Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Urology 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Research article

The effect of mirabegron, used for overactive bladder treatment, on female sexual function: a prospective controlled study

Authors: A. Zachariou, C. Mamoulakis, M. Filiponi, F. Dimitriadis, J. Giannakis, S. Skouros, P. Tsounapi, A. Takenaka, N. Sofikitis

Published in: BMC Urology | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Αim of the study was to determine the effect of mirabegron, used for overactive bladder (OAB) treatment, on female sexual function.

Methods

Eighty five sexually active women suffering from overactive bladder were prospectively enrolled in this study. Females were divided into two groups. In Group A (control), 48 patients received no treatment and in Group B, 37 patients received mirabegron 50 mg/daily for 3 months. Patients were evaluated with FSFI-Gr at the beginning of the study and again after a period of 3 months.

Results

In Group B, there was a significant increase post-treatment compared to baseline (p < 0.001) in total FSFI (20.3 (3.8) to 26.6 (4.2)) and all domains (desire: 3.0 (1.2) to 4.8 (1.2)), arousal: 3.0 (0.8) to 4.8 (0.9), lubrication: 3.9 (1.1) to 4.8 (1.2), orgasm: 3.6 (0.8) to 4.8 (1.0), satisfaction: 3.2 (0.4) to 4.0 (0.8) and pain: 3.2 (0.8) to 4.4 (1.2)). In Group A, there were no statistically significant changes in pre- and post-observation values.

Conclusions

This study is one of the few demonstrating that management of OAB with mirabegron improves female sexual function.

Trial registration

TRN ISRCTN17199301, 20/10/2017, retrospectively registered.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, Van Kerrebroeck P, Victor A, Wein A, Standardisation sSub-Committee of the International Continence S. The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Urology. 2003;61(1):37–49.CrossRefPubMed Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, Van Kerrebroeck P, Victor A, Wein A, Standardisation sSub-Committee of the International Continence S. The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Urology. 2003;61(1):37–49.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Stewart WF, Van Rooyen JB, Cundiff GW, Abrams P, Herzog AR, Corey R, Hunt TL, Wein AJ. Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World J Urol. 2003;20(6):327–36.PubMed Stewart WF, Van Rooyen JB, Cundiff GW, Abrams P, Herzog AR, Corey R, Hunt TL, Wein AJ. Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World J Urol. 2003;20(6):327–36.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Coyne KS, Sexton CC, Thompson CL, Milsom I, Irwin D, Kopp ZS, Chapple CR, Kaplan S, Tubaro A, Aiyer LP, et al. The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the USA, the UK and Sweden: results from the epidemiology of LUTS (EpiLUTS) study. BJU Int. 2009;104(3):352–60.CrossRefPubMed Coyne KS, Sexton CC, Thompson CL, Milsom I, Irwin D, Kopp ZS, Chapple CR, Kaplan S, Tubaro A, Aiyer LP, et al. The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the USA, the UK and Sweden: results from the epidemiology of LUTS (EpiLUTS) study. BJU Int. 2009;104(3):352–60.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Coyne KS, Sexton CC, Irwin DE, Kopp ZS, Kelleher CJ, Milsom I. The impact of overactive bladder, incontinence and other lower urinary tract symptoms on quality of life, work productivity, sexuality and emotional well-being in men and women: results from the EPIC study. BJU Int. 2008;101(11):1388–95.CrossRefPubMed Coyne KS, Sexton CC, Irwin DE, Kopp ZS, Kelleher CJ, Milsom I. The impact of overactive bladder, incontinence and other lower urinary tract symptoms on quality of life, work productivity, sexuality and emotional well-being in men and women: results from the EPIC study. BJU Int. 2008;101(11):1388–95.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Cohen BL, Barboglio P, Gousse A. The impact of lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary incontinence on female sexual dysfunction using a validated instrument. J Sex Med. 2008;5(6):1418–23.CrossRefPubMed Cohen BL, Barboglio P, Gousse A. The impact of lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary incontinence on female sexual dysfunction using a validated instrument. J Sex Med. 2008;5(6):1418–23.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Patel AS, O’Leary ML, Stein RJ, Leng WW, Chancellor MB, Patel SG, Borello-France D. The relationship between overactive bladder and sexual activity in women. Int Braz J Urol. 2006;32(1):77–87.CrossRefPubMed Patel AS, O’Leary ML, Stein RJ, Leng WW, Chancellor MB, Patel SG, Borello-France D. The relationship between overactive bladder and sexual activity in women. Int Braz J Urol. 2006;32(1):77–87.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Hajebrahimi S, Azaripour A, Sadeghi-Bazargani H. Tolterodine immediate release improves sexual function in women with overactive bladder. J Sex Med. 2008;5(12):2880–5.CrossRefPubMed Hajebrahimi S, Azaripour A, Sadeghi-Bazargani H. Tolterodine immediate release improves sexual function in women with overactive bladder. J Sex Med. 2008;5(12):2880–5.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Kim YH, Seo JT, Yoon H. The effect of overactive bladder syndrome on the sexual quality of life in Korean young and middle aged women. Int J Impot Res. 2005;17(2):158–63.CrossRefPubMed Kim YH, Seo JT, Yoon H. The effect of overactive bladder syndrome on the sexual quality of life in Korean young and middle aged women. Int J Impot Res. 2005;17(2):158–63.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Zahariou A, Karamouti M, Tyligada E, Papaioannou P. Sexual function in women with overactive bladder. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2010;16(1):31–6.CrossRefPubMed Zahariou A, Karamouti M, Tyligada E, Papaioannou P. Sexual function in women with overactive bladder. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2010;16(1):31–6.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors. JAMA. 1999;281(6):537–44.CrossRefPubMed Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors. JAMA. 1999;281(6):537–44.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Hayes RD, Dennerstein L, Bennett CM, Fairley CK. What is the “true” prevalence of female sexual dysfunctions and does the way we assess these conditions have an impact? J Sex Med. 2008;5(4):777–87.CrossRefPubMed Hayes RD, Dennerstein L, Bennett CM, Fairley CK. What is the “true” prevalence of female sexual dysfunctions and does the way we assess these conditions have an impact? J Sex Med. 2008;5(4):777–87.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J, Leiblum S, Meston C, Shabsigh R, Ferguson D, D’Agostino R Jr. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. J Sex Marital Ther. 2000;26(2):191–208.CrossRefPubMed Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J, Leiblum S, Meston C, Shabsigh R, Ferguson D, D’Agostino R Jr. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. J Sex Marital Ther. 2000;26(2):191–208.CrossRefPubMed
13.
14.
go back to reference Nitti VW, Auerbach S, Martin N, Calhoun A, Lee M, Herschorn S. Results of a randomized phase III trial of mirabegron in patients with overactive bladder. J Urol. 2013;189(4):1388–95.CrossRefPubMed Nitti VW, Auerbach S, Martin N, Calhoun A, Lee M, Herschorn S. Results of a randomized phase III trial of mirabegron in patients with overactive bladder. J Urol. 2013;189(4):1388–95.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Khullar V, Amarenco G, Angulo JC, Cambronero J, Hoye K, Milsom I, Radziszewski P, Rechberger T, Boerrigter P, Drogendijk T, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron, a beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, in patients with overactive bladder: results from a randomised European-Australian phase 3 trial. Eur Urol. 2013;63(2):283–95.CrossRefPubMed Khullar V, Amarenco G, Angulo JC, Cambronero J, Hoye K, Milsom I, Radziszewski P, Rechberger T, Boerrigter P, Drogendijk T, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron, a beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, in patients with overactive bladder: results from a randomised European-Australian phase 3 trial. Eur Urol. 2013;63(2):283–95.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Herschorn S, Barkin J, Castro-Diaz D, Frankel JM, Espuna-Pons M, Gousse AE, Stolzel M, Martin N, Gunther A, Van Kerrebroeck P. A phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study to assess the efficacy and safety of the beta(3) adrenoceptor agonist, mirabegron, in patients with symptoms of overactive bladder. Urology. 2013;82(2):313–20.CrossRefPubMed Herschorn S, Barkin J, Castro-Diaz D, Frankel JM, Espuna-Pons M, Gousse AE, Stolzel M, Martin N, Gunther A, Van Kerrebroeck P. A phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study to assess the efficacy and safety of the beta(3) adrenoceptor agonist, mirabegron, in patients with symptoms of overactive bladder. Urology. 2013;82(2):313–20.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Yamaguchi O, Marui E, Kakizaki H, Homma Y, Igawa Y, Takeda M, Nishizawa O, Gotoh M, Yoshida M, Yokoyama O, et al. Phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the beta3-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron, 50 mg once daily, in Japanese patients with overactive bladder. BJU Int. 2014;113(6):951–60.CrossRefPubMed Yamaguchi O, Marui E, Kakizaki H, Homma Y, Igawa Y, Takeda M, Nishizawa O, Gotoh M, Yoshida M, Yokoyama O, et al. Phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the beta3-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron, 50 mg once daily, in Japanese patients with overactive bladder. BJU Int. 2014;113(6):951–60.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Nitti VW, Khullar V, van Kerrebroeck P, Herschorn S, Cambronero J, Angulo JC, Blauwet MB, Dorrepaal C, Siddiqui E, Martin NE. Mirabegron for the treatment of overactive bladder: a prespecified pooled efficacy analysis and pooled safety analysis of three randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III studies. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67(7):619–32.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nitti VW, Khullar V, van Kerrebroeck P, Herschorn S, Cambronero J, Angulo JC, Blauwet MB, Dorrepaal C, Siddiqui E, Martin NE. Mirabegron for the treatment of overactive bladder: a prespecified pooled efficacy analysis and pooled safety analysis of three randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III studies. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67(7):619–32.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference Chapple CR, Kaplan SA, Mitcheson D, Klecka J, Cummings J, Drogendijk T, Dorrepaal C, Martin N. Randomized double-blind, active-controlled phase 3 study to assess 12-month safety and efficacy of mirabegron, a beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, in overactive bladder. Eur Urol. 2013;63(2):296–305.CrossRefPubMed Chapple CR, Kaplan SA, Mitcheson D, Klecka J, Cummings J, Drogendijk T, Dorrepaal C, Martin N. Randomized double-blind, active-controlled phase 3 study to assess 12-month safety and efficacy of mirabegron, a beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, in overactive bladder. Eur Urol. 2013;63(2):296–305.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Zahariou AG, Karamouti MV, Papaioannou PD. Pelvic floor muscle training improves sexual function of women with stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19(3):401–6.CrossRefPubMed Zahariou AG, Karamouti MV, Papaioannou PD. Pelvic floor muscle training improves sexual function of women with stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19(3):401–6.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Hatzichristou D, Kirana PS, Banner L, Althof SE, Lonnee-Hoffmann RA, Dennerstein L, Rosen RC. Diagnosing sexual dysfunction in men and women: sexual history taking and the role of symptom scales and questionnaires. J Sex Med. 2016;13(8):1166–82.CrossRefPubMed Hatzichristou D, Kirana PS, Banner L, Althof SE, Lonnee-Hoffmann RA, Dennerstein L, Rosen RC. Diagnosing sexual dysfunction in men and women: sexual history taking and the role of symptom scales and questionnaires. J Sex Med. 2016;13(8):1166–82.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Zachariou A, Filiponi M, Kirana PS. Translation and validation of the Greek version of the female sexual function index questionnaire. Int J Impot Res. 2017;29(4):171–4.CrossRefPubMed Zachariou A, Filiponi M, Kirana PS. Translation and validation of the Greek version of the female sexual function index questionnaire. Int J Impot Res. 2017;29(4):171–4.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Wiegel M, Meston C, Rosen R. The female sexual function index (FSFI): cross-validation and development of clinical cutoff scores. J Sex Marital Ther. 2005;31(1):1–20.CrossRefPubMed Wiegel M, Meston C, Rosen R. The female sexual function index (FSFI): cross-validation and development of clinical cutoff scores. J Sex Marital Ther. 2005;31(1):1–20.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Chedraui P, Perez-Lopez FR, San Miguel G, Avila C. Assessment of sexuality among middle-aged women using the Female Sexual Function Index. Climacteric. 2009;12(3):213–21.CrossRefPubMed Chedraui P, Perez-Lopez FR, San Miguel G, Avila C. Assessment of sexuality among middle-aged women using the Female Sexual Function Index. Climacteric. 2009;12(3):213–21.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Rogers R, Bachmann G, Jumadilova Z, Sun F, Morrow JD, Guan Z, Bavendam T. Efficacy of tolterodine on overactive bladder symptoms and sexual and emotional quality of life in sexually active women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19(11):1551–7.CrossRefPubMed Rogers R, Bachmann G, Jumadilova Z, Sun F, Morrow JD, Guan Z, Bavendam T. Efficacy of tolterodine on overactive bladder symptoms and sexual and emotional quality of life in sexually active women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19(11):1551–7.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Rogers RG, Omotosho T, Bachmann G, Sun F, Morrow JD. Continued symptom improvement in sexually active women with overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence treated with tolterodine ER for 6 months. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2009;20(4):381–5.CrossRefPubMed Rogers RG, Omotosho T, Bachmann G, Sun F, Morrow JD. Continued symptom improvement in sexually active women with overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence treated with tolterodine ER for 6 months. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2009;20(4):381–5.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Sand PK, Goldberg RP, Dmochowski RR, McIlwain M, Dahl NV. The impact of the overactive bladder syndrome on sexual function: a preliminary report from the Multicenter Assessment of Transdermal Therapy in Overactive Bladder with Oxybutynin trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(6):1730–5.CrossRefPubMed Sand PK, Goldberg RP, Dmochowski RR, McIlwain M, Dahl NV. The impact of the overactive bladder syndrome on sexual function: a preliminary report from the Multicenter Assessment of Transdermal Therapy in Overactive Bladder with Oxybutynin trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(6):1730–5.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Young O, Hyo K, Won H, Jin B, Changhee Y, Goo L, Seon C. Clinical efficacy of solifenacin on female sexual dysfunction in patients with overactive bladder (SOS trial; Solifenacin on Overactive bladder and Sexual dysfunction). J Urol. 2013;189:e618–9. Young O, Hyo K, Won H, Jin B, Changhee Y, Goo L, Seon C. Clinical efficacy of solifenacin on female sexual dysfunction in patients with overactive bladder (SOS trial; Solifenacin on Overactive bladder and Sexual dysfunction). J Urol. 2013;189:e618–9.
29.
go back to reference Jha S. Impact of treatment of overactive bladder with anticholinergics on sexual function. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293(2):403–6.CrossRefPubMed Jha S. Impact of treatment of overactive bladder with anticholinergics on sexual function. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293(2):403–6.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Coyne KS, Margolis MK, Jumadilova Z, Bavendam T, Mueller E, Rogers R. Overactive bladder and women’s sexual health: what is the impact? J Sex Med. 2007;4(3):656–66.CrossRefPubMed Coyne KS, Margolis MK, Jumadilova Z, Bavendam T, Mueller E, Rogers R. Overactive bladder and women’s sexual health: what is the impact? J Sex Med. 2007;4(3):656–66.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Strosberg AD. Structure and function of the beta 3-adrenergic receptor. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1997;37:421–50.CrossRefPubMed Strosberg AD. Structure and function of the beta 3-adrenergic receptor. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1997;37:421–50.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Guimaraes S, Moura D. Vascular adrenoceptors: an update. Pharmacol Rev. 2001;53(2):319–56.PubMed Guimaraes S, Moura D. Vascular adrenoceptors: an update. Pharmacol Rev. 2001;53(2):319–56.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Trochu JN, Leblais V, Rautureau Y, Beverelli F, Le Marec H, Berdeaux A, Gauthier C. Beta 3-adrenoceptor stimulation induces vasorelaxation mediated essentially by endothelium-derived nitric oxide in rat thoracic aorta. Br J Pharmacol. 1999;128(1):69–76.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Trochu JN, Leblais V, Rautureau Y, Beverelli F, Le Marec H, Berdeaux A, Gauthier C. Beta 3-adrenoceptor stimulation induces vasorelaxation mediated essentially by endothelium-derived nitric oxide in rat thoracic aorta. Br J Pharmacol. 1999;128(1):69–76.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
go back to reference Gur S, Peak T, Yafi FA, Kadowitz PJ, Sikka SC, Hellstrom WJ. Mirabegron causes relaxation of human and rat corpus cavernosum: could it be a potential therapy for erectile dysfunction? BJU Int. 2016;118(3):464–74.CrossRefPubMed Gur S, Peak T, Yafi FA, Kadowitz PJ, Sikka SC, Hellstrom WJ. Mirabegron causes relaxation of human and rat corpus cavernosum: could it be a potential therapy for erectile dysfunction? BJU Int. 2016;118(3):464–74.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Cirino G, Sorrentino R, di Villa Bianca R, Popolo A, Palmieri A, Imbimbo C, Fusco F, Longo N, Tajana G, Ignarro LJ, et al. Involvement of beta 3-adrenergic receptor activation via cyclic GMP- but not NO-dependent mechanisms in human corpus cavernosum function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(9):5531–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cirino G, Sorrentino R, di Villa Bianca R, Popolo A, Palmieri A, Imbimbo C, Fusco F, Longo N, Tajana G, Ignarro LJ, et al. Involvement of beta 3-adrenergic receptor activation via cyclic GMP- but not NO-dependent mechanisms in human corpus cavernosum function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(9):5531–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
go back to reference Chang S, Hypolite JA, Changolkar A, Wein AJ, Chacko S, DiSanto ME. Increased contractility of diabetic rabbit corpora smooth muscle in response to endothelin is mediated via Rho-kinase beta. Int J Impot Res. 2003;15(1):53–62.CrossRefPubMed Chang S, Hypolite JA, Changolkar A, Wein AJ, Chacko S, DiSanto ME. Increased contractility of diabetic rabbit corpora smooth muscle in response to endothelin is mediated via Rho-kinase beta. Int J Impot Res. 2003;15(1):53–62.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Wang H, Eto M, Steers WD, Somlyo AP, Somlyo AV. RhoA-mediated Ca2+ sensitization in erectile function. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(34):30614–21.CrossRefPubMed Wang H, Eto M, Steers WD, Somlyo AP, Somlyo AV. RhoA-mediated Ca2+ sensitization in erectile function. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(34):30614–21.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Sawada N, Itoh H, Yamashita J, Doi K, Inoue M, Masatsugu K, Fukunaga Y, Sakaguchi S, Sone M, Yamahara K, et al. cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates and inactivates RhoA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280(3):798–805.CrossRefPubMed Sawada N, Itoh H, Yamashita J, Doi K, Inoue M, Masatsugu K, Fukunaga Y, Sakaguchi S, Sone M, Yamahara K, et al. cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates and inactivates RhoA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280(3):798–805.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Sauzeau V, Le Jeune H, Cario-Toumaniantz C, Smolenski A, Lohmann SM, Bertoglio J, Chardin P, Pacaud P, Loirand G. Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase signaling pathway inhibits RhoA-induced Ca2+ sensitization of contraction in vascular smooth muscle. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(28):21722–9.CrossRefPubMed Sauzeau V, Le Jeune H, Cario-Toumaniantz C, Smolenski A, Lohmann SM, Bertoglio J, Chardin P, Pacaud P, Loirand G. Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase signaling pathway inhibits RhoA-induced Ca2+ sensitization of contraction in vascular smooth muscle. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(28):21722–9.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Allahdadi KJ, Hannan JL, Tostes RC, Webb RC. Endothelin-1 induces contraction of female rat internal pudendal and clitoral arteries through ET(A) receptor and rho-kinase activation. J Sex Med. 2010;7(6):2096–103.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Allahdadi KJ, Hannan JL, Tostes RC, Webb RC. Endothelin-1 induces contraction of female rat internal pudendal and clitoral arteries through ET(A) receptor and rho-kinase activation. J Sex Med. 2010;7(6):2096–103.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
The effect of mirabegron, used for overactive bladder treatment, on female sexual function: a prospective controlled study
Authors
A. Zachariou
C. Mamoulakis
M. Filiponi
F. Dimitriadis
J. Giannakis
S. Skouros
P. Tsounapi
A. Takenaka
N. Sofikitis
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Urology / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2490
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-018-0377-9

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

BMC Urology 1/2018 Go to the issue