Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research article

Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in prison settings of North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia

Authors: Teklay Gebrecherkos, Baye Gelaw, Belay Tessema

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

In correctional settings tuberculosis is a public health concern. The incarcerated population is at greater risk for tuberculosis (TB) than the general population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and associated risk factors in prison settings.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among prisoners of North Gondar zone where all inmates with a history of cough for ≥ 2 weeks were included. Socio-demographic characteristics and potential risk factors were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Spot-morning-spot sputum samples were collected, smears were prepared and stained with Auramine O stain and examined through light emitting diode- fluorescence microscope. All samples positive for acid-fast bacilli were further examined by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and a P-value < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. The multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between risk factors and prison tuberculosis.

Results

A total of 282 prison inmates suspected of PTB were enrolled in the study. The overall prevalence of smear positive PTB infection was 5.3 % (15/282), but none of the smear positive TB cases were resistant to rifampicin. The prevalence of HIV infection among TB suspected prisoners and smear positive PTB cases was 6 and 27 %, respectively. Moreover, smear positive PTB disease was significantly associated with smoking status, malnutrition, number of prison inmates per cell, poor cell ventilation, and a history of contact with TB patients.

Conclusion

The prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis among north Gondar prison inmates was still high although lower than previous reports. There was a high prevalence of HIV among smear positive PTB cases. Reducing the burden of prison inmates in a particular cell, preventing malnutrition, establishing ventilation system can possibly minimize the transmission of tuberculosis among prisoners.
Literature
1.
Tiemersma EW, van der Werf MJ, Borgdorff MW, Williams BG, Nagelkerke NJ: Natural history of tuberculosis: duration and fatality of untreated pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV negative patients: A systematic review. PloS one. 2011;6(4):e17601. doi: 10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0017601.
2.
Harries AD, Maher D, Graham S. TB/HIV: a clinical manual: World Health Organization. 2004.
3.
Telisinghe L, Fielding KL, Malden JL, Hanifa Y, Churchyard GJ, Grant AD, et al: High tuberculosis prevalence in a South African prison: the need for routine tuberculosis screening. PloS one. 2014;9(1):e87262. doi: 10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0087262.
4.
Jugheli L, Rigouts L, Shamputa I, Bram de Rijk W, Portaels F. High levels of resistance to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs among prisoners with pulmonary tuberculosis in Georgia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008;12(5):561–6.PubMed
5.
Banda H, Gausi F, Harries A, Salaniponi F. Prevalence of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis among prisoners in Malawi: a national survey [Short communication]. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13(12):1557–9.PubMed
6.
Balabanova Y, Nikolayevskyy V, Ignatyeva O, Kontsevaya I, Rutterford CM, Shakhmistova A, et al. Survival of civilian and prisoner drug-sensitive, multi-and extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis cohorts prospectively followed in Russia. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20531.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
O’Grady J, Hoelscher M, Atun R, Bates M, Mwaba P, Kapata N, et al. Tuberculosis in prisons in sub-Saharan Africa–the need for improved health services, surveillance and control. Tuberculosis. 2011;91(2):173–8.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Abubakar I, Zignol M, Falzon D, Raviglione M, Ditiu L, Masham S, et al. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: time for visionary political leadership. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(6):529–39.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Skrahina A, Hurevich H, Zalutskaya A, Sahalchyk E, Astrauko A, Hoffner S, et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Belarus: the size of the problem and associated risk factors. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(1):36–45.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Toungoussova OS, Mariandyshev A, Bjune G, Sandven P, Caugant DA. Molecular epidemiology and drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in the Archangel prison in Russia: predominance of the W-Beijing clone family. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(5):665–72.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Hussain H, Akhtar S, Nanan D. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with Mycobacteriumtuberculosis infection in prisoners, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. International Journal of Epidemiology .2003;32(5):794-99. doi: 10.​1093/​ije/​dyg247.
12.
Manzoor S, Tahir Z, Anjum A. Prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis among jail inmates inlahore – pakistan. Journal of Biomedical science. 2009;25:36–41.
13.
Maggard KR, Hatwiinda S, Harris JB, Phiri W, Krüüner A, Kaunda K, et al. Screening for tuberculosis and testing for human immunodeficiency virus in Zambian prisons. Bull World Health Organ. 2015;93(2):93–101.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Nyangulu D, Harries A, Kang’Ombe C, Yadidi A, Chokani K, Cullinan T, et al. Tuberculosis in a prison population in Malawi. Lancet. 1997;350(9087):1284–7.CrossRefPubMed
15.
German Henostroza, Stephanie M. Topp, Sisa Hatwiinda, Katie R. Maggard, Winifreda Phiri, Jennifer B. Harris, et al. The High Burden of Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in a Large Zambian Prison: A Public Health Alert. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e67338. doi: 10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0067338.
16.
Rasolofo-Razanamparany V, Ménard D, Ratsitorahina M, Aurégan G, Gicquel B, Chanteau S. Transmission of tuberculosis in the prison of Antananarivo (Madagascar). Res Microbiol. 2000;151(9):785–95.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Rapid assessment of tuberculosis in a large prison system--Botswana, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52(12):250–2.
18.
Abebe D, Bjune G, Ameni G, Biffa D, Abebe F. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and associated risk factors in Eastern Ethiopian prisons. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15(5):668–73.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Aerts A, Hauer B, Wanlin M, Veen J. Tuberculosis and tuberculosis control in European prisons. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10(11):1215–23.PubMed
20.
Ruddy M, Balabanova Y, Graham C, Fedorin I, Malomanova N, Elisarova E, et al. Rates of drug resistance and risk factor analysis in civilian and prison patients with tuberculosis in Samara Region, Russia. Thorax. 2005;60(2):130–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Ministry of Health, Ethiopia. Guide lines for clinical and programmatic management of TB, Leprosy and TB/HIV in Ethiopia. 5th ed. Addis Ababa: MOH; 2012.
22.
World Health Organization: Physical status: The use of and interpretation of anthropometry. Expert Committee Report. Geneva: WHO Technical Report.1995:854. 1-460.
23.
Butler T, Levy M. Mantoux positivity among prison inmates--New South Wales, 1996. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1999;23(2):185.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Jittimanee S, Ngamtrairai N, White M, Jittimanee S. A prevalence survey for smear-positive tuberculosis in Thailand prisons. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11(5):556–61.PubMed
25.
Amhara National Regional State Health Bureau. Bulletin of the fifth National TB Research Conference. Jimma Town, Ethiopia. 2009; Oct. 21-23.
26.
Zerdo Z, Medhin G, Worku A, Ameni G. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and associated risk factors in Prisons of Gamo Goffa Zone, South Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Am J Health Res. 2014;2(5):291–7.CrossRef
27.
Moges B, Amare B, Asfaw F, Tesfaye W, Tiruneh M, Belyhun Y, et al. Prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis among prisoners in North Gondar Zone Prison, northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):352.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Ulmasova D, Uzakova G, Tillyashayhov M, Turaev L, van Gemert W, Hoffmann H: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Uzbekistan: Results of a nationwide survey, 2010 - 2011. 2013; 18:42.
29.
Banu S, Hossain A, Uddin MKM, Uddin MR, Ahmed T, Khatun R, et al: Pulmonary tuberculosis and drug resistance in Dhaka central jail, the largest prison in Bangladesh. PloS one. 2010;5(5):e10759. doi: 10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0010759.
30.
Maurya V, Vijayan V, Shah A. Smoking and tuberculosis: an association overlooked. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6(11):942–51.PubMed
31.
Yu G-p, Hsieht C-c, Peng J. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among sanitary workers in Shanghai. Tubercle. 1988;69(2):105–12.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zachariah R, Spielmann M, Harries A, Salaniponi F. Moderate to severe malnutrition in patients with tuberculosis is a risk factor associated with early death. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96(3):291–4.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Ferreira-e-Silva WT, Galvão BA, Ferraz-Pereira KN, De-Castro CB, Manhães-de-Castro R. Perinatal malnutrition programs sustained alterations in nitric oxide released by activated macrophages in response to fluoxetine in adult rats. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2009;16(4):219–27.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Bhaskaram P. Nitrite production by lymphokine activated peripheral blood monocytes in malnourished patients with tuberculosis. J Nutritional Immunol. 1995;3(3):71–81.
35.
Mohammed A, Luelseged T, Sahlemariam G, Emebet G, Meskele L, Ersido L, Luis E. HIV and tuberculosis coinfection in the Southern Region of Ethiopia: a prospective epidemiological study. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(9):670–3.CrossRef
36.
Rutta E, Mutasingwa D, Ngallaba S, Mwansasu A. Tuberculosis in a prison population in Mwanza, Tanzania (1994 – 1997). Int J Tuberculosis Lung Dis. 2001;5(8):703–6.
37.
Martin V, Cayla J, Bolea A, Castilla J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in intravenous drug users on admission to prison. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4(1):41–6.PubMed
38.
World Health Organization. WHO policy on collaborative TB/HIV activities. Guidelines for national programs and other stakeholders. WHO, Geneva, Swetzerland 2012. WHO/HTM/TB/2012. whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241503006.
39.
Habeenzu C, Mitarai S, Lubasi D, Mudenda V, Kantenga T, Mwansa J, et al. Tuberculosis and multidrug resistance in Zambian prisons, 2000-2001. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11(11):1216–20.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in prison settings of North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors
Teklay Gebrecherkos
Baye Gelaw
Belay Tessema
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3761-y

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

BMC Public Health 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research article

Health literacy and the determinants of obesity: a population-based survey of sixth grade school children in Taiwan

Research article

Absolute cardiovascular risk in a Fiji medical zone

Study protocol

Klokwerk + study protocol: An observational study to the effects of night–shift work on body weight and infection susceptibility and the mechanisms underlying these health effects

Research article

Associations between health literacy and preventive health behaviors among older adults: findings from the health and retirement study

Study protocol

Early identification in primary health care of people at risk for sick leave due to work-related stress – study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)

Research article

Evaluating the implementation process of a participatory organizational level occupational health intervention in schools