Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Psychiatry
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Research article

Personality inventory for DSM-5 brief form(PID-5-BF) in Chinese students and patients: evaluating the five-factor model and a culturally informed six-factor model

Authors: Panwen Zhang, Zirong Ouyang, Shulin Fang, Jiayue He, Lejia Fan, Xingwei Luo, Jianghua Zhang, Yan Xiong, Fusheng Luo, Xiaosheng Wang, Shuqiao Yao, Xiang Wang

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form (PID-5-BF) is a 25-item measuring tool evaluating maladaptive personality traits for the diagnosis of personality disorders(PDs). As a promising scale, its impressive psychometric properties have been verified in some countries, however, there have been no studies about the utility of the PID-5-BF in Chinese settings. The current study aimed to explore the maladaptive personality factor model which was culturally adapted to China and to examine psychometric properties of the PID-5-BF among Chinese undergraduate students and clinical patients.

Methods

Seven thousand one hundred fifty-five undergraduate students and 451 clinical patients completed the Chinese version of the PID-5-BF. Two hundered twenty-eight students were chosen randomly for test-retest reliability at a 4-week interval. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to discover the most suitable factor structure in China, measurement invariance(MI), internal consistency, and external validity were also calculated.

Results

The theoretical five-factor model was acceptable, but the exploratory six-factor model was more applicable in both samples (Undergraduate sample: CFI = 0.905, TLI = 0.888, RMSEA = 0.044, SRMR = 0.039; Clinical sample: CFI = 0.904, TLI = 0.886, RMSEA = 0.047, SRMR = 0.060). In the Chinese six-factor model, the Negative Affect domain was divided into two factors and the new factor was named “Interpersonal Relationships”, which was in line with the Big-Six Personality model in Chinese. Measurement invariance across non-clinical and clinical sample was established (configural, weak, strong MI, and partial strict MI). Aside from acceptable internal consistency (Undergraduate sample: alpha = 0.84, MIC = 0.21; Clinical sample: alpha = 0.86, MIC = 0.19) and test-retest reliability(0.73), the correlation between the 25-item PID-5-BF and the 220-item PID-5 was significant(p < 0.01). The six PDs measured by Personality diagnostic questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+) were associated with and predicted by expected domains of PID-5-BF.

Conclusions

Both the theoretical five-factor model and the exploratory six-factor model of the PID-5-BF were acceptable to the Chinese population. The five-factor model could allow for comparison and integration with other work on the original theoretical model. However, the Chinese six-factor structure may be more culturally informed in East Asian settings. In sum, the PID-5-BF is a convenient and useful screening tool for personality disorders.
Literature
1.
Tyrer P, Reed GM, Crawford MJ. Classification, assessment, prevalence, and effect of personality disorder. Lancet. 2015;385(9969):717–26.CrossRef
2.
Al-Dajani N, Gralnick TM, Bagby RM. A psychometric review of the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): current status and future directions. J Pers Assess. 2018;100(4):448.CrossRef
3.
Wright AG, Thomas KM, Hopwood CJ, Markon KE, Pincus AL, Krueger RF. The hierarchical structure of DSM-5 pathological personality traits. J Abnorm Psychol. 2012;121(4):951–7.CrossRef
4.
Anderson, J. L., Sellbom, M., Bagby, R. M., Quilty, L. C., Veltri, C. O., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R.F On the convergence between PSY-5 domains and PID-5 domains and facets: implications for assessment of DSM-5 personality traits. Assessment 2013, 20(3), 286–294.
5.
Ashton MC, Lee K, de Vries RE, Hendrickse J, Born MP. The maladaptive personality traits of the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in relation to the HEXACO personality factors and SCHIZOTYPY/dissociation. J Personal Disord. 2012;26(5):641–59.CrossRef
6.
Fossati A, Krueger RF, Markon KE, Borroni S, Maffei C. Reliability and validity of the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): predicting DSM-IV personality disorders and psychopathy in community-dwelling Italian adults. Assessment. 2013;20(6):689–708.CrossRef
7.
Jopp AM, South SC. Investigating the personality inventory for DSM-5 using self and spouse reports. J Personal Disord. 2015;29(2):193–214.CrossRef
8.
Bastiaens T, Claes L, Smits D, De Clercq B, De Fruyt F, Rossi G, Vanwalleghem D, Vermote R, Lowyck B, Claes S, De Hert M. The construct validity of the Dutch personality inventory for DSM-5 personality disorders (PID-5) in a clinical sample. Assessment. 2016;23(1):42–51.CrossRef
9.
Gore, W. L., & Widiger, T.A The DSM-5 dimensional trait model and five-factor models of general personality. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122(3):816–21.
10.
Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
11.
Kotov R, Krueger RF, Watson D, Achenbach TM, Althoff RR, Bagby RM, Brown TA, Carpenter WT, Caspi A, Clark LA, Eaton NR, Forbes MK, Forbush KT, Goldberg D, Hasin D, Hyman SE, Ivanova MY, Lynam DR, Markon K, Miller JD, Moffitt TE, Morey LC, Mullins-Sweatt SN, Ormel J, Patrick CJ, Regier DA, Rescorla L, Ruggero CJ, Samuel DB, Sellbom M, Simms LJ, Skodol AE, Slade T, South SC, Tackett JL, Waldman ID, Waszczuk MA, Widiger TA, Wright AGC, Zimmerman M. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A Dimensional Alternative to Traditional Nosologies. J Abnormal Psychol. 2017;126(4):454–77.CrossRef
12.
Rui D, Tunong C, Qinging S. Relationship between PID-5 personality questionnaire and big five model and its application. Med Recapitulate. 2018;24(24):4894–8.
13.
14.
Bach B, Maples-Keller JL, Bo S, Simonsen E. The alternative DSM-5 personality disorder traits criterion: a comparative examination of three self-report forms in a Danish population. Personal Disord Theory Res Treatment. 2016;7(2):124–35.CrossRef
15.
Debast I, Rossi G, van Alphen SP. Construct validity of the DSM-5 SECTION iii maladaptive trait domains in older adults. J Personal Disord. 2017;31(5):671–88.CrossRef
16.
Fossati, A., Somma, A., Borroni, S., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R.F The personality inventory for DSM-5 brief form: evidence for reliability and construct validity in a sample of community-dwelling Italian adolescents. Assessment 2017, 24(5), 615–631.
17.
Combaluzier S, Gouvernet B, Menant F, Rezrazi A. Validation of a French translation of Krueger's personality inventory for DSM-5 in its brief form (PID-5 BF). Encephale. 2018;44(1):9–13.CrossRef
18.
Pires R, Ferreira AS, Guedes D, Goncalves B, Henriques-Calado J. A study of the psychometric qualities of the Portuguese version of the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): full version, reduced form and brief form. Revista Iberoamericana De Diagnostico Y Evaluacion-E Avaliacao Psicologica. 2018;47(2):197–212.
19.
Hyatt CS, Maples-Keller JL, Crowe ML, Sleep CE, Carter ST, Michopoulos V, Stevens JS, Jovanovic T, Bradley B, Miller JD, Powers A. Psychometric Properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form in a Community Sample with High Rates of Trauma Exposure. J Pers Assess. 2020;1–10.
20.
Anderson JL, Sellbom M, Salekin R. T: utility of the personality inventory for DSM-5-brief form (PID-5-BF) in the measurement of maladaptive personality and psychopathology. Assessment. 2018;25(5):596–607.CrossRef
21.
Porcerelli JH, Hopwood CJ, Jones JR. Convergent and discriminant validity of personality inventory for DSM-5 -BF in a primary care sample. J Personal Disord. 2018;33(6):1–11.
22.
Untalan J. Examining the Reliability, Factor Structure, and Convergent Validity of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF) in a Filipino College Sample. San Beda College: ResearchGate. Manuscript submitted for publication; 2015.
23.
Kunnel John R, Xavier B, Waldmeier A, Meyer A, Gaab J. Psychometric evaluation of the BFI-10 and the NEO-FFI-3 in Indian adolescents. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1057.
24.
Huang CD, Church AT, Katigbak MS. Identifying cultural differences in items and traits: differential item functioning in the NEO personality inventory. J Cross-Cult Psychol. 1997;28(2):192–218.
25.
McCrae RR, Zonderman AB, Costa PT Jr, Bond MH, Paunonen SV. Evaluating replicability of factors in the revised NEO personality inventory: confirmatory factor analysis versus Procrustes rotation. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996;70(3):552.
26.
Gondo Y, Shimonaka Y, Nakazato K, Ishihara Q, Imuta H. Preliminary study for the standardization of the Japanese version of NEO-PI-R. Tokyo: The 57th Meeting of the Japanese Psychological Association; 1993.
27.
De Fruyt F, De Bolle M, McCrae RR, Terracciano A, Costa PT Jr, Collaborators of the Adolescent Personality Profiles of Cultures, P. Assessing the universal structure of personality in early adolescence: the NEO-PI-R and NEO-PI-3 in 24 cultures. Assessment. 2009;16(3):301–11.
28.
Jianxin Z, Mingjie Z. Searching for a personality structure of Chinese: a theoretical hypothesis of a six factor model of personality traits. Adv Psychol Sci. 2006;14(4):574–85.
29.
Wang DF, Cui H. The Chinese personality traits: interpersonal relationship. Psychol Explor. 2008;4:41–5.
30.
Feng DB, Xi YH. The theoretical exploration and philosophy reflection on personality trait in Chinese context. Wuhan Univ Technol. 2013;26:381–6.
31.
Song WZ, Zhang JX, Zhang MQ, Liang J. Procedure for development of the Chinese personality assessment inventory and its meaning (CPAI). Acta Psychol Sin. 1993;4:400–7.
32.
Cheung FM, Leung K, Fan RM, Song WZ, Zhang JX, Zhang JP. Development of the Chinese personality assessment inventory (CPAI). Cross-Cult Psychol. 1996;27:181–99.
33.
Zhang JX, Zhang MQ, Liang J. Clinical utility of the Big Six personality-the relation mode of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI), the NEO Five-factor Inventory and the clinical scale MMPI-2. Hangzhou: Proceedings of the Fourth Academic Conference of China Mental Health Association; 2003.
34.
Yang T. The ERP study of interpersonal relationship as a personal trait. Shanghai: Shanghai Normal University; 2005.
35.
Mei H, Ma Z, Jiao S, Chen X, Lv X, Zhan Z. The sustainable personality in entrepreneurship: the relationship between big six personality, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention in the Chinese context. Sustainability. 2017;9(9):1649.
36.
Cheung FM, Leung K, Zhang JX, Sun HF, Gan YQ, Song WZ, Xie D. Indigenous Chinese personality constructs - is the five-factor model complete? J Cross-Cult Psychol. 2001;32(4):407–33.
37.
Cheung FM, Cheung SF, Leung K, Ward C, Leong F. The English version of the Chinese personality assessment inventory. J Cross-Cult Psychol. 2003;34(4):433–52.
38.
Han K, Colarelli SM, Weed NC. Methodological and statistical advances in the consideration of cultural diversity in assessment: a critical review of group classification and measurement invariance testing. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(12):1481–96.CrossRef
39.
Vandenberg RJ, Lance CE. A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organ Res Methods. 2000;3(1):4–70.CrossRef
40.
Bach B, Sellbom M, Simonsen E. Personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in clinical versus nonclinical individuals: generalizability of psychometric features. Assessment. 2018;25(7):815–25.CrossRef
41.
Suzuki, T., South, S. C., Samuel, D. B., Wright, A. G. C., Yalch, M. M., Hopwood, C. J., & Thomas, K.M Measurement invariance of the DSM-5 Section III pathological personality trait model across sex. Personal Disord 2019, 10(2), 114–122.
42.
Thimm JC, Jordan S, Bach B. Hierarchical structure and cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Norwegian version of the personality inventory for DSM-5. J Pers Assess. 2017;99(2):204–10.CrossRef
43.
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A.E Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Med 2011, 42(9), 1879–1890.
44.
Krueger R, Derringer J, Markon K, Watson D, Skodol A. The personality inventory for DSM-5—brief form (PID-5-BF)—adult. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
45.
Hyler S. PDQ-4: Personality diagnostic questionnaire-DSM-IV version. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1996.
46.
Yang J, McCrae RR, Costa PT, Yao SQ, Dai XY, Cai TS, Gao BL. The cross-cultural generalizability of axis-II constructs: an evaluation of two personality disorder assessment instruments in the People's Republic of China. J Pers Disord. 2000;14(3):249–63.
47.
Ling H, Qian MY, Yang BJ. Reliability and validity of the chinese version of the personality diagnostic questionnaire-4+: a study with chinese college students. Soc Behav Pers. 2010;38(3):311–20.
48.
Huang XT, Ling H, Yang BJ, Dou G. Screening of personality disorders among Chinese college students by personality diagnostic questionnaire-4+. J Personal Disord. 2007;21(4):448–54.
49.
He JY, Zhong X, Yao SQ. Factor structure of the geriatric depression scale and measurement invariance across gender among Chinese elders. J Affect Disord. 2018;238:136–41.
50.
Rens VDS, Peter S, Alain DB, et al. Editorial: Measurement Invariance. Front Psychol. 2015;6(883):1064.
51.
Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH. Psychometric Theory. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994.
52.
Hu L-T, Bentler PM. Evaluating model fit. 1995.
53.
Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Testing factorial invariance across groups: a reconceptualization and proposed new method. J Manag. 1999;25(1):1–27.
54.
Clark LA, Watson D. Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychol Assessment. 1995;7(3):309.
55.
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1988.
56.
Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. 3rd ed. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2003.
57.
Markus HR, Kitayama S. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychol Rev. 1991;98(2):224.
58.
Markus HR, Kitayama S. The cultural psychology of personality. J Cross-Cult Psychol. 1998;29(1):63–87.
59.
Jenny DJG, Havens B. Cross-national comparisons of social isolation and loneliness: introduction and overview. Can J Aging. 2004;23(02):109–13.
60.
Heine SJ, Buchtel EE. Personality: the universal and the culturally specific. Annu Rev Psycholb. 2009;60:369–94.
61.
Ip GWM, Bond MH. Culture, values, and the spontaneous self-concept. Asian J Psychol. 1995;1(1):29–35.
62.
Kuhn MH, McPartland TS. An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. Am Sociol Rev. 1954;19(1):68–76.
63.
De Fruyt F, De Clercq B, De Bolle M, Wille B, Markon K, Krueger RF. General and maladaptive traits in a five-factor framework for DSM-5 in a university student sample. Assessment. 2013;20(3):295–307.
64.
Wang MC, Armour C, Wu Y, Ren F, Zhu XZ, Yao SQ. Factor structure of the CES-D and measurement invariance across gender in mainland Chinese adolescents. J Clin Psychol. 2013;69(9):966–79.
65.
Bach B, El Abiddine FZ. Empirical structure of DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality disorder traits in Arabic-speaking Algerian culture. Int J Ment Health. 2020;49(2):186–200.
66.
Bach B, Sellbom M, Kongerslev M, Simonsen E, Krueger RF, Mulder R. Deriving ICD-11 personality disorder domains from dsm-5 traits: initial attempt to harmonize two diagnostic systems. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136(1):108–17.
67.
Lotfi M, Bach B, Amini M, Simonsen E. Structure of DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality domains in Iranian community sample. Personal Ment Health. 2018;12(2):155–69.
68.
Lugo V, Silva de Oliveira SE, Hessel CR, Monteiro RT, Pasche NL, Pavan G, Motta LS, Pacheco MA, Spanemberg L. Evaluation of DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality traits using the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in a Brazilian sample of psychiatric inpatients. Personal Ment Health. 2019;13(1):24–39.
69.
Sellbom M, Solomon-Krakus S, Bach B, Bagby RM. Validation of personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) algorithms to assess ICD-11 personality trait domains in a psychiatric sample. Psychol Assess. 2020;32(1):40–9.
70.
Kerber A, Schultze M, Müller S, Wright AGC, Spitzer C, Krueger RF, Knaevelsrud C, Zimmermann J. Development of a short and ICD-11 compatible measure for DSM-5 maladaptive personality traits using ant Colony optimization algorithms. Psychol Assess. 2020.
71.
Bach B, Kerber A, Aluja A, Bastiaens T, Claes L, Keeley JW, et al. International Assessment of DSM-5 and ICD-11 Personality Disorder Traits: Toward a Common Nosology in DSM-5.1. Psychopathology. 2020;53:179–88.
72.
Oltmanns JR, Widiger TA. A self-report measure for the icd-11 dimensional trait model proposal: the personality inventory for icd-11. Psychol Assess. 2018:30(2).
Metadata
Title
Personality inventory for DSM-5 brief form(PID-5-BF) in Chinese students and patients: evaluating the five-factor model and a culturally informed six-factor model
Authors
Panwen Zhang
Zirong Ouyang
Shulin Fang
Jiayue He
Lejia Fan
Xingwei Luo
Jianghua Zhang
Yan Xiong
Fusheng Luo
Xiaosheng Wang
Shuqiao Yao
Xiang Wang
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03080-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

BMC Psychiatry 1/2021 Go to the issue

Publisher Correction

Correction to: Socioeconomic inequality in psychological distress among older adults in India: a decomposition analysis

Research

Associations between the working experiences at frontline of COVID-19 pandemic and mental health of Korean public health doctors

Case report

Severe diaphoresis and fever during alcohol withdrawal cause hypovolemic shock: case report

Research

High-level psychotropic polypharmacy: a retrospective comparison of children in foster care to their peers on Medicaid

Research article

Prevalence and risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury among patients with depression or bipolar disorder in China

Research article

Experiences of internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety among Arabic-speaking individuals in Sweden: a qualitative study