Care Improvement History and Governance Research Institute (University of Wolverhampton); 2008.
8.
go back to reference Smolen AL. Migration-related stress and risk of suicidal behaviour among ‘new’ polish immigrants in the United Kingdom. Krakow: Młoda polska emigracja w UE jako przedmiot badań psychologicznych, socjologicznych i kulturowych EuroEmigranciPL; 2013. Smolen AL. Migration-related stress and risk of suicidal behaviour among ‘new’ polish immigrants in the United Kingdom. Krakow: Młoda polska emigracja w UE jako przedmiot badań psychologicznych, socjologicznych i kulturowych EuroEmigranciPL; 2013.
9.
go back to reference Smolen AL. Problemy zdrowotne polskich emigrantów poakcesyjnych. Implikacje dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej. Problemy Zarzadzania. 2013;1(41):227–39.CrossRef Smolen AL. Problemy zdrowotne polskich emigrantów poakcesyjnych. Implikacje dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej. Problemy Zarzadzania. 2013;1(41):227–39.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Weishaar HB. Consequences of international migration: a qualitative study on stress among polish migrant workers in Scotland. Public Health. 2008;22:1250–6.CrossRef Weishaar HB. Consequences of international migration: a qualitative study on stress among polish migrant workers in Scotland. Public Health. 2008;22:1250–6.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Cantor-Graae E, Selten JP. Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Psychiatr. 2005;162(1):12–24.CrossRefPubMed Cantor-Graae E, Selten JP. Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Psychiatr. 2005;162(1):12–24.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Kirkbride JB, Errazuriz A, Croudace TJ, Morgan C, Jackson D, Boydell J, Murray RM, Jones PB. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in England, 1950-2009: a systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e31660.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kirkbride JB, Errazuriz A, Croudace TJ, Morgan C, Jackson D, Boydell J, Murray RM, Jones PB. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in England, 1950-2009: a systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e31660.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
go back to reference Fearon P, Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Lloyd T, Hutchinson G, Tarrant J, Fung WL, Holloway J, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP study. Psychol Med. 2006;36(11):1541–50.CrossRefPubMed Fearon P, Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Lloyd T, Hutchinson G, Tarrant J, Fung WL, Holloway J, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP study. Psychol Med. 2006;36(11):1541–50.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Kirkbride JB, Barker D, Cowden F, Stamps R, Yang M, Jones PB, Coid JW. Psychoses, ethnicity and socio-economic status. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;193(1):18–24.CrossRefPubMed Kirkbride JB, Barker D, Cowden F, Stamps R, Yang M, Jones PB, Coid JW. Psychoses, ethnicity and socio-economic status. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;193(1):18–24.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Lindert J, Schouler-Ocak M, Heinz A, Priebe S. Mental health, health care utilisation of migrants in Europe. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23(Suppl 1):14–20.CrossRefPubMed Lindert J, Schouler-Ocak M, Heinz A, Priebe S. Mental health, health care utilisation of migrants in Europe. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23(Suppl 1):14–20.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Madden H, Harris J, Harrison B, Timpson H. A targeted health needs assessment of the eastern European population in Warrington. Liverpool: Centre for Public Health; 2014. Madden H, Harris J, Harrison B, Timpson H. A targeted health needs assessment of the eastern European population in Warrington. Liverpool: Centre for Public Health; 2014.
17.
go back to reference Andersen R, Newman JF. Societal and individual determinants of medical care utilization in the United States. Milbank Mem Fund Q: Health Soc. 1973;51:95–124.CrossRef Andersen R, Newman JF. Societal and individual determinants of medical care utilization in the United States. Milbank Mem Fund Q: Health Soc. 1973;51:95–124.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Babitsch B, Gohl D, von Lengerke T. Re-revisiting Andersen’s behavioral model of health services use: a systematic review of studies from 1998–2011. GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine. 2012;9(1) Babitsch B, Gohl D, von Lengerke T. Re-revisiting Andersen’s behavioral model of health services use: a systematic review of studies from 1998–2011. GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine. 2012;9(1)
19.
22.
go back to reference Wilson CJ, Deane FP, Ciarrochi J, Rickwood D. Measuring help-seeking intentions: properties of the general help-seeking questionnaire. Can J Couns. 2005;39:15–28. Wilson CJ, Deane FP, Ciarrochi J, Rickwood D. Measuring help-seeking intentions: properties of the general help-seeking questionnaire. Can J Couns. 2005;39:15–28.
23.
go back to reference Derr AS. Mental health service use among immigrants in the United States: a systematic review. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67(3):265–74.CrossRefPubMed Derr AS. Mental health service use among immigrants in the United States: a systematic review. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67(3):265–74.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Goldberg D, Williams P: A user’s guide to the general health questionnaire. Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson; 1988. Goldberg D, Williams P: A user’s guide to the general health questionnaire. Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson; 1988.
25.
go back to reference Frydecka D, Małyszczak K, Chachaj A, Kiejna A. Struktura czynnikowa Kwestionariusza Ogólnego Zdrowia (GHQ-30). [Factorial Structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30)]. Psychiatr Pol. 2010;44(3):341–59.PubMed Frydecka D, Małyszczak K, Chachaj A, Kiejna A. Struktura czynnikowa Kwestionariusza Ogólnego Zdrowia (GHQ-30). [Factorial Structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30)]. Psychiatr Pol. 2010;44(3):341–59.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Werneke U, Goldberg DP, Yalcin I, Ustün BT. The stability of the factor structure of the general health questionnaire. Psychol Med. 2000;30(4):823–9.CrossRefPubMed Werneke U, Goldberg DP, Yalcin I, Ustün BT. The stability of the factor structure of the general health questionnaire. Psychol Med. 2000;30(4):823–9.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Hardy GE, Shapiro DA, Haynes CE, Rick JE. Validation of the general health Questionnaire-12: using a sample of employees from England's health care services. Psychol Assess. 1999;11(2):159–65.CrossRef Hardy GE, Shapiro DA, Haynes CE, Rick JE. Validation of the general health Questionnaire-12: using a sample of employees from England's health care services. Psychol Assess. 1999;11(2):159–65.CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Guthrie E, Black D, Bagalkote H, Shaw C, Campbell M, Creed F. Psychological stress and burnout in medical students: a five-year prospective longitudinal study. J R Soc Med. 1998;91:237–43.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Guthrie E, Black D, Bagalkote H, Shaw C, Campbell M, Creed F. Psychological stress and burnout in medical students: a five-year prospective longitudinal study. J R Soc Med. 1998;91:237–43.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference Moffat K, McConnachie A, Ross S, Morrison J. First year medical student stress and coping in a problem-based learning medical curriculum. Med Educ. 2004;38:482–91.CrossRefPubMed Moffat K, McConnachie A, Ross S, Morrison J. First year medical student stress and coping in a problem-based learning medical curriculum. Med Educ. 2004;38:482–91.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Shaw A, McMunn A, Field J: The Scottish health survey 1998. In. London, UK: National Centre for Social Research and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (University College London);; 2000. Shaw A, McMunn A, Field J: The Scottish health survey 1998. In. London, UK: National Centre for Social Research and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (University College London);; 2000.
31.
go back to reference Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52:30–41.CrossRef Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52:30–41.CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Dahlem NW, Zimet GD, Walker RR. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: a confirmation study. J Clin Psychol. 1991;47(6):756–61.CrossRefPubMed Dahlem NW, Zimet GD, Walker RR. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: a confirmation study. J Clin Psychol. 1991;47(6):756–61.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Kazarian SS, McCabe SB. Dimensions of social support in the MSPSS: factorial structure, reliability, and theoretical implications. J Community Psychol. 1991;19(2):150–60.CrossRef Kazarian SS, McCabe SB. Dimensions of social support in the MSPSS: factorial structure, reliability, and theoretical implications. J Community Psychol. 1991;19(2):150–60.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Adamczyk K. Development and validation of the polish-language version of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS). Int Rev Soc Psychol. 2013;26(4):25–48. Adamczyk K. Development and validation of the polish-language version of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS). Int Rev Soc Psychol. 2013;26(4):25–48.
35.
go back to reference Barry DT. Development of a new scale for measuring acculturation: the east Asian acculturation measure (EAAM). J Immigr Health. 2001;3:193–7.CrossRefPubMed Barry DT. Development of a new scale for measuring acculturation: the east Asian acculturation measure (EAAM). J Immigr Health. 2001;3:193–7.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Vogel DL, Wade NG, Haake S. Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. J Couns Psychol. 2006;53(3):325–37.CrossRef Vogel DL, Wade NG, Haake S. Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. J Couns Psychol. 2006;53(3):325–37.CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Allen E, Seaman CA. Likert scales and data analyses. Qual Prog. 2007;40:64–5. Allen E, Seaman CA. Likert scales and data analyses. Qual Prog. 2007;40:64–5.
38.
go back to reference George D, Mallery P. SPSS for windows step by step: a sample guide & reference. Boston: Allyn & Bacon; 2003. George D, Mallery P. SPSS for windows step by step: a sample guide & reference. Boston: Allyn & Bacon; 2003.
39.
go back to reference Eekhout I, de Veta HCW, Twiska JWR, Brandd JPL, de Boerc MR, Heymansa MW. Missing data in a multi-item instrument were best handled by multiple imputation at the item score level. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(3):335–42.CrossRefPubMed Eekhout I, de Veta HCW, Twiska JWR, Brandd JPL, de Boerc MR, Heymansa MW. Missing data in a multi-item instrument were best handled by multiple imputation at the item score level. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(3):335–42.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference IBM Corp.: IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. In. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.; 2012. IBM Corp.: IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. In. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.; 2012.
41.
go back to reference Graham JW, Olchowski AE, Gilreath TD. How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory. Prev Sci. 2007;8:206–13.CrossRefPubMed Graham JW, Olchowski AE, Gilreath TD. How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory. Prev Sci. 2007;8:206–13.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Rosenfield S, Smith D: Gender and mental health: do men and women have different amounts or types of problems? In: A handbook for the study of mental health Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems. 2nd edn. Edited by Scheid TL, Brown TN. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2012: 256–267. Rosenfield S, Smith D: Gender and mental health: do men and women have different amounts or types of problems? In: A handbook for the study of mental health Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems. 2nd edn. Edited by Scheid TL, Brown TN. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2012: 256–267.
43.
go back to reference Okolski M, Salt J. Polish emigration to the UK after 2004; why did so many come? Central and Eastern European Migration Review; 2014. p. 1–27. Okolski M, Salt J. Polish emigration to the UK after 2004; why did so many come? Central and Eastern European Migration Review; 2014. p. 1–27.
45.
go back to reference Chen AW, Kazanjian A, Wong H. Determinants of mental health consultations among recent Chinese immigrants in British Columbia, Canada: implications for mental health risk and access to services. J Immigr Minor Health. 2008;10(6):529–40.CrossRefPubMed Chen AW, Kazanjian A, Wong H. Determinants of mental health consultations among recent Chinese immigrants in British Columbia, Canada: implications for mental health risk and access to services. J Immigr Minor Health. 2008;10(6):529–40.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference McFarlane L. Getting it right: minority ethnic health and well being (needs assessment in Dumfries and Galloway). In: Health Intelligence Unit, NHS Dumfries & Galloway; 2005. McFarlane L. Getting it right: minority ethnic health and well being (needs assessment in Dumfries and Galloway). In: Health Intelligence Unit, NHS Dumfries & Galloway; 2005.
48.
go back to reference Williams K. Has the future of marriage arrived? A contemporary examination of gender, marriage, and psychological well-being. J Health Soc Behav. 2003;44:470–87.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Williams K. Has the future of marriage arrived? A contemporary examination of gender, marriage, and psychological well-being. J Health Soc Behav. 2003;44:470–87.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
49.
go back to reference Kim HK, McKenry PC. The relationship between marriage and psychological well-being: a longitudinal analysis. J Fam Issues. 2002;23:885–911.CrossRef Kim HK, McKenry PC. The relationship between marriage and psychological well-being: a longitudinal analysis. J Fam Issues. 2002;23:885–911.CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Vogel DL, Wade NG. Stigma and help-seeking. Psychologist. 2009;22:20–3. Vogel DL, Wade NG. Stigma and help-seeking. Psychologist. 2009;22:20–3.
Metadata
Title
Predictors of mental health help-seeking among Polish people living in the United Kingdom
Authors
Dawid Gondek
James B. Kirkbride
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Health Services Research / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6963
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3504-0

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

BMC Health Services Research 1/2018 Go to the issue