Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Oral Health
Published in: BMC Oral Health 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research article

The interactive association of smoking and drinking levels with presence of periodontitis in South Korean adults

Authors: Mira Lee, Yoon-Hyeong Choi, Jun Sagong, Sol Yu, Yongbae Kim, Dongjae Lee, Sungroul Kim

Published in: BMC Oral Health | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Periodontitis is a chronic and long-lasting low-grade inflammatory disease. Numerous studies have shown that the severity of periodontitis rose when there was an increase in the amount of smoking or alcohol consumption. However, as periodontitis known as a chronic disease, it is important to consider not only the amount but “duration” with frequency i.e., rates, of smoking or drinking. This study assessed impacts of the amount and duration of smoking and drinking on periodontal health in Korean adults. We also investigated whether or not there is an interactive effect of smoking and drinking on periodontal health.

Methods

Under a cross-sectional study design, we used data from the fourth and fifth the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) sessions (2008–2010). A total of 18,488 subjects (over 19 years) answered both smoking and drinking status and were given the periodontal examination. Periodontal health status was determined by the community periodontal index (CPI) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to the WHO guidelines, if a participant’s CPI was 3 or larger, we classified the person as a case of periodontitis. Participants with a CPI < 3 were assigned to the control group.

Results

Prevalence of periodontitis for self-reported smokers or drinkers in South Korea was 35.0 or 28.0 %, respectively. We observed 1.20 (0.93~1.56) of odds ratio (95 % CI) for prevalence (POR) of periodontitis for those smoked <13 pack-year (PY) and drank ≥6.8 glass-year (GY). And we had POR of 1.91 (1.34~2.73) for those smoked ≥13 PY and drank <6.8 GY, compared to those nonsmoking nondrinkers. The observed POR of 2.41 (95 % CI: 1.94–3.00), for those smoked ≥13 PY and drank ≥6.8 GY, was higher than a multiplicative effect estimated, i.e., 1.20 (0.93~1.56) [those smoked <13 PY and drank ≥6.8 GY] × 1.91 (1.34~2.73) [those smoked ≥13 PY and drank <6.8 GY], or 2.29.

Conclusions

We observed a multiplicative interactive effect of smoking and drinking on periodontal status among Korean adults.
Literature
1.
Li P, He L, Sha YQ, Luan QX. Relationship of metabolic syndrome to chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2009;80:541–9.CrossRefPubMed
2.
3.
Amaral CS, Vettore MV, Leao A. The relationship of alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption with periodontitis: a systematic review. J Dent. 2009;37(9):643–51.CrossRef
4.
Tomar SL, Asma S. Smoking-attributable periodontitis in the United States: findings from NHANES III. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Periodontol. 2000;71(5):743–51.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Han DH, Lim S, Kim JB. The association of smoking and diabetes with periodontitis in a Korean population. J Periodontol. 2012;83(11):1397–406.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Moimaz SA, Zina LG, Saliba O, Garbin CA. Smoking and periodontal disease: clinical evidence for an association. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2009;7(4):369–76.PubMed
7.
Calsina G, Ramon JM, Echeverria JJ. Effects of smoking on periodontal tissues. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29(8):771–6.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Okamoto Y, Tsuboi S, Suzuki S, Nakagaki H, Ogura Y, Maeda K, et al. Effects of smoking and drinking habits on the incidence of periodontal disease and tooth loss among Japanese males: a 4-yr longitudinal study. J Periodontal Res. 2006;41(6):560–6.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Tezal M, Grossi SG, Ho AW, Genco RJ. The effect of alcohol consumption on periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2001;72(2):183–9.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Nishida N, Tanaka M, Hayashi N, Nagata H, Takeshita T, Nakayama K, et al. Association of ALDH(2) genotypes and alcohol consumption with periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2004;83(2):161–5.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Pitiphat W, Merchant AT, Rimm EB, Joshipura KJ. Alcohol consumption increases periodontitis risk. J Dent Res. 2003;82(7):509–13.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Shizukuishi S, Hayashi N, Tamagawa H, Hanioka T, Maruyama S, Takeshita T, et al. Lifestyle and periodontal health status of Japanese factory workers. Ann Periodontol. 1998;3(1):303–11.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Sakki TK, Knuuttila ML, Vimpari SS, Hartikainen MS. Association of lifestyle with periodontal health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1995;23(3):155–8.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Lages EJ, Costa FO, Lages EM, Cota LO, Cortelli SC, Nobre-Franco GC, et al. Risk variables in the association between frequency of alcohol consumption and periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39(2):115–22.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Nishida N, Tanaka M, Hayashi N, Nagata H, Takeshita T, Nakayama K, et al. Determination of smoking and obesity as periodontitis risks using the classification and regression tree method. J Periodontol. 2005;76(6):923–8.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Tezal M, Grossi SG, Ho AW, Genco RJ. Alcohol consumption and periodontal disease. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31(7):484–8.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Mohamed S, Janakiram C. Periodontal status among tobacco users in Karnataka. India Indian J Public Health. 2013;57(2):105–8.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Bhagyajyothi CS, Pushpanjali K. Assessment and comparison of periodontal status among young smokers and nonsmokers of Bangalore, India–a cross sectional study. Community Dent Health. 2011;28(1):89–94.PubMed
19.
20.
Kim S, Jung A. Optimum cutoff value of urinary cotinine distinguishing south Korean adult smokers from nonsmokers using data from the KNHANES (2008–2010). Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2013;15(9):1608–16.CrossRefPubMed
21.
World Health Organization. Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997. p. 6-39.
22.
Kim S, Kim J. The associations between smoking and occupational categories: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 to 2010. Asia Pac J of Public Health. 2012;8:1–13.
23.
Thompson ML, Myers JE, Kriebel D. Prevalence odds ratio or prevalence ratio in the analysis of cross sectional data: what is to be done? Occup Environ Med. 1998;55(4):272–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Gordis L. More on causal inferences: bias, confounding, and interaction. In: Epidemiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000. p. 212–7.
25.
Farley JR, Fitzsimmons R, Taylor AK, Jorch UM, Lau KH. Direct effects of ethanol on bone resorption and formation in vitro. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1985;238(1):305–14.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Christen AG. Dentistry and the alcoholic patient. Dent Clin North Am. 1983;27(2):341–61.PubMed
27.
Lewis JM, Morgan MV, Wright FA. The validity of the CPITN scoring and presentation method for measuring periodontal conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 1994;21(1):1–6.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
The interactive association of smoking and drinking levels with presence of periodontitis in South Korean adults
Authors
Mira Lee
Yoon-Hyeong Choi
Jun Sagong
Sol Yu
Yongbae Kim
Dongjae Lee
Sungroul Kim
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Oral Health / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6831
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-016-0268-y

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

BMC Oral Health 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research article

Comparison of occlusal caries detection using the ICDAS criteria on extracted teeth or their photographs

Research article

Comparison of marginal fit of cemented zirconia copings manufactured after digital impression with lava™ C.O.S and conventional impression technique

Research article

Disk displacement, eccentric condylar position, osteoarthrosis – misnomers for variations of normality? Results and interpretations from an MRI study in two age cohorts

Research article

Magnitude of dental caries, missing and filled teeth in Malawi: National Oral Health Survey

Research article

Oral health and coronary heart disease

Research article

The effect of tooth brushing, irrigation, and topical tetracycline administration on the reduction of oral bacteria in mechanically ventilated patients: a preliminary study