Top

BMC Psychiatry

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Insomnia | Research

Comparison of prevalence and risk factors of somatization between Chinese health care workers and non-health care workers during COVID-19 outbreak

Authors: Xiuli Song, Yongjie Zhou, Wenwang Rao, Xiangyang Zhang

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2021

Abstract

Background

This study aimed to compare prevalence and risk factors of somatization (SOM) between health care workers and non-health care workers during COVID-19 outbreak in China.

Methods

From 14 February to 29 March 2020, an online survey was performed in both 605 health care workers and 1151 non-health care workers. Based on the somatization dimension score of the Symptom Checklist-90, participants were divided into non-SOM group and SOM group.

Results

Health care workers had higher prevalence rate of SOM (p < 0.001) than non-health care workers, with an OR of 1.70 (95% CI, 1.22–2.36, p = 0.002). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that in non-health care workers, the risk factors of SOM included other ethnicities, insomnia, and suicide, while in health care workers, the risk factors included working 6–8 h per day, and working ≥10 h per day during COVID-19 outbreak.

Conclusions

Our research suggests that both non-health care workers and health care workers have a relatively high prevalence of somatization. However, the related factors for somatization in both groups are significantly different, showing that medical service-related factors are associated with somatization in health care workers, while demographic and clinical factors are associated with somatization in non-health care workers.

Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr. 2020;33(2):e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tian F, Li H, Tian S, Yang J, Shao J, Tian C. Psychological symptoms of ordinary Chinese citizens based on SCL-90 during the level I emergency response to COVID-19. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112992.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):e37–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ebrahim SH, Ahmed QA, Gozzer E, Schlagenhauf P, Memish ZA. Covid-19 and community mitigation strategies in a pandemic. BMJ. 2020;368:m1066.CrossRef

Yezli S, Khan A. COVID-19 social distancing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: bold measures in the face of political, economic, social and religious challenges. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;37:101692.

Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. J Travel Med. 2020;27(2):taaa020.

Desclaux A, Badji D, Ndione AG, Sow K. Accepted monitoring or endured quarantine? Ebola contacts' perceptions in Senegal. Soc Sci Med. 2017;178:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.009.CrossRefPubMed

Reynolds DL, Garay JR, Deamond SL, Moran MK, Gold W, Styra R. Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;136(7):997–1007. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268807009156.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wilken JA, Pordell P, Goode B, Jarteh R, Miller Z, Saygar BG, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among members of households actively monitored or quarantined to prevent transmission of Ebola virus disease - Margibi County, Liberia: February-march 2015. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(6):673–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X17006720.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Shultz JM, Baingana F, Neria Y. The 2014 Ebola outbreak and mental health: current status and recommended response. JAMA. 2015;313(6):567–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.17934.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Kamara S, Walder A, Duncan J, Kabbedijk A, Hughes P, Muana A. Mental health care during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Sierra Leone. Bull World Health Organ. 2017;95(12):842–7. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.190470.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Otte S, Vasic N, Nigel S, Streb J, Ross T, Spitzer C, et al. Different yet similar? Prisoners versus psychiatric patients - a comparison of their mental health. Eur Psychiatry. 2017;44:97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.04.006.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729.

15.

Yang Y, Li W, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Cheung T, Xiang Y-T. Mental health services for older adults in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30079-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Tan BYQ, Jing M, Goh Y, Ngiam NJH, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:559–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Zhang C, Yang L, Liu S, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, et al. Survey of insomnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff involved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Yu Y, Wan C, Huebner ES, Zhao X, Zeng W, Shang L. Psychometric properties of the symptom check list 90 (SCL-90) for Chinese undergraduate students. J Ment Health. 2019;28(2):213–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1521939.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Thorndike FP, Ritterband LM, Saylor DK, Magee JC, Gonder-Frederick LA, Morin CM. Validation of the insomnia severity index as a web-based measure. Behav Sleep Med. 2011;9(4):216–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2011.606766.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 20:22–33 quiz 34–57.PubMed

22.

Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychother Psychosom. 2020;89(4):242–50.

23.

Edgcomb JB, Kerner B. Predictors and outcomes of somatization in bipolar I disorder: a latent class mixture modeling approach. J Affect Disord. 2018;227:681–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.083.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Kapfhammer HP. Depressive, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders as long-term sequelae of intensive care treatment. Nervenarzt. 2016;87(3):253–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-016-0070-8.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Adams JG, Walls RM. Supporting the health care workforce during the COVID-19 global epidemic. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1439–40. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3972.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Joob B, Wiwanitkit V. Traumatization in medical staff helping with COVID-19 control. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.020.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199–207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727–33. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Wang W, Tang J, Wei F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):441–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25689.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Barbisch D, Koenig KL, Shih FY. Is there a case for quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015;9(5):547–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.38.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Comparison of prevalence and risk factors of somatization between Chinese health care workers and non-health care workers during COVID-19 outbreak
Authors: Xiuli Song
Yongjie Zhou
Wenwang Rao
Xiangyang Zhang
Publication date: 01-12-2021
Publisher: BioMed Central
Keywords: Insomnia
Suicide
Suicide
Care
COVID-19
Published in: BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03294-z

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Comparison of prevalence and risk factors of somatization between Chinese health care workers and non-health care workers during COVID-19 outbreak

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

Off-label use of antipsychotic medications in psychiatric inpatients in China: a national real-world survey

Suicidal behaviors and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a cross-sectional study among Chinese medical college students

The role of mental health symptomology and quality of life in predicting referrals to special child and adolescent mental health services

Acceptability of a technology-supported and solution-focused intervention (DIALOG+) for chronic depression: views of service users and clinicians

Short-term functional outcome in psychotic patients: results of the Turku early psychosis study (TEPS)

Assessment of the association between non-suicidal self-injury disorder and suicidal behaviour disorder in females with conduct disorder