Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Research article

Terpene constituents of the aerial parts, phenolic content, antibacterial potential, free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels (Myrtaceae) from Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Authors: Rotimi A. Larayetan, Omobola O. Okoh, Alexander Sadimenko, Anthony I. Okoh

Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Volatile oil from aromatic plants has been used by ancient Egyptians in embalming for the inhibition of bacterial growth and prevention of decay, Callistemon citrinus is used in traditional therapies for the treatment of bronchitis, cough, inflammation and as an antimicrobial herbs. This study examines the essential constituents of the volatile oils obtained from the aerial parts of the plant as well as its antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, phenolic content and the antibacterial potential of the oils.

Methods

A portion of 500 g, 250 g and 150 g of the leaves, flowers and stems of this plant respectively were subjected to hydro-distillation process for three hours. The oils collected from the various plant parts were immediately subjected to GC-MS analysis. The overall phenolic content of the leaves oil, radical scavenging, antibacterial action and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of both the leaves and flowers of Callistemon citrinus were determined using standard methods, with free radical DPPH and ABTS as a reference antioxidant.

Results

Analyses of the three oils revealed a total of twenty-six components for the leaves oil representing 96.84% of the total oil composition, forty-one components for the flowers oil accounting for 98.92% of the whole composition and ten components for the stem oil amounting to 99.98% of the entire oil constituents. The dominant compounds in the leaves oil were eucalyptol (48.98%) and α-terpineol (8.01%), while α-eudesmol (12.93%), caryophyllene (11.89%), (−)-bornyl-acetate (10.02%) and eucalyptol (8.11%) were the main constituents of the flowers oil. In the same vein, the leading constituents in the stems oil were eucalyptol (56.00%) and α-pinene (31.03%). The antioxidant capacities of both the leaves and flowers oils of the plant were evaluated and their IC50 were (1.49 and 1.13) for DPPH and (0.14 and 0.03) for ABTS assay respectively. The antibacterial activities of the oils from the (leaves and flowers) were also examined and were found to have wide range of activities against the bacterial strains used in this study.

Conclusion

Observations drawn from this experiment shows clearly that the leaves and flowers of Callistemon citrinus possess phenolic compounds and cyclic ether of several pharmacological behaviors.
Literature
1.
Yadav RN, Agarwala M. Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants. Journal of phytology. 2011; 3(12).
2.
Khanna RK, Sharma OS, Singh A. Essential oil from the leaves of Callestemon polandii FM bailey. Indian Perfumer. 1990;34(2):123–5.
3.
Gilman EF. Callistemon rigidus1. Inst of Food and Agricultural Sciences: Environmental Horticulture Department; 1999.
4.
Nel JL, Richardson DM, Rouget M, Mgidi TN, Mdzeke N, Le Maitre DC, et al. A proposed classification of invasive alien plant species in South Africa: towards prioritizing species and areas for management action: working for water. S Afr J Sci. 2004;100(1–2):53–64.
5.
Spencer RD, Lumley PF. Callistemon. Flora of new South Wales. 1991:168–73.
6.
Wrigley JW, Fagg M. Bottlebrushes, paperbarks and tea trees: and all other plants in the Leptospermum alliance. Sydney: Angus & Robertson xiii, 352p.-illus., col. illus.. ISBN. 1993; 207168679.
7.
Chopra RN, Nayer SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Inidan Medicinal plants CSIR, New Delhi. J71. 1956; 34.
8.
Wrigley JW, Fagg M. Australian native plants. Concise ed. Chatswood, NWS, Australia: New Holland Publishers; 2007.
9.
Goyal PK, Jain R, Jain S, Sharma A. A Review on biological and phytochemical investigation of plant genus Callistimon. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2012; 1; 2(3):S1906–9.
10.
Shaha A, Salunkhe VR. Development and validation of a high performance thin layer chromatographic method for determination of 1, 8-cineole in Callistemon Citrinus. Pharm res. 2014;6(2):143.
11.
Netala SI, Penmetsa RE, Nakka SN, Polisetty BL. Pharmacognostic study of Callistemon citrinus L. bark. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;7(1):427–30.
12.
Oyedeji OO, Lawal OA, Shode FO, Oyedeji AO. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Callistemon Citrinus and Callistemon viminalis from South Africa. Molecules. 2009;14(6):1990–8.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Sudhakar M, Rao CV, Rao AL, Ramesh A, Srinivas N, Raju DB, et al. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the standardized oil of Indian Callistemon lanceolatus leaves in experimental animals. East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2004;7(1):10–5.
14.
Sadlon AE, Lamson DW. Immune-modifying and antimicrobial effects of Eucalyptus oil and simple inhalation devices. Altern med rev. 2010;15(1):33–43.PubMed
15.
Small BE. The Australian eucalyptus oil industry—an overview. Aust for. 1981;44(3):170–7.CrossRef
16.
Jennings WC. Isolement et caractérisation des composés responsables de la flaveur. Indus Aliment Agr. 1970;
17.
Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004;94(3):223–53.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Hulin V, Mathot AG, Mafart P, Dufosse L. Les proprietés anti-microbiennes des huiles essentielles et composés d'arômes. Sci Aliment. 1998;18(6):563–82.
19.
Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Denkova Z, Stoyanova A, Murgov I, Schmidt E, et al. Antimicrobial testings and gas chromatographic analysis of pure oxygenated monoterpenes 1, 8-cineole, α-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol and camphor as well as target compounds in essential oils of pine (Pinus pinaster), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). Sci Pharm. 2005;73(1):27–38.
20.
Govindappa M, Poojashri MN. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract and active phytochemical screening of Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. J Pharmacogn Phytother. 2011;3(3):43–51.
21.
Okoh SO, Asekun OT, Familoni OB, Afolayan AJ. Composition and antioxidant activities of leaf and root volatile oils of Morinda Lucida. Nat Prod Commun. 2011;10:1537–41.
22.
Nantitanon W, Chowwanapoonpohn S, Okonogi S. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Hyptis suaveolens essential oil. Sci Pharm. 2007;75(1):35–54.CrossRef
23.
Collins CH., Lyne PM., Grange JM. and Falkinham III, JO. Microbiological Methods. 8th Edition. Butterworth and Co. Ltd. 2004; 168–186.
24.
European Pharmacopoeia Commission. European Pharmacopoeia. 5th Ed. Council of Europe: Strasbourg Cedex, France. 2004.
25.
McLafferty FW. Stauffer DB. The Wiley/NBS registry of mass spectral data: Wiley-Interscience; 1989.
26.
Adams, RP. Identification of Essential Oil Components by gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectroscopy. ion trap mass spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation, Illinois, USA. 2001; P.456.
27.
Joulain D, König WA. The atlas of spectral data of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. EB-Verlag; 1998.
28.
Harris B. 1, 8 cineole–a component of choice for respiratory pathologies. International Journal of Clinical Aromatherapy Vol4 (2). 2007:3–8.
29.
Soković M, Glamočlija J, Marin PD, Brkić D, van Griensven LJ. Antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model. Molecules. 2010;15(11):7532–46.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Bae GS, Park KC, Choi SB, Jo IJ, Choi MO, Hong SH, et al. Protective effects of alpha-pinene in mice with cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Life Sci. 2012;91(17):866–71.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Dorman HJ, Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Deans SG. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of essential oils and their components. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 2000;15(1):12–6.CrossRef
32.
Wang W, Wu N, Zu YG, Fu YJ. Antioxidative activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil compared to its main components. Food Chem. 2008;108(3):1019–22.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Wang W, Li N, Luo M, Zu Y, Efferth T. Antibacterial activity and anticancer activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil compared to that of its main components. Molecules. 2012;17(3):2704–13.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Him A, Ozbek H, Turel I, Oner AC. Antinociceptive activity of alpha-pinene and fenchone. Pharmacol Online. 2008;3:363–9.
35.
Asakura K, Kanemasa T, Minagawa K, Kagawa K, Yagami T, Nakajima M, et al. α-Eudesmol, a P/Q-type ca 2+ channel blocker, inhibits neurogenic vasodilation and extravasation following electrical stimulation of trigeminal ganglion. Brain res. 2000;873(1):94–10.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Asakura K, Matsuo Y, Oshima T, Kihara T, Minagawa K, Araki Y, et al. ω-Agatoxin IVA-sensitive ca 2+ channel blocker, α-eudesmol, protects against brain injury after focal ischemia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000;394(1):57–65.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Kumar D, Sukapaka M, Babu GK, Padwad Y. Chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxicity of essential oils from leaves and flowers of Callistemon Citrinus from western himalayas. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0133823.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Zandi-Sohani N, Hojjati M, Carbonell-Barrachina AA. Volatile composition of the essential oil of Callistemon Citrinus leaves from Iran. Journal of Essential oil Bearing Plants. 2012;15(5):703–7.CrossRef
39.
Minar.J; Amineh. K.; Abol Fazi. DT and Fariba. R. Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of hydromethanolic extract from the flowers, leaves and stems of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) skeels. Indian Journal of natural Products and Resources Vol 5 (4), 2014; 308–312.
40.
Chane-Ming J, Vera RR, Fraisse DJ. Chemical composition of essential oil of Callistemon Citrinus (Curtis) Skeel from Reunion. J Essent oil res. 1998;10(4):429–31.CrossRef
41.
Srivastava SK, Ahmad A, Syamsunder KV, Aggarwal KK, Khanuja SP. Essential oil composition of Callistemon viminalis leaves from India. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 2003;18(5):361–3.CrossRef
42.
Riaz M, Chaudhary FM. The chemical composition of Pakistani Callistemon Citrinus oils. J Essent oil res. 1990;2(6):327–8.CrossRef
43.
Ogundajo AL, Oladosu IA, Ogunwande IA, Flamini G, Owolabi MS. Study on the volatile constituents of Solanum nigrum L. var virginicum from Nigeria. Asian J Plant Sci res. 2013;3(1):94–8.
44.
Panizzi L, Flamini G, Coni PL, Morelli I. Composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils of four Mediterranean Laminaceae. J Ethnopharmacol. 1993;39:167–70.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Kumar A, Kaur R, Thind TS, Arora R, Kaur P, Arora S. In vitro Antioxidative potential of extracts from Callistemon lanceolatus sweet. And Eucalyptus Lanceolata Labill. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2015;4(10):316–24.
46.
Tawata S, Taira S, Kobamoto N, Ishihara M, Toyama S. Syntheses and biological activities of dihydro-5, 6-dehydrokawain derivatives. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1996;60(10):1643–5.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Mediani A, Abas F, Khatib A, Tan CP. Cosmos caudatus As a potential source of polyphenolic compounds: optimisation of oven drying conditions and characterisation of its functional properties. Molecules. 2013;18(9):10452–64.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Cock IE. Antimicrobial activity of Callistemon Citrinus and Callistemon salignus methanolic extracts. 2012 Pharmacognosy. Communications. 2012;2(3):50–7.
49.
Okwu DE, Iroabuchi FI. Phytochemical studies and antimicrobial activity screening of aqueous and ethanolic roots extracts of Uvaria chamae bear and Cnestis ferruginea DCJ Chem. Soc Nig. 2001;29(2):112–4.
50.
Okwu DE, Morah FN. Isolation and characterization of flavanone glycoside 4I, 5, 7-trihydroxy flavanone rhamnoglucose from Garcinia kola seed. J Appl Sci. 2007;7:306–9.CrossRef
51.
Doughari JH, Human IS, Bennade S, Ndakidemi PA. Phytochemicals as chemotherapeutic agents and antioxidants: possible solution to the control of antibiotic resistant verocytotoxin producing bacteria. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2009;3(11):839–48.
52.
Edziri H, Ammar S, Soulad L, Mahjoub MA, Mastouri M, Aounim MZ, et al. In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some Tunisians vegetables. S.Afri. Bot. 2012;78:252–6.
53.
Mimica-Dukić N, Božin B, Soković M, Mihajlović B, Matavulj M. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three Mentha species essential oils. Planta med. 2003;69(05):413–9.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Edris AE. Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review. Phytother res. 2007;21(4):308–23.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Miguel G, Simoes M, Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Pedro LG, Carvalho L. Composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Thymus caespititius, Thymus camphoratus and Thymus mastichina. Food Chem. 2004;86(2):183–8.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Terpene constituents of the aerial parts, phenolic content, antibacterial potential, free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels (Myrtaceae) from Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
Authors
Rotimi A. Larayetan
Omobola O. Okoh
Alexander Sadimenko
Anthony I. Okoh
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 2662-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1804-2

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2017 Go to the issue

Research article

Nutritional supplements and herbal medicines for women with polycystic ovary syndrome; a systematic review and meta-analysis

Research article

Tonggyu-tang, a traditional Korean medicine, suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine production through inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB activation in human mast cells and keratinocytes

Research article

Appraisal of phytochemical and in vitro biological attributes of an unexplored folklore: Rhus Punjabensis Stewart

Research article

The Hippo signaling pathway: a potential therapeutic target is reversed by a Chinese patent drug in rats with diabetic retinopathy

Research article

Anti-diabetic potential of Sapium ellipticum (Hochst) Pax leaf extract in Streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats

Research article

Effect of tualang honey against KA-induced oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in the cortex of rats