Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Study protocol

Protocol for the atWork trial: a randomised controlled trial of a workplace intervention targeting subjective health complaints

Authors: Tone Langjordet Johnsen, Aage Indahl, Valborg Baste, Hege Randi Eriksen, Torill Helene Tveito

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Subjective health complaints, such as musculoskeletal and mental health complaints, have a high prevalence in the general population, and account for a large proportion of sick leave in Norway. It may be difficult to prevent the occurrence of subjective health complaints, but it may be possible to influence employees’ perception and management of these complaints, which in turn may have impact on sick leave and return to work after sick leave. Long term sick leave has many negative health and social consequences, and it is important to gain knowledge about effective interventions to prevent and reduce long term sick leave.

Methods/Design

This study is a cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effect of the modified atWork intervention, targeting non-specific musculoskeletal complaints and mental health complaints. This intervention will be compared to the original atWork intervention targeting only non-specific musculoskeletal complaints. Kindergartens in Norway are invited to participate in the study and will be randomly assigned to one of the two interventions. Estimated sample size is 100 kindergartens, with a total of approximately 1100 employees. Primary outcome is sick leave at unit level, measured using register data from the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration. One kindergarten equals one unit, regardless of number of employees. Secondary outcomes will be measured at the individual level and include coping, health, job satisfaction, social support, and workplace inclusion, collected through questionnaires distributed at baseline and at 12 months follow up. All employees in the included kindergartens are eligible for participating in the survey.

Discussion

The effect evaluation of the modified atWork intervention is a large and comprehensive project, providing evidence-based information on prevention of long-term sick leave, which may be of considerable benefit both from a societal, organisational, and individual perspective.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02396797. Registered March 23th, 2015.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Ihlebæk C, Eriksen HR, Ursin H. Prevalence of subjective health complaints (SHC) in Norway. Scand J Public Health. 2002;30:20–9.CrossRefPubMed Ihlebæk C, Eriksen HR, Ursin H. Prevalence of subjective health complaints (SHC) in Norway. Scand J Public Health. 2002;30:20–9.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Indregard AM, Ihlebæk C, Eriksen HR. Modern health worries, subjective health complaints, health care utilization, and sick leave in the Norwegian working population. Int J Behav Med. 2013;20(3):371–7.CrossRefPubMed Indregard AM, Ihlebæk C, Eriksen HR. Modern health worries, subjective health complaints, health care utilization, and sick leave in the Norwegian working population. Int J Behav Med. 2013;20(3):371–7.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Ursin H. Sensitization, somatization, and subjective health complaints. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4(2):105–16.CrossRefPubMed Ursin H. Sensitization, somatization, and subjective health complaints. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4(2):105–16.CrossRefPubMed
4.
5.
go back to reference Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jönsson B, Olesen J, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Faravelli C, et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018. Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jönsson B, Olesen J, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Faravelli C, et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011. doi:10.​1016/​j.​euroneuro.​2011.​07.​018.
6.
go back to reference Knudsen AK, Harvey B, Mykletun A, Øverland S. Common mental disorders and long-term sickness absence in a general working population. The Hordaland Health Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;127(4):287–97.CrossRefPubMed Knudsen AK, Harvey B, Mykletun A, Øverland S. Common mental disorders and long-term sickness absence in a general working population. The Hordaland Health Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;127(4):287–97.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Waddell G, Burton AK. Occupational health guidelines for the management of low back pain at work: evidence review. Occup Med. 2001;51(2):124–35.CrossRef Waddell G, Burton AK. Occupational health guidelines for the management of low back pain at work: evidence review. Occup Med. 2001;51(2):124–35.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference OECD. Sick on the Job? Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work: OECD Publishing; 2012.CrossRef OECD. Sick on the Job? Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work: OECD Publishing; 2012.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Dekkers-Sánchez PM, Hoving JL, Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MH. Factors associated with long-term sick leave in sick-listed employees: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med. 2008;65(3):153–7.CrossRefPubMed Dekkers-Sánchez PM, Hoving JL, Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MH. Factors associated with long-term sick leave in sick-listed employees: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med. 2008;65(3):153–7.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Allebeck P, Mastekaasa A. Risk factors for sick leave - general studies. Scand J Public Health. 2004;32(63):49–108.CrossRef Allebeck P, Mastekaasa A. Risk factors for sick leave - general studies. Scand J Public Health. 2004;32(63):49–108.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Dekkers-Sánchez PM, Haije W, Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MHW. A qualitative study of perpetuating factors for longterm sick leave and promoting factors for return to work: chronic work disabled patients in their own words. J Rehabil Med. 2010;42:544–52.CrossRefPubMed Dekkers-Sánchez PM, Haije W, Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MHW. A qualitative study of perpetuating factors for longterm sick leave and promoting factors for return to work: chronic work disabled patients in their own words. J Rehabil Med. 2010;42:544–52.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Aamland A, Malterud K, Werner EL. Phenomena associated with sick leave among primary care patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms: a systematic review. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2012;30(3):147–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Aamland A, Malterud K, Werner EL. Phenomena associated with sick leave among primary care patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms: a systematic review. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2012;30(3):147–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
go back to reference Overland S, Glozier N, Mæland JG, Aaron LE, Mykletun A. Employment status and perceived health in the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK). BMC Public Health. 2006;6:219.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Overland S, Glozier N, Mæland JG, Aaron LE, Mykletun A. Employment status and perceived health in the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK). BMC Public Health. 2006;6:219.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
go back to reference Melchior M, Ferrie JE, Alexanderson K, Goldberg M, Kivimaki M, Singh-Manoux A, Vahtera J, Westerlund H, Zins M, Head J. Using sickness absence records to predict future depression in a working population: prospective findings from the GAZEL cohort. Am J Public Health. 2009;99:1477–22.CrossRef Melchior M, Ferrie JE, Alexanderson K, Goldberg M, Kivimaki M, Singh-Manoux A, Vahtera J, Westerlund H, Zins M, Head J. Using sickness absence records to predict future depression in a working population: prospective findings from the GAZEL cohort. Am J Public Health. 2009;99:1477–22.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Eriksen HR, Hellesnes B, Staff P, Ursin H. Are subjective health complaints a result of modern civilization? Int J Behav Med. 2004;11(2):122–5.CrossRefPubMed Eriksen HR, Hellesnes B, Staff P, Ursin H. Are subjective health complaints a result of modern civilization? Int J Behav Med. 2004;11(2):122–5.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Eriksen HR, Ihlebæk C, Mikkelsen A, Grønningsæter G, Sandal M, Ursin H. Improving subjective health at the worksite: a randomized controlled trial of stress management training, physical exercise and an integrated health programme. Occup Med. 2002;52(7):383–91.CrossRef Eriksen HR, Ihlebæk C, Mikkelsen A, Grønningsæter G, Sandal M, Ursin H. Improving subjective health at the worksite: a randomized controlled trial of stress management training, physical exercise and an integrated health programme. Occup Med. 2002;52(7):383–91.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Wilhelmsen I, Mulindi S, Sankok D, Wilhelmsen AB, Eriksen HR, Ursin H. Subjective health complaints are more prevalent in Maasais than in Norwegians. Nord J Psychiatry. 2007;61(4):304–9.CrossRefPubMed Wilhelmsen I, Mulindi S, Sankok D, Wilhelmsen AB, Eriksen HR, Ursin H. Subjective health complaints are more prevalent in Maasais than in Norwegians. Nord J Psychiatry. 2007;61(4):304–9.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Odeen M, Ihlebæk C, Indahl A, Wormgoor MEA, Lie SA, Eriksen HR. Effect of peer-based low back pain information and reassurance at the workplace on sick leave: a cluster randomized trial. J Occup Rehabil. 2013;23(2):209–19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Odeen M, Ihlebæk C, Indahl A, Wormgoor MEA, Lie SA, Eriksen HR. Effect of peer-based low back pain information and reassurance at the workplace on sick leave: a cluster randomized trial. J Occup Rehabil. 2013;23(2):209–19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
go back to reference Burton AK, Balague F, Cardon G, Eriksen HR, Henrotin Y, Lahad A, Leclerc A, Muller G, Van Der Beek AJ. European guidelines for prevention in low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006;15:136.CrossRef Burton AK, Balague F, Cardon G, Eriksen HR, Henrotin Y, Lahad A, Leclerc A, Muller G, Van Der Beek AJ. European guidelines for prevention in low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006;15:136.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Foster NE, Bishop A, Thomas E, Main C, Horne R, Weinman J, Hay E. Illness perceptions of low back pain patients in primary care: what are they, do they change and are they associated with outcome? Pain. 2008;136(1–2):177–87.CrossRefPubMed Foster NE, Bishop A, Thomas E, Main C, Horne R, Weinman J, Hay E. Illness perceptions of low back pain patients in primary care: what are they, do they change and are they associated with outcome? Pain. 2008;136(1–2):177–87.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Indahl A, Holm SH, Bogduk N. Sensory motor control of the spine - a Key to Low-back pain? Eur Musculoskelet Rev. 2009;4:44–7. Indahl A, Holm SH, Bogduk N. Sensory motor control of the spine - a Key to Low-back pain? Eur Musculoskelet Rev. 2009;4:44–7.
23.
go back to reference Sorensen P, Bendix T, Manniche C, Korsholm L, Lemvigh D, Indahl A. An educational approach based on a non-injury model compared with individual symptom-based physical training in chronic LBP. A pragmatic, randomised trial with a one-year follow-up. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11(1):212.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sorensen P, Bendix T, Manniche C, Korsholm L, Lemvigh D, Indahl A. An educational approach based on a non-injury model compared with individual symptom-based physical training in chronic LBP. A pragmatic, randomised trial with a one-year follow-up. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11(1):212.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
go back to reference Indahl A, Velund L, Reikeraas O. Good prognosis for Low back pain when left untampered: a randomized clinical trial. Spine. 1995;20(4):473–7.CrossRefPubMed Indahl A, Velund L, Reikeraas O. Good prognosis for Low back pain when left untampered: a randomized clinical trial. Spine. 1995;20(4):473–7.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Indahl A, Haldorsen EH, Holm S, Reikeras O, Ursin H. Five-year follow-up study of a controlled clinical trial using light mobilization and an informative approach to low back pain. Spine. 1998;23(23):2625–30.CrossRefPubMed Indahl A, Haldorsen EH, Holm S, Reikeras O, Ursin H. Five-year follow-up study of a controlled clinical trial using light mobilization and an informative approach to low back pain. Spine. 1998;23(23):2625–30.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Indahl A. Low back pain - a functional disturbance. Oslo: University of Oslo; 1999. Indahl A. Low back pain - a functional disturbance. Oslo: University of Oslo; 1999.
27.
go back to reference Brox JI, Storheim K, Grotle M, Tveito TH, Indahl A, Eriksen HR. Systematic review of back schools, brief education, and fear-avoidance training for chronic low back pain. Spine J. 2008;8(6):948–58.CrossRefPubMed Brox JI, Storheim K, Grotle M, Tveito TH, Indahl A, Eriksen HR. Systematic review of back schools, brief education, and fear-avoidance training for chronic low back pain. Spine J. 2008;8(6):948–58.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Hagen EM, Eriksen HR, Ursin H. Does early intervention with a light mobilization program reduce long-term sick leave for Low back pain? Spine. 2000;25(15):1973–6.CrossRefPubMed Hagen EM, Eriksen HR, Ursin H. Does early intervention with a light mobilization program reduce long-term sick leave for Low back pain? Spine. 2000;25(15):1973–6.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Hagen EM, Grasdal A, Eriksen HR. Does early intervention with a light mobilization program reduce long-term sick leave for Low back pain: a 3-year follow-up study. Spine. 2003;28(20):2309–15.CrossRef Hagen EM, Grasdal A, Eriksen HR. Does early intervention with a light mobilization program reduce long-term sick leave for Low back pain: a 3-year follow-up study. Spine. 2003;28(20):2309–15.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Petrie KJ, Weinman J. Perceptions of health and illness: current research and applications. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers; 1997. Petrie KJ, Weinman J. Perceptions of health and illness: current research and applications. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers; 1997.
31.
go back to reference Malmivaara A, Hakkinen U, Aro T, Heinrichs ML, Koskenniemi L, Kuosma E, Lappi S, Paloheimo R, Servo C, Vaaranen V. The treatment of acute low back pain–bed rest, exercises, or ordinary activity? N Engl J Med. 1995;332(6):351–5.CrossRefPubMed Malmivaara A, Hakkinen U, Aro T, Heinrichs ML, Koskenniemi L, Kuosma E, Lappi S, Paloheimo R, Servo C, Vaaranen V. The treatment of acute low back pain–bed rest, exercises, or ordinary activity? N Engl J Med. 1995;332(6):351–5.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Kringlen E, Torgersen S, Cramer VA. Norwegian Psychiatric epidemiological Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(7):1091–8.CrossRefPubMed Kringlen E, Torgersen S, Cramer VA. Norwegian Psychiatric epidemiological Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(7):1091–8.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and Age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602.CrossRefPubMed Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and Age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, Bryson H, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;109:21–7. Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, Bryson H, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;109:21–7.
35.
go back to reference Sanderson K, Andrews G. Common mental disorders in the workforce: recent findings from descriptive and social epidemiology. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51:63–75.PubMed Sanderson K, Andrews G. Common mental disorders in the workforce: recent findings from descriptive and social epidemiology. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51:63–75.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Andrea H, Bültmann U, Beurskens AJHM, Swan GMH, van Schayck CP, Kant IJ. Anxiety and depression in the working population using the HAD Scale. Psychometrics, prevalence and relationships with psychosocial work characteristics. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004;39:637–46.CrossRefPubMed Andrea H, Bültmann U, Beurskens AJHM, Swan GMH, van Schayck CP, Kant IJ. Anxiety and depression in the working population using the HAD Scale. Psychometrics, prevalence and relationships with psychosocial work characteristics. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004;39:637–46.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Harvey SB, Glozier N, Henderson M, Allaway S, Litchfield P, Holland-Elliott K, Hotopf M. Depression and work performance: an ecological study using web-based screening. Occup Med. 2011;61:209–11.CrossRef Harvey SB, Glozier N, Henderson M, Allaway S, Litchfield P, Holland-Elliott K, Hotopf M. Depression and work performance: an ecological study using web-based screening. Occup Med. 2011;61:209–11.CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Wang JL, Adair CE, Patten SB. Mental health and related disability among workers: a population-based study. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49:514–22.CrossRefPubMed Wang JL, Adair CE, Patten SB. Mental health and related disability among workers: a population-based study. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49:514–22.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Laitinen-Krispijn S, Bijl RV. Mental disorders and employee sickness absence: the NEMESIS study. Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2000;35:71–7.CrossRefPubMed Laitinen-Krispijn S, Bijl RV. Mental disorders and employee sickness absence: the NEMESIS study. Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2000;35:71–7.CrossRefPubMed
40.
41.
go back to reference Kessler RC, Demler O, Frank RG, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Walters EE, Wang P, Wells KB, Zaslavsky AM. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(24):2515–23.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kessler RC, Demler O, Frank RG, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Walters EE, Wang P, Wells KB, Zaslavsky AM. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(24):2515–23.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
go back to reference Richter D, Berger K. Are mental disorders increasing? Update of a systematic review on repeated cross-sectional studies. Psychiatr Prax. 2013;40(4):176–82.CrossRefPubMed Richter D, Berger K. Are mental disorders increasing? Update of a systematic review on repeated cross-sectional studies. Psychiatr Prax. 2013;40(4):176–82.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Sandanger I, Nygård JF, Sørensen T, Dalgard OS. Return of depressed men: changes in distribution of depression and symptom cases in Norway between 1990 and 2001. J Affect Disord. 2007;100:153–62.CrossRefPubMed Sandanger I, Nygård JF, Sørensen T, Dalgard OS. Return of depressed men: changes in distribution of depression and symptom cases in Norway between 1990 and 2001. J Affect Disord. 2007;100:153–62.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Simpson KR, Meadows GN, Frances AJ, Patten SB. Is mental health in the Canadian population changing over time? Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57:324–31.PubMed Simpson KR, Meadows GN, Frances AJ, Patten SB. Is mental health in the Canadian population changing over time? Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57:324–31.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Flaxman AD, Johns N, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2013;382:1575–86.CrossRefPubMed Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Flaxman AD, Johns N, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2013;382:1575–86.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Reme SE, Tangen T, Moe T, Eriksen HR. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in sick listed chronic low back pain patients. Eur J Pain. 2011;15:1075–80.CrossRefPubMed Reme SE, Tangen T, Moe T, Eriksen HR. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in sick listed chronic low back pain patients. Eur J Pain. 2011;15:1075–80.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Haug TT, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. The association between anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms in a large population: the HUNT-II Study. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(6):845–51.CrossRefPubMed Haug TT, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. The association between anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms in a large population: the HUNT-II Study. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(6):845–51.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Von Korff M, Crane P, Lane M, Miglioretti DL, Simon G, Suanders K, Stang P, Brandenburg N, Kessler R. Chronic spinal pain and physical–mental comorbidity in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Pain. 2005;115:331–9.CrossRef Von Korff M, Crane P, Lane M, Miglioretti DL, Simon G, Suanders K, Stang P, Brandenburg N, Kessler R. Chronic spinal pain and physical–mental comorbidity in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Pain. 2005;115:331–9.CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Lee S, Posada-Villa J, Kovess V, Angermeyer MC, Levinson D, de Girolamo G, Nakane H, Mneimneh Z, et al. Mental disorders among persons with chronic back or neck pain: results from the world mental health surveys. Pain. 2007;129(3):332–42.CrossRefPubMed Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Lee S, Posada-Villa J, Kovess V, Angermeyer MC, Levinson D, de Girolamo G, Nakane H, Mneimneh Z, et al. Mental disorders among persons with chronic back or neck pain: results from the world mental health surveys. Pain. 2007;129(3):332–42.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Magni G, Merskey H. A simple examination of the relationships between pain, organic lesions and psychiatric illness. Pain. 1987;29(3):295–300.CrossRefPubMed Magni G, Merskey H. A simple examination of the relationships between pain, organic lesions and psychiatric illness. Pain. 1987;29(3):295–300.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Van ‘t Land H, Verdurmen J, Ten Have M, van Dorsselaer S, De Graaf R. The association between chronic back pain and psychiatric disorders; results from a longitudinal population-based study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012; doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(12)74324-9. Van ‘t Land H, Verdurmen J, Ten Have M, van Dorsselaer S, De Graaf R. The association between chronic back pain and psychiatric disorders; results from a longitudinal population-based study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012; doi:10.​1016/​S0924-9338(12)74324-9.
53.
go back to reference Compton SN, March JS, Brent D, Albano AM, Weersing VR, Curry J. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents: an evidence-based medicine review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(8):930–59.CrossRefPubMed Compton SN, March JS, Brent D, Albano AM, Weersing VR, Curry J. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents: an evidence-based medicine review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(8):930–59.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Cuijpers P, Munoz RF, Clarke GN, Lewinsohn PM. Psychoeducational treatment and prevention of depression: the “coping with depression” course thirty years later. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(5):449–58.CrossRefPubMed Cuijpers P, Munoz RF, Clarke GN, Lewinsohn PM. Psychoeducational treatment and prevention of depression: the “coping with depression” course thirty years later. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(5):449–58.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Bohlmeijer E, Hollon SD, Andersson G. The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression are overestimated: a meta-analysis of study quality and effect size. Psychol Med. 2010;40(2):211–23.CrossRefPubMed Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Bohlmeijer E, Hollon SD, Andersson G. The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression are overestimated: a meta-analysis of study quality and effect size. Psychol Med. 2010;40(2):211–23.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Roness A, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Help-seeking behavior in patients with anxiety disorder and depression. Acta Physiol Scand. 2005;111(1):51–8. Roness A, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Help-seeking behavior in patients with anxiety disorder and depression. Acta Physiol Scand. 2005;111(1):51–8.
58.
59.
go back to reference Andrews G, Issakidis C, Sanderson K, Corry J, Lapsley H. Utilising survey data to inform public policy: comparison of the cost-effectiveness of treatment of ten mental disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;184:526–33.CrossRefPubMed Andrews G, Issakidis C, Sanderson K, Corry J, Lapsley H. Utilising survey data to inform public policy: comparison of the cost-effectiveness of treatment of ten mental disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;184:526–33.CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Mykletun A, Harvey SB. Prevention of mental disorders: a new era for workplace mental health. Occup Environ Med. 2012;69:868–9.CrossRefPubMed Mykletun A, Harvey SB. Prevention of mental disorders: a new era for workplace mental health. Occup Environ Med. 2012;69:868–9.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Grønningsæter H, Hytten K, Skauli G, Christensen CC, Ursin H. Improved health and coping by physical exercise or cognitive behavioral stress management training in a work environment. Psychol Health. 1992;7:147–63.CrossRef Grønningsæter H, Hytten K, Skauli G, Christensen CC, Ursin H. Improved health and coping by physical exercise or cognitive behavioral stress management training in a work environment. Psychol Health. 1992;7:147–63.CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Bovier PA, Chamot E, Perneger TV. Perceived stress, internal resources, and social support as determinants of mental health among young adults. Qual Life Res. 2004;13(1):161–70.CrossRefPubMed Bovier PA, Chamot E, Perneger TV. Perceived stress, internal resources, and social support as determinants of mental health among young adults. Qual Life Res. 2004;13(1):161–70.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Goldberg D, Goodyer I. The origins and course of common mental disorders. London and New York: Routledge; 2005. Goldberg D, Goodyer I. The origins and course of common mental disorders. London and New York: Routledge; 2005.
64.
go back to reference Abramson L, Metalsky G, Alloy L. Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype of depression. Psychol Rev. 1989;96:358–72.CrossRef Abramson L, Metalsky G, Alloy L. Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype of depression. Psychol Rev. 1989;96:358–72.CrossRef
65.
go back to reference Seligmann MEP. Helplessness: on depression, development and death. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company; 1975. Seligmann MEP. Helplessness: on depression, development and death. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company; 1975.
66.
go back to reference Ursin H, Eriksen HR. The cognitive activation theory of stress. Psychoneuroendocrino. 2004;29:567–92.CrossRef Ursin H, Eriksen HR. The cognitive activation theory of stress. Psychoneuroendocrino. 2004;29:567–92.CrossRef
67.
go back to reference Ree E, Odeen M, Eriksen HR, Indahl A, Ihlebæk C, Hetland J, Harris A. Subjective health complaints and self-rated health: Are expectancies more important than socioeconomic status and workload? Int J Behav Med. 2013;21(3):411–20.CrossRefPubMedCentral Ree E, Odeen M, Eriksen HR, Indahl A, Ihlebæk C, Hetland J, Harris A. Subjective health complaints and self-rated health: Are expectancies more important than socioeconomic status and workload? Int J Behav Med. 2013;21(3):411–20.CrossRefPubMedCentral
68.
go back to reference Odéen M, Westerlund H, Theorell T, Leineweber C, Eriksen H, Ursin H. Expectancies, socioeconomic status, and self-rated health: use of the simplified TOMCATS questionnaire. Int J Behav Med. 2012;20(2):1–10. Odéen M, Westerlund H, Theorell T, Leineweber C, Eriksen H, Ursin H. Expectancies, socioeconomic status, and self-rated health: use of the simplified TOMCATS questionnaire. Int J Behav Med. 2012;20(2):1–10.
69.
go back to reference Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Jorm AF. Delivering interventions for depression by using the Internet: randomized controlled trail. BMJ. 2004;328(7434):265–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Jorm AF. Delivering interventions for depression by using the Internet: randomized controlled trail. BMJ. 2004;328(7434):265–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
70.
go back to reference Kitchener B, Jorm AF. Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior. BMC Psychiatry. 2002;2(1):10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kitchener B, Jorm AF. Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior. BMC Psychiatry. 2002;2(1):10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
72.
go back to reference Mishara BL, Ystgaard M. Effectiveness of a mental health promotion program to improve coping skills in young children: Zippy’s Friends. Early Child Res Q. 2006;21:110–23.CrossRef Mishara BL, Ystgaard M. Effectiveness of a mental health promotion program to improve coping skills in young children: Zippy’s Friends. Early Child Res Q. 2006;21:110–23.CrossRef
73.
go back to reference Reavley NJ, McCann TV, Cvetkovski S, Jorm AF. A multifaceted intervention to improve mental health literacy in employees of a multi-campus university: a cluster randomised trial. J Public Ment Health. 2014;13(1):25–39.CrossRef Reavley NJ, McCann TV, Cvetkovski S, Jorm AF. A multifaceted intervention to improve mental health literacy in employees of a multi-campus university: a cluster randomised trial. J Public Ment Health. 2014;13(1):25–39.CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Martin A, Sanderson K, Cocker F. Meta-analysis of the effects of health promotion intervention in the workplace on depression and anxiety symptoms. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2009;35(1):7–18.CrossRefPubMed Martin A, Sanderson K, Cocker F. Meta-analysis of the effects of health promotion intervention in the workplace on depression and anxiety symptoms. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2009;35(1):7–18.CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Fisher EB, Greca AM, Greco P, Arfken C, Schneiderman N. Directive and nondirective social support in diabetes management. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4(2):131–44.CrossRefPubMed Fisher EB, Greca AM, Greco P, Arfken C, Schneiderman N. Directive and nondirective social support in diabetes management. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4(2):131–44.CrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Indahl A. Når ryggen krangler. Vadisholm forlag: Rakkestad; 2003. Indahl A. Når ryggen krangler. Vadisholm forlag: Rakkestad; 2003.
77.
go back to reference Mayo M, Sanchez JI, Pastor JC, Rodriguez A. Supervisor and coworker support: a source congruence approach to buffering role conflict and physical stressors. Int J Hum Resour Man. 2012;23(18):3872–89.CrossRef Mayo M, Sanchez JI, Pastor JC, Rodriguez A. Supervisor and coworker support: a source congruence approach to buffering role conflict and physical stressors. Int J Hum Resour Man. 2012;23(18):3872–89.CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Eriksen HR, Ihlebæk C, Ursin H. A scoring system for subjective health complaints (SHC). Scand J Public Health. 1999;27(1):63–72.CrossRefPubMed Eriksen HR, Ihlebæk C, Ursin H. A scoring system for subjective health complaints (SHC). Scand J Public Health. 1999;27(1):63–72.CrossRefPubMed
79.
go back to reference Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): a self-report symptom inventory. Behav Sci. 1974;19(1):1–15.CrossRefPubMed Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): a self-report symptom inventory. Behav Sci. 1974;19(1):1–15.CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Strand BH, Dalgard OS, Tambs K, Rognerud M. Measuring the mental health status of the Norwegian population: a comparison of the instruments SCL-25, SCL-10, SCL-5 and MHI-5 (SF-36). Nord J Psychiatry. 2003;57:113–8.CrossRefPubMed Strand BH, Dalgard OS, Tambs K, Rognerud M. Measuring the mental health status of the Norwegian population: a comparison of the instruments SCL-25, SCL-10, SCL-5 and MHI-5 (SF-36). Nord J Psychiatry. 2003;57:113–8.CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Haavet OR, Sirpal MK, Haugen W, Christensen KS. Diagnosis of depressed young people in primary health care—a validation of HSCL-10. Fam Pract. 2011;28:233–7.CrossRefPubMed Haavet OR, Sirpal MK, Haugen W, Christensen KS. Diagnosis of depressed young people in primary health care—a validation of HSCL-10. Fam Pract. 2011;28:233–7.CrossRefPubMed
82.
go back to reference Lipman RS, Covil L, Shapiro AK. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL). Factors derived from the HSCL-90. J Affect Disord. 1979;1:9–24.CrossRefPubMed Lipman RS, Covil L, Shapiro AK. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL). Factors derived from the HSCL-90. J Affect Disord. 1979;1:9–24.CrossRefPubMed
83.
go back to reference Quinn RP, Shepard LG. The 1972–1973 quality of employment survey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research; 1974. Quinn RP, Shepard LG. The 1972–1973 quality of employment survey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research; 1974.
84.
go back to reference Pond SB, Geyer PD. Differences in the relation between job satisfaction and perceived work alternatives among older and younger blue-collar workers. J Vocat Behav. 1991;39:251–62.CrossRef Pond SB, Geyer PD. Differences in the relation between job satisfaction and perceived work alternatives among older and younger blue-collar workers. J Vocat Behav. 1991;39:251–62.CrossRef
85.
go back to reference Fields D, Blum TC. Employee satisfaction in work groups with different gender composition. J Organ Behav. 1997;18:181–96.CrossRef Fields D, Blum TC. Employee satisfaction in work groups with different gender composition. J Organ Behav. 1997;18:181–96.CrossRef
86.
go back to reference Theorell T, Michelsen H, Nordemar R, Group SMS. Tre arbeidsmiljøindex som anvents i Stockholmsundersøkningen 1. In: Hagberg M, Hogstedt C, editors. Stockholmsundersøkningen 1 data från en tversnittsundersøkning av ergonomisk og psykosocial exponering samt sjuklighet och funktion i rørelsesorganen. Stockholm: MUSIC Books; 1991. p. 150–4. Theorell T, Michelsen H, Nordemar R, Group SMS. Tre arbeidsmiljøindex som anvents i Stockholmsundersøkningen 1. In: Hagberg M, Hogstedt C, editors. Stockholmsundersøkningen 1 data från en tversnittsundersøkning av ergonomisk og psykosocial exponering samt sjuklighet och funktion i rørelsesorganen. Stockholm: MUSIC Books; 1991. p. 150–4.
87.
go back to reference Sanne B, Torp S, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. The Swedish Demand—Control—Support Questionnaire (DCSQ): Factor structure, item analyses, and internal consistency in a large population. Scand J Public Health. 2005;33:166–74.CrossRefPubMed Sanne B, Torp S, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. The Swedish Demand—Control—Support Questionnaire (DCSQ): Factor structure, item analyses, and internal consistency in a large population. Scand J Public Health. 2005;33:166–74.CrossRefPubMed
88.
go back to reference Karasek R, Theorell T. Healthy work: stress, productivity and the reconstruction of workning life. New York: Basic Books; 1990. Karasek R, Theorell T. Healthy work: stress, productivity and the reconstruction of workning life. New York: Basic Books; 1990.
89.
go back to reference Johnson JV, Hall EM. Job strain, work place social support, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. Am J Public Health. 1988;78:1336–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Johnson JV, Hall EM. Job strain, work place social support, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. Am J Public Health. 1988;78:1336–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
90.
go back to reference Fisher EB. Two approaches to social support in smoking cessation: commodity model and nondirective support. Addict Behav. 1997;22(6):819–33.CrossRefPubMed Fisher EB. Two approaches to social support in smoking cessation: commodity model and nondirective support. Addict Behav. 1997;22(6):819–33.CrossRefPubMed
91.
go back to reference Harber KD, Schneider JK, Everard KM, Fisher EB. Directive support, nondirective support, and morale. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2005;24(5):691–722.CrossRef Harber KD, Schneider JK, Everard KM, Fisher EB. Directive support, nondirective support, and morale. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2005;24(5):691–722.CrossRef
92.
go back to reference Fisher E, Everard K, Gabrielle J, Heins D, Jeffe D, Scott C, Walker M. Measuring Nondirective and Directive Social Support. In. Washington University: Division of Health Behavior Research; 2004. Fisher E, Everard K, Gabrielle J, Heins D, Jeffe D, Scott C, Walker M. Measuring Nondirective and Directive Social Support. In. Washington University: Division of Health Behavior Research; 2004.
93.
go back to reference Gabriele JM, Carpenter BD, Tate DF, Fisher EB. Directive and nondirective E-coach support for weight loss in overweight adults. Ann Behav Med. 2011;41:252–63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gabriele JM, Carpenter BD, Tate DF, Fisher EB. Directive and nondirective E-coach support for weight loss in overweight adults. Ann Behav Med. 2011;41:252–63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
94.
go back to reference Sorensen G, Emmons K, Hunt MK, Johnston D. Implications of the results of community intervention trials. Annu Rev Public Health. 1998;19:379–416.CrossRefPubMed Sorensen G, Emmons K, Hunt MK, Johnston D. Implications of the results of community intervention trials. Annu Rev Public Health. 1998;19:379–416.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Protocol for the atWork trial: a randomised controlled trial of a workplace intervention targeting subjective health complaints
Authors
Tone Langjordet Johnsen
Aage Indahl
Valborg Baste
Hege Randi Eriksen
Torill Helene Tveito
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3515-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

BMC Public Health 1/2016 Go to the issue